1976 Tour de France
![]() | |||
Route of the 1976 Tour de France | |||
Race details | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dates | 24 June – 18 July | ||
Stages | 22 + Prologue, including three split stages | ||
Distance | 4,017 km (2,496 mi) | ||
Winning time | 116h 22' 23" | ||
Results | |||
![]() |
Winner | ![]() |
(Gitane–Campagnolo) |
Second | ![]() |
(Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson) | |
Third | ![]() |
(Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson) | |
![]() |
Points | ![]() |
(Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf) |
![]() |
Mountains | ![]() |
(Brooklyn–Gios) |
![]() |
Youth | ![]() |
(Kas–Campagnolo) |
Sprints | ![]() |
(Gitane–Campagnolo) | |
Team | Kas–Campagnolo | ||
Team Points | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | ||
The 1976 Tour de France was the 63rd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took between 24 June and 18 July, with 22 stages covering a distance of 4,017 km (2,496 mi).
It was won by mountain specialist Lucien Van Impe. The revelation of the Tour however was Freddy Maertens, who in his first Tour won eight stages and the points classification, and led the general classification for ten days.
Five-time winner Eddy Merckx did not join in the 1976 Tour de France because he was injured. 1975 winner Bernard Thévenet left the race in the 19th stage, but at that point it was already clear that Van Impe would win the race.
The mountains classification was won by Giancarlo Bellini with 170 points, only one point ahead of Lucien Van Impe. The young rider classification was won by Enrique Martínez Heredia. Heredia had already won the Tour de l'Avenir in 1974, but never broke through after this win.[1]
Teams
The 1976 Tour started with 13 teams, each sent 10 cyclists, a total of 130.[2][3]
The teams entering the race were:
- Peugeot–Esso–Michelin
- Gitane–Campagnolo
- Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson
- Kas–Campagnolo
- Super Ser
- TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo
- Jobo–Wolber–La France
- Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf
- Miko–De Gribaldy–Superia
- Jolly Ceramica
- Lejeune–BP
- Brooklyn–Gios
- Scic–Fiat–Colnago
Pre-race favourites
Eddy Merckx, who already had won the Tour de France five times, had troubles to find his form in 1976, and suffered from saddle sores. He decided not to enter the 1976 Tour de France. The main favourite for the victory was now Joop Zoetemelk, who had never finished worse than fifth place in the Tour de France. The winner of the previous Tour, Bernard Thévenet, had a good spring season, winning the Dauphiné Libéré. The other former winner that was still racing, Luis Ocaña, had become second in the 1976 Vuelta a España, and was hoping to win again[4] Also reigning world champion Hennie Kuiper was considered a pre-race favourite.[5]
Route and stages
The 1976 Tour de France started on 24 June, and had two rest days, the first in Divonne-les-Bains the second at Le Barcarès.[6] The 1976 Tour de France was divided into 22 stages and one prologue. Of the 22 stages, three were split stages: stages 5 and 22 were split into two half stages, and stage 18 was split into three smaller stages.
