New Jersey's 19th Legislative District is one of 40 in the New Jersey Legislature. As of the 2011 apportionment, the district includes the Middlesex County municipalities of Carteret Borough, Perth Amboy City, Sayreville Borough, South Amboy City and Woodbridge Township.[1][2]
Demographic characteristics
As of the 2010 United States Census, the district had a population of 224,578, of whom 171,915 (76.6%) were of voting age. The racial makeup of the district was 132,142 (58.8%) White, 23,516 (10.5%) African American, 1,071 (0.5%) Native American, 34,762 (15.5%) Asian, 96 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 25,194 (11.2%) from some other race, and 7,797 (3.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 68,729 (30.6%) of the population.[3] The district had 126,453 registered voters as of November 2015, of whom 65,921 (52.1%) were registered as unaffiliated, 48,412 (38.3%) were registered as Democrats, 12,014 (9.5%) were registered as Republicans and 106 (0.1%) were registered to other parties.[4]
The district has a higher-than-average percentage of Asian American and Hispanic residents. Registered Democrats outnumber Republicans by a nearly 4 to 1 margin, with Republican registration percentage one of the lowest of any district statewide.[5][6]
Apportionment history
Throughout this history of the 19th District since its creation in 1973 coinciding with the first drawing of the 40-district legislative map, the municipalities that make up the district have been relatively unchanged. In all maps, Perth Amboy, Sayreville, South Amboy, and Woodbridge have been a part of the district. The 1973 version of the district solely included those four municipalities.[7] In the 1981 redistricting, South River was added to the district.[8] Following the 1991 redistricting, South River was removed and Carteret was added.[9] Since the 1991 redistricting, no changes have been made to the boundaries of the district, including after the redistricting in 2001, based on the results of the 2000 United States Census and the 2011 redistricting.[2][10]
Political representation
The district is represented for the 2016–2017 Legislative Session (Senate, General Assembly) in the State Senate by Joseph Vitale (D, Woodbridge Township) and in the General Assembly by Craig Coughlin (D, Woodbridge Township) and John Wisniewski (D, Sayreville).[11][12]
Election history
In the 1977 Democratic primaries, Laurence S. Weiss defeated incumbent senator John J. Fay, Jr., and went on to win election.[13]
Alan Karcher chose to run for the Democratic nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1989, and was replaced in the Assembly by future Governor Jim McGreevey.[14]
Having first been elected to the Assembly in 1973, George Otlowski lost a three-way race for the two Assembly seats in the 1991 primary election.[15] In the statewide Republican landslide in the 1991 general election, Weiss lost his Senate seat to Randy Corman, while in the Assembly Stephen A. Mikulak and Ernest L. Oros defeated Democratic candidates Thomas J. Deverin and Jay Ziznewski, putting Republicans in all three legislative seats in what had been described by The New York Times as a "blue-collar and traditionally rock-solid Democratic district".[16]
In the 1993 race, Jim McGreevey won the Senate seat back for the Democrats over Randy Corman, with Republican incumbents Mikulak and Oros hanging on to their seats in the Assembly.[17][18]
Democrats statewide saw a net gain of three seats in the Assembly in the 1995 elections, with two of the pickups coming in the 19th District where Arline Friscia and John Wisniewski knocked off the Republican incumbents Mikulak and Oros.[19]
McGreevey stepped down from his Senate seat in 1997 to run for Governor of New Jersey and was replaced by Joseph Vitale. After McGreevey's narrow loss to Republican Christine Todd Whitman, The Record reported speculation that Vitale would step down from the Senate and McGreevey would be named to the Senate seat, a rumor that McGreevey dismissed.[20]
In the 2003 Democratic primary, Friscia lost the official endorsement of the Middlesex County Democratic Organization, which went instead to Perth Amboy mayor Joseph Vas. Friscia objected to being knocked off the party line, stating that "a history of women being knocked off tickets in Middlesex County" exists as "part of a long sad history of the Democratic Party disenfranchising qualified women". She lost in the June 2003 Democratic primary election to Vas and announced her party switch on August 5, 2003.[21] In a similar situation to what happened with 17th District Assemblywoman Angela L. Perun in 1985, Republicans Frisca and running mate Jeffrey Pino were defeated by Vas and Wisniewski in the 2003 general election.[22]
On September 8, 2009, a special convention of Middlesex County Democratic Committee members selected Craig Coughlin to appear on the general election ballot along with incumbent Wisniewski, and the two Democrats went on to win in the November general election.[23][24]
Senators and Assembly members elected from the district are as follows:[25]