Stage 18a was originally scheduled to be 47 km longer, but after the 17th stage, the Tour direction saw that cyclists were exhausted, and shortened the stage.[7]
Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Winner | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | 24 June | Saint-Jean-de-Monts | 8 km (5 mi) | ![]() | Individual time trial | ![]() |
1 | 25 June | Saint-Jean-de-Monts to Angers | 173 km (107 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
2 | 26 June | Angers to Caen | 237 km (147 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
3 | 27 June | Le Touquet-Paris-Plage to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage | 37 km (23 mi) | ![]() | Individual time trial | ![]() |
4 | 28 June | Le Touquet-Paris-Plage to Bornem | 258 km (160 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
5a | 29 June | Leuven to Leuven | 4 km (2 mi) | ![]() | Team time trial | TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo |
5b | Leuven to Verviers | 144 km (89 mi) | ![]() | Half Stage | ![]() | |
6 | 30 June | Bastogne to Nancy | 209 km (130 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
7 | 1 July | Nancy to Mulhouse | 206 km (128 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
8 | 2 July | Valentigney to Divonne-les-Bains | 220 km (137 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
3 July | Divonne-les-Bains | Rest day | ||||
9 | 4 July | Divonne-les-Bains to Alpe d'Huez | 258 km (160 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
10 | 5 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Montgenèvre | 166 km (103 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
11 | 6 July | Montgenèvre to Manosque | 224 km (139 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
7 July | Le Barcarès | Rest day | ||||
12 | 8 July | Le Barcarès to Pyrénées 2000 | 205 km (127 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
13 | 9 July | Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via to Saint-Gaudens | 188 km (117 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
14 | 10 July | Saint-Gaudens to Saint-Lary-Soulan | 139 km (86 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
15 | 11 July | Saint-Lary-Soulan to Pau | 195 km (121 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
16 | 12 July | Pau to Fleurance | 152 km (94 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
17 | 13 July | Fleurance to Auch | 39 km (24 mi) | ![]() | Individual time trial | ![]() |
18a | 14 July | Auch to Langon | 86 km (53 mi) | ![]() | Half Stage | ![]() |
18b | Langon to Lacanau | 123 km (76 mi) | ![]() | Half Stage | ![]() | |
18c | Lacanau to Bordeaux | 70 km (43 mi) | ![]() | Half Stage | ![]() | |
19 | 15 July | Sainte-Foy-la-Grande to Tulle | 220 km (137 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
20 | 16 July | Tulle to Puy de Dôme | 220 km (137 mi) | ![]() | Mountain Stage | ![]() |
21 | 17 July | Montargis to Versailles | 145 km (90 mi) | ![]() | Flat Stage | ![]() |
22a | 18 July | Paris | 6 km (4 mi) | ![]() | Individual time trial | ![]() |
22b | Paris to Paris (Champs-Élysées) | 91 km (57 mi) | ![]() | Half Stage | ![]() | |
Total | 4,017 km (2,496 mi)[9] |
Race overview
.jpg)
The prologue was won by Maertens. He won some more stages in the first week, and was firmly leading the race. The contenders for the overall victory, thought to be Bernard Thévenet, Joop Zoetemelk and Lucien Van Impe, were waiting for the mountains to start their battle.
The first mountain stage was stage 9, and there a group of 40 cyclists broke loose. Zoetemelk won the stage, but Van Impe took the lead in the general classification, with Zoetemelk only 8 seconds behind.[10] In the next stage, Zoetemelk won the stage, but Thévenet and Van Impe were only one second behind him.[11] The 11th stage did not see major changes in the top of the general classification, but it was remarkable as the stage with the biggest winning margin in post-World War II history. José-Luis Viejo won the stage, 22 minutes and 50 seconds ahead of the next cyclist.[12] Then the Peugeot–Esso–Michelin team from Thévenet took control. Raymond Delisle sped away in the 12th stage, took a five-minute lead and won the stage, thereby taking the lead in the general classification.