- ↑ Switched parties on August 5, 2003
Election results
Senate
New Jersey general election, 1981[33]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Laurence S. Weiss |
31,446 |
60.4 |
|
Republican |
Edmund S. Kaboski |
20,582 |
39.6 |
Total votes |
52,028 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1983[34]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Laurence S. Weiss |
28,251 |
59.0 |
|
Republican |
James W. Inman |
19,603 |
41.0 |
Total votes |
47,854 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1987[35]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Laurence S. Weiss |
25,997 |
58.3 |
|
Republican |
John G. O’Sullivan |
18,570 |
41.7 |
Total votes |
44,567 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1991[36]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Republican |
Randy Corman |
25,536 |
55.6 |
|
Democratic |
Laurence S. Weiss |
20,396 |
44.4 |
Total votes |
45,932 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1993[37]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
James E. McGreevey |
26,721 |
47.6 |
|
Republican |
Randy Corman |
25,278 |
45.1 |
|
"People's Choice" |
Leonard R. Sendelsky |
4,092 |
7.3 |
Total votes |
56,091 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1997[38]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Joseph F. Vitale |
32,454 |
60.2 |
|
Republican |
Stephen A. Mikulak |
21,445 |
39.8 |
Total votes |
53,899 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2001[39]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Joseph F. Vitale |
37,322 |
77.4 |
|
Republican |
Naresh G. "Nick" Gidwani |
10,928 |
22.6 |
Total votes |
48,250 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2003[40]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Joseph F. Vitale |
22,643 |
65.5 |
|
Republican |
Paul "Daniels" Danielczyk |
11,949 |
34.5 |
Total votes |
34,592 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2007[41]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Joseph F. Vitale |
18,864 |
66.4 |
|
Republican |
Donald H. Nelsen Jr. |
9,557 |
33.6 |
Total votes |
28,421 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2011[42]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
Joseph F. Vitale |
18,623 |
66.9 |
|
Republican |
Paul Lund, Jr. |
9,232 |
33.1 |
Total votes |
27,855 |
100.0 |
Assembly
New Jersey general election, 1973[31]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
38,496 |
39.3 |
|
Democratic |
Alan Karcher |
34,647 |
35.4 |
|
Republican |
Marianne Brehun |
13,237 |
13.5 |
|
Republican |
Henry F. Billemeyer |
12,892 |
13.2 |
|
American
|
John N. Dudash |
250 |
0.3 |
|
American
|
Robert Behrens, Jr. |
230 |
0.2 |
Total votes |
97,888 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1975[44]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
29,957 |
35.4 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
27,379 |
32.3 |
|
Republican |
Joseph F. Britt |
13,483 |
15.9 |
|
Republican |
John De Noia |
12,612 |
14.9 |
|
U.S. Labor |
Michael Schlanger |
1,274 |
1.5 |
Total votes |
84,705 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1977[32]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
33,850 |
36.0 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
30,702 |
32.7 |
|
Republican |
Joseph F. Britt |
15,555 |
16.6 |
|
Republican |
Madelyn Lindblad |
13,531 |
14.4 |
|
U.S. Labor |
Michael Schlanger |
347 |
0.4 |
Total votes |
93,985 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1979[45]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
28,911 |
34.4 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
27,304 |
32.4 |
|
Republican |
Joseph F. Britt |
14,442 |
17.2 |
|
Republican |
Patrick A. Simonelli |
13,486 |
16.0 |
Total votes |
84,143 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1981[33]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
32,137 |
31.0 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
31,115 |
30.1 |
|
Republican |
Frank A. Stahl |
19,412 |
18.8 |
|
Republican |
Philip H. Koester, Sr. |
19,332 |
18.7 |
|
Independent |
John F. Karloski |
1,532 |
1.5 |
Total votes |
103,528 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1983[34]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
28,258 |
30.0 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
26,494 |
28.1 |
|
Republican |
Robert A. Mauro |
20,119 |
21.3 |
|
Republican |
Joseph M. Bodner |
19,446 |
20.6 |
Total votes |
94,317 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1985[46]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
26,187 |
26.7 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
24,803 |
25.3 |
|
Republican |
Emery Z. Toth |
23,673 |
24.1 |
|
Republican |
Robert De Santis |
23,544 |
24.0 |
Total votes |
98,207 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1987[35]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
24,098 |
27.3 |
|
Democratic |
Alan J. Karcher |
23,467 |
26.6 |
|
Republican |
Emery Z. Toth |
20,767 |
23.5 |
|
Republican |
Beverly A. Samuelson |
19,986 |
22.6 |
Total votes |
88,318 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1989[47]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
James E. McGreevey |
27,726 |
27.7 |
|
Democratic |
George J. Otlowski |
25,298 |
25.3 |
|
Republican |
Randy Corman |
23,941 |
24.0 |
|
Republican |
Emery Z. Toth |
22,957 |
23.0 |
Total votes |
99,922 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1993[37]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Republican |
Stephen A. Mikulak |
26,237 |
24.8 |
|
Republican |
Ernest L. Oros |
26,027 |
24.6 |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
25,627 |
24.2 |
|
Democratic |
Joseph Vas |
22,869 |
21.6 |
|
"Peoples Choice" |
Marion Lipira |
2,569 |
2.4 |
|
"Peoples Choice" |
Theodore T. Moran |
2,426 |
2.3 |
Total votes |
105,755 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1997[49]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
36,099 |
34.4 |
|
Democratic |
Arline M. Friscia |
34,006 |
32.4 |
|
Republican |
Kennedy O’Brien |
17,605 |
16.8 |
|
Republican |
Debbie Bialowarczuk |
17,356 |
16.5 |
Total votes |
105,066 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 1999[50]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
23,795 |
39.7 |
|
Democratic |
Arline M. Friscia |
22,092 |
36.8 |
|
Republican |
Frank Cottone |
7,251 |
12.1 |
|
Republican |
William Feingold |
6,830 |
11.4 |
Total votes |
59,968 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2001[51]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
35,090 |
37.4 |
|
Democratic |
Arline Friscia |
33,458 |
35.7 |
|
Republican |
Billy E. Delgado |
13,344 |
14.2 |
|
Republican |
Christopher F. Struben |
11,844 |
12.6 |
Total votes |
93,736 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2003[52]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
21,613 |
32.3 |
|
Democratic |
Joseph Vas |
18,101 |
27.0 |
|
Republican |
Arline M. Friscia |
14,904 |
22.3 |
|
Republican |
Jeffrey A. Pino |
12,312 |
18.4 |
Total votes |
66,930 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2005[53]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
28,999 |
34.8 |
|
Democratic |
Joseph Vas |
26,361 |
31.6 |
|
Republican |
David J. Longenhagen |
14,018 |
16.8 |
|
Republican |
Reyes Ortega |
13,952 |
16.7 |
Total votes |
83,330 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2007[54]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
17,738 |
33.3 |
|
Democratic |
Joseph Vas |
14,376 |
27.0 |
|
Republican |
Paul "Daniels" Danielczyk |
10,788 |
20.2 |
|
Republican |
Reyes Ortega |
10,428 |
19.6 |
Total votes |
53,330 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2011[56]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
18,241 |
34.0 |
|
Democratic |
Craig J. Coughlin |
17,492 |
32.6 |
|
Republican |
Angel J. Leon |
9,008 |
16.8 |
|
Republican |
Shane Robinson |
8,915 |
16.6 |
Total votes |
53,656 |
100.0 |
New Jersey general election, 2013[30]
Party |
Candidate |
Votes |
% |
|
Democratic |
John S. Wisniewski |
24,404 |
33.7 |
|
Democratic |
Craig J. Coughlin |
22,393 |
30.9 |
|
Republican |
Stephanie Ziemba |
13,406 |
18.5 |
|
Republican |
Arif Khan |
12,151 |
16.8 |
Total votes |
72,354 |
100.0 |
References
- ↑ Districts by Number, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 31, 2014.
- 1 2 Municipalities (sorted by 2011 legislative district), New Jersey Department of State. Accessed January 31, 2014.
- ↑ DP-1: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 from the 2010 Demographic Profile Data for the General Assembly District 19 (2010), New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 31, 2014.
- ↑ Statewide Voter Registration Summary, New Jersey Department of State, November 30, 2015. Accessed May 27, 2016.
- ↑ District 19 Profile, Rutgers University. Accessed July 1, 2010.
- ↑ 2005 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book. Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy. p. 86.
- ↑ "New Jersey Legislative Districts 1974–" (PDF). New Jersey Legislative Services Agency. 1973. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
- ↑ "New Jersey Legislative Districts" (PDF). 1981. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
- ↑ "1991 Legislative Districts" (PDF). 1991. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
- ↑ Legislative Districts, New Jersey Legislature, backed up by the Internet Archive as of December 6, 1998. Accessed July 6, 2010.
- ↑ Legislative Roster 2016-2017 Session, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 16, 2016.
- ↑ District 19 Legislators, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed January 16, 2016.
- ↑ Waggoner, Walter H. "G.O.P. Faces Aggressive Challenge In Central Jersey Assembly Race", The New York Times, October 14, 1977. Accessed July 7, 2010.
- ↑ Fastenberg, Dan. "An American First", Columbia College Today, July / August 2007. Accessed July 6, 2010.
- ↑ Staff. "ELECTION FOCUS SHIFTS TO NOVEMBER", The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 6, 1991. Accessed July 6, 2010. "In the 19th District, also in Middlesex County, Assemblyman George Otlowski lost a three-way fight for the two Democratic nominations there."