After the 13th stage, won by Régis Ovion, Ovion failed the doping test. He was taken out of the results, and Teirlinck and Panizza, who originally were second and third, gained one place. In the official classification, the other cyclists were not upgraded, so the third place remains unoccupied.[13] In the 14th stage, there was a group of attackers away, including Luis Ocaña. Van Impe was told by his team leader, Cyrille Guimard, that he should attack, but was reluctant to do so. Only after Guimard threatened to run Van Impe off the road by his car, Van Impe attacked.[4] Zoetemelk waited for the Peugeot team to defend their position of leader in the general classification, but they were not able to. After a few kilometers, Zoetemelk noticed that his tactics did not work, and started chasing Van Impe by himself. Zoetemelk decreased the gap to 50 seconds, but then Van Impe reached the group of early attackers, and started to work together, especially with Ocaña. Ocaña and Zoetemelk had battled in the early 1970s against Merckx, and Ocaña remembered that Zoetemelk never helped him back then, so decided to work against Zoetemelk now.[4] Zoetemelk could not follow them on his own, and lost three minutes in that stage. Van Impe and Zoetemelk had been going so fast, that 45 of the 93 cyclists finished outside the time limit, but the tour organisation decided to waive the elimination rule for that stage.[4]
Van Impe won some more time in the time trial of stage 17, and Zoetemelk won a few seconds back in the 20th stage and in the time trial of the 22nd stage, but the Tour had been decided in the 14th stage at the moment when Zoetemelk decided to wait for the Peugeot team.[14] The battle for the third place was between Raymond Delisle, Raymond Poulidor and Walter Riccomi. Poulidor, 40 years old, was racing his final Tour de France. After the 20th stage, they had exactly the same time in the general classification, and Riccomi was only 12 seconds behind them.[15] In the time trial of stage 22a, Poulidor won a few seconds on Delisle and Riccomi, and was on the podium in Paris.[6] At the end of the Tour de France, the combativity award was given to Raymond Delisle.[6]
Doping
During the Tour de France, 110 doping tests were taken. Three cyclists tested positive.[16] After the third stage, Jesús Manzaneque tested positive for doping.[17] Manzaneque received a 10-minute penalty in the general classification and was suspended for one month.[18] After the 13th stage, winner Régis Ovion failed the doping test. He was taken out of the results, and Teirlinck and Panizza, who originally were second and third, gained one place. In the official classification, the other cyclists were not upgraded, so the third place remains unoccupied.[13] Bernard Labourdette was caught during the doping test, when he tried to cheat.[16]
Classification leadership
There were several classifications in the 1976 Tour de France, four of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[19] The prize for the winner of the Tour de France was not only money, but also an apartment in Merlin-Plage.[6]
Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[19] The calculation was changed, to make the competition more accessible for the non-sprinters.[20] There were five types of stages, with respect to how many points could be earned:
- Normal stages: stages 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, 21
- Mountain stages: stages 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20
- Long time trials: stages 3 and 17
- Team time trials: stage 5a
- Short time trials: prologue and stage 22a
- Half stages: stages 5b, 18a, 18b, 18c and 22b
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[19]
Another classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only neo-professionals were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[21]
The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1976, this classification had no associated jersey.[22]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification wore yellow caps.[23] There was also a team points classification. After each stage, the stage rankings of the best three cyclists per team were added, and the team with the least total lead this classification, and were identified by green caps.[24]
Final standings
Legend | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Denotes the winner of the general classification | ![]() |
Denotes the winner of the points classification |
![]() |
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification | ![]() |
Denotes the winner of the young rider classification |
General classification
Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | 116h 22' 23" |
2 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 4' 14" |
3 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 12' 08" |
4 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 12' 17" |
5 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 12' 39" |
6 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 14' 50" |
7 | ![]() | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | + 14' 59" |
8 | ![]() ![]() | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | + 16' 09" |
9 | ![]() | Jolly Ceramica | + 16' 36" |