- ↑ Gray, Jerry. "Tax Increase Turns a Once-Confident New Jersey Senator Nervous", The New York Times, November 1, 1991. Accessed July 6, 2010.
- ↑ via Associated Press. "ELECTION '93 / GOP LOSES SEVERAL SENATE SEATS BUT GAINS AS MANY IN ASSEMBLY", The Press of Atlantic City, November 3, 1993. Accessed July 6, 2010. "Randy Corman of Sayreville fell to Woodbridge Mayor James McGreevey, but Assemblymen Steven Mikulak and Ernest Oros held on for narrow victories."
- 1 2 Sullivan, Joseph F. "THE 1993 ELECTIONS: New Jersey Legislature; Cut Taxes 30 Percent? Whitman's Top Statehouse Allies Say Not So Fast", The New York Times, November 4, 1993. Accessed June 23, 2010.
- ↑ Associated Press. "DEMOCRATS CHIP AWAY AT GOP IN ASSEMBLY", The Press of Atlantic City, November 8, 1995. Accessed July 7, 2010. "In the 19th, the Democratic sweep will bring John Wisniewski and Arline Friscia to office."
- ↑ Tedeschi, Bruno. "MCGREEVEY RULES OUT RETURN TO SENATE POST", The Record (Bergen County), November 9, 1997. Accessed July 7, 2010.
- ↑ Fitzgerald, Barbara. Reflections on a Glass Ceiling", The New York Times, August 10, 2003. Accessed June 3, 2010.
- 1 2 Kocieniewski, David. "THE 2003 ELECTION: THE STATEHOUSE; Democrats Seize Senate And Widen Assembly Gap", The New York Times, November 5, 2003. Accessed June 23, 2010.
- ↑ Chang, Kathy. "Coughlin wins vote to run for Assembly", Suburban News, September 3, 2009. Accessed September 17, 2016. "After what Middlesex County Democratic Party Chairman Joseph Spicuzzo called a 'tough choice,' the 272 committee members who came out last night voted for Craig J. Coughlin as their choice to run for the District 19 Assembly race this November."
- 1 2 Staff. "2009 Election Results", The New York Times, November 9, 2009. Accessed July 1, 2010.
- ↑ "NJ Election Information and Results Archive". Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
- ↑ Staff. "Vote Totals for the Elections Held on Tuesday in New York and New Jersey", The New York Times, November 9, 1989. Accessed June 23, 2010.
- ↑ Staff. "THE 1997 ELECTIONS: RESULTS; The Races for the New Jersey Assembly", The New York Times, November 5, 1997. Accessed June 23, 2010.
- ↑ Kocieniewski, David. "THE 1999 ELECTIONS: NEW JERSEY ASSEMBLY; Democrats Win Seats in Three Districts, Narrowing Republicans' Majority", The New York Times, November 3, 1999. Accessed June 23, 2010.
- ↑ Staff. "THE 2001 ELECTIONS; RESULTS -- The Races for New Jersey", The New York Times, November 8, 2001. Accessed June 23, 2010.
- 1 2 Official List; Candidates for General Assembly For GENERAL ELECTION 11/05/2013 Election, New Jersey Department of State, December 4, 2013. Accessed January 31, 2014.
- 1 2 "Results of the General Election Held November 6, 1973" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "Results of the General Election Held November 8, 1977" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "Candidates for the Offices of State Senate and General Assembly" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "Candidates for the Offices of State Senate and General Assembly" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "Candidates for the Offices of State Senate and General Assembly" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "Official Results, General Election, November 5, 1991" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "Official List, General Election Returns for the Office of Senate and Assembly for Election Held November 2, 1993" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official Results, General Election Returns for the Office of State Senate for Election Held November 4, 1997" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for State Senate for November 2001 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for State Senate for November 2003 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for State Senate for November 2007 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for State Senate for November 2011 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidates for State Senate for GENERAL ELECTION 11/05/2013 Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Results of the General Election Held November 4, 1975" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Results of the General Election Held on November 6, 1979" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Candidates for the Office of General Assembly" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Candidates for the Office of General Assembly" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, General Election Results for the Office of General Assembly for Election Held November 7, 1995" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official Results, General Election Returns for the Office of State Assembly for Election Held November 4, 1997" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly 01-11-2010 for November 1999 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly for November 2001 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly 12-02-2003 for November 2003 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly for November 2005 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly for November 2007 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly for November 2009 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidate Returns for General Assembly for November 2011 General Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Official List, Candidates for General Assembly for GENERAL ELECTION 11/03/2015 Election" (PDF). Secretary of State of New Jersey. Retrieved January 15, 2016.