10 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 19' 28" |
Final general classification (11–87) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
11 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 21' 14" |
12 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 21' 45" |
13 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 22' 08" |
14 | ![]() | Super Ser | + 25' 08" |
15 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 25' 35" |
16 | ![]() ![]() | Brooklyn–Gios | + 26' 43" |
17 | ![]() | Super Ser | + 32' 44" |
18 | ![]() | Brooklyn–Gios | + 34' 21" |
19 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 36' 29" |
20 | ![]() | Jobo-Wolber-La France | + 39' 54" |
21 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 41' 35" |
22 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 41' 42" |
23 | ![]() ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 44' 50" |
24 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 46' 20" |
25 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 47' 42" |
26 | ![]() | TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | + 48' 39" |
27 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 49' 13" |
28 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 52' 36" |
29 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 53' 52" |
30 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 54' 53" |
31 | ![]() | Super Ser | + 55' 16" |
32 | ![]() | Jolly Ceramica | + 58' 40" |
33 | ![]() | Miko-De Gribaldy-Superia | + 1h 00' 03" |
34 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 1h 00' 49" |
35 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 1h 01' 59" |
36 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 1h 03' 11" |
37 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 1h 04' 48" |
38 | ![]() | Jolly Ceramica | + 1h 04' 50" |
39 | ![]() | Jobo-Wolber-La France | + 1h 07' 37" |
40 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 1h 08' 30" |
41 | ![]() | Jobo-Wolber-La France | + 1h 12' 06" |
42 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 1h 25' 34" |
43 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 1h 26' 39" |
44 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 1h 27' 33" |
45 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 1h 29' 34" |
46 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 1h 29' 45" |
47 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 1h 31' 27" |
48 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 1h 33' 23" |
49 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 1h 34' 11" |
50 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 1h 37' 14" |
51 | ![]() | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | + 1h 40' 52" |
52 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 1h 46' 19" |
53 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 1h 46' 58" |
54 | ![]() | Brooklyn–Gios | + 1h 52' 48" |
55 | ![]() | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 1h 56' 16" |
56 | ![]() | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | + 1h 58' 53" |
57 | ![]() | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | + 1h 59' 18" |
58 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 1h 59' 26" |
59 | ![]() | Jolly Ceramica | + 1h 59' 42" |
60 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 2h 01' 47" |
61 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 2h 03' 56" |
62 | ![]() | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | + 2h 05' 04" |
63 | ![]() | Jolly Ceramica | + 2h 05' 05" |
64 | ![]() | Jolly Ceramica | + 2h 05' 33" |
65 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 2h 08' 49" |
66 | ![]() | Brooklyn–Gios | + 2h 09' 53" |
67 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 2h 12' 37" |
68 | ![]() | Super Ser | + 2h 13' 24" |
69 | ![]() | Miko-De Gribaldy-Superia | + 2h 14' 11" |
70 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 2h 14' 25" |
71 | ![]() | Kas–Campagnolo | + 2h 14' 43" |
72 | ![]() | Super Ser | + 2h 14' 50" |
73 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 2h 15' 22" |
74 | ![]() | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 2h 16' 13" |
75 | ![]() | Jobo-Wolber-La France | + 2h 17' 28" |
76 | ![]() | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 2h 20' 22" |
77 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 2h 21' 24" |
78 | ![]() | Brooklyn–Gios | + 2h 28' 46" |
79 | ![]() | TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | + 2h 29' 52" |
80 | ![]() | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 2h 30' 13" |
81 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 2h 31' 09" |
82 | ![]() | Miko-De Gribaldy-Superia | + 2h 32' 25" |
83 | ![]() | TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | + 2h 39' 41" |
84 | ![]() | TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | + 2h 44' 27" |
85 | ![]() | Lejeune–BP | + 2h 50' 03" |
86 | ![]() | Super Ser | + 3h 10' 05" |
87 | ![]() | TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | + 3h 12' 54" |
Points classification
Rider | Team | Points | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() ![]() |
Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | 293 |
2 | ![]() |
Jolly Ceramica | 137 |
3 | ![]() |
Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | 128 |
4 | ![]() |
Scic–Fiat–Colnago | 122 |
5 | ![]() |
TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | 109 |
6 | ![]() |
Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | 92 |
7 | ![]() |
Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | 80 |
8 | ![]() |
Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | 78 |
9 | ![]() ![]() |
Gitane–Campagnolo | 74 |
9 | ![]() |
Scic–Fiat–Colnago | 74 |
Mountains classification
Rider | Team | Points | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() ![]() |
Brooklyn–Gios | 170 |
2 | ![]() ![]() |
Gitane–Campagnolo | 169 |
3 | ![]() |
Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | 119 |
4 | ![]() |
Kas–Compagnolo | 85 |
5 | ![]() |
Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | 81 |
6 | ![]() |
Super Ser | 65 |
7 | ![]() |
Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | 63 |
8 | ![]() |
Kas–Compagnolo | 59 |
9 | ![]() |
Scic–Fiat–Colnago | 56 |
10 | ![]() |
Scic–Fiat–Colnago | 49 |
Young rider classification
Rider | Team | Time | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() ![]() |
Kas–Compagnolo | 117h 07' 13" |
2 | ![]() |
Gitane–Campagnolo | + 1′ 30″ |
3 | ![]() |
TI–Raleigh–Campagnolo | + 3′ 49″ |
Intermediate sprints classification
Rider | Team | Points | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
Gitane–Campagnolo | 54 |
2 | ![]() ![]() |
Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | 37 |
3 | ![]() |
Brooklyn–Gios | 24 |
Team classification
Rank | Team | Time |
---|---|---|
1 | Kas–Compagnolo | 350h 05' 39" |
2 | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | + 9' 20" |
3 | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | + 28' 02" |
4 | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | + 30' 49" |
5 | Gitane–Campagnolo | + 40' 03" |
Team points classification
Rank | Team | Points |
---|---|---|
1 | Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson | 884 |
2 | Scic–Fiat–Colnago | 1329 |
3 | Peugeot–Esso–Michelin | 1401 |
4 | Flandria–Velda–West Vlaams Vleesbedrijf | 1624 |
5 | Jolly Ceramica | 1626 |
References
- ↑ "Witte trui geen garantie voor grootse Tourloopbaan" (in Dutch). tourdefrance.nl. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- 1 2 3 "63ème Tour de France 1976" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
- ↑ "Historique du Tour de France - Year 1976: The starters". Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour De France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishering. pp. 98–104. ISBN 1-59858-608-4. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ↑ "Tour zonder Merckx met veel favorieten" (in Dutch). Leeuwarder Courant. 22 June 1976. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Historical guide 2016, p. 67.
- ↑ "Protest van Tour-renners". Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (in Dutch). Delpher. 14 July 1976. p. 6. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
- ↑ Stage 13 was initially won by Régis Ovion, but he failed the doping test. The stage victory was then given to Teirlinck, who initially was second in that stage.
- ↑ Historical guide 2016, p. 109.
- ↑ "63ème Tour de France - 9ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ↑ "63ème Tour de France - 10ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ↑ Historical guide 2016, p. 128.
- 1 2 "63ème Tour de France - 13ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ↑ "1976 - Lucien van Impe wint na misrekening van Joop Zoetemelk" (in Dutch). tourdefrance.nl. 19 March 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ↑ "63ème Tour de France - 20ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- 1 2 "Tombés au champs d'honneur" (in French). Sport & Vie. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- ↑ "Manzaneque: positief op dopingonderzoek.". Leeuwarder Courant. 3 July 1976. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- ↑ "Manzaneque, sancionado por "doping"" (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportive. 3 July 1976. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- 1 2 3 Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ↑ "Appartement voor winnaar Tour" (in Dutch). Leeuwarder Courant. 18 June 1976. Archived from the original on 2009-09-03. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- ↑ "TDF guides: White jersey". TeamSky.com. BSkyB. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ↑ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Intermediate Sprints Classification". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ↑ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0-679-72936-4. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ↑ Mark, Eddy van der. "Tour Xtra: Other Classifications & Awards". Chippewa Valley Cycling Club. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Laatste uitslagen van de Tour de France '76" (in Dutch). Leeuwarder Courant. 19 July 1976. Archived from the original on 2009-09-03. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
Sources
- Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
External links
Media related to 1976 Tour de France at Wikimedia Commons