2016 Nice attack

2016 Nice attack

The Promenade des Anglais, the site of the attack

Route of the attacker from west to east
Location Promenade des Anglais, Nice, France
Coordinates 43°41′37″N 7°15′21″E / 43.6936°N 7.2557°E / 43.6936; 7.2557Coordinates: 43°41′37″N 7°15′21″E / 43.6936°N 7.2557°E / 43.6936; 7.2557
Date 14 July 2016 (Bastille Day)
c. 22:30 - 22:35 CEST (UTC+02:00)
Attack type
 Vehicular assault, shooting
Weapons Cargo truck, 7.65mm pistol[1]
Deaths 87 (including the perpetrator)[2][3]
Non-fatal injuries
 434
Assailant Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel
Suspected perpetrators
 Six suspects arrested for complicity

On the evening of 14 July 2016, a 19 tonne cargo truck was deliberately driven into crowds celebrating Bastille Day on the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France, resulting in the deaths of 86 people[2] and injuring 434.[4][5][6][7][8] The driver was Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, a Tunisian resident of France.[9][10] The attack ended following an exchange of gunfire, during which Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was shot and killed by police.

Five hours after the attack, French President François Hollande announced an extension of the state of emergency (which had been declared following the November 2015 Paris attacks) for a further three months, announced an intensification of the French military attacks on ISIL in Syria and Iraq, and suggested the attack might have been Islamic terrorism.[11][12] France later extended the state of emergency until 26 January 2017.[13]

Later on 15 July, the French government declared three days of national mourning starting 16 July. On 16 July, thousands of extra police and soldiers were deployed while the government called on citizens to join the reserve forces. On the same day, two agencies linked to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed that the attack was inspired by the organisation.

On 21 July, Paris prosecutor François Molins said that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel planned the attack for months and had help from accomplices.[14][15][16] By 1 August, six suspects had been taken into custody on charges of "criminal terrorist conspiracy", three of whom were also charged for complicity in murder connected to a terrorist organisation.

Background

Bastille Day celebrations on beach below Promenade des Anglais, 2014

On the morning before the attack, French President François Hollande said the national state of emergency, put in place after the November 2015 Paris attacks, would end after the Tour de France finished on 26 July 2016.[17] France had just finished hosting the Euro 2016 football tournament, during which the country had extensive security measures in place. Some matches were played in Nice, ending with the England–Iceland match on 27 June.[18]

On the evening of 14 July in Nice, the Bastille Day celebrations on the waterfront Promenade des Anglais, dubbed "Prom'Party" by the city of Nice,[19] drew crowds of 30,000 and included an aerial display by the French Air Force.

The Promenade des Anglais had been closed to traffic and, as in preceding years, a long section including the large hotels had been converted into a pedestrian zone. The customary Bastille Day fireworks display took place between 22:00 and 22:20.[20][21][22][23]

Attack

Timeline of attack

11 July:

14 July:

All times are CEST (UTC+2).
Annotated map showing course of attack along the Promenade des Anglais
The white truck, a Renault Midlum,[39] in the distance on the Promenade des Anglais on the morning after the attack

On 14 July in Nice, at approximately 22:30, just after the end of the Bastille Day fireworks display, a white 19 tonne Renault Midlum cargo truck emerged from the Magnan quarter of Nice turning eastward on to the Promenade des Anglais, then closed to traffic, near the Fondation Lenval Children's Hospital.[32][38][40]

Travelling at close to 90 kilometres (56 mi) per hour and mounting onto the pavement as if out of control, it hit and killed numerous bystanders before passing the Centre Universitaire Méditerranéen, where it was first reported by municipal police.[36][41][42] 400 metres (1,300 ft) from the children's hospital, at the intersection with Boulevard Gambetta, the truck accelerated and mounted on to the kerb to force its way through the police barriers—a police car, a crowd control barrier and lane separators[43]—marking the beginning of the pedestrianised zone.[44]

Having broken through the barrier, the truck, driving in a zigzag fashion, knocked down random members of the crowd milling about on the pavement and in the three traffic lanes on the seaward side of the Promenade.[23] The driver tried to stay on the pavement—returning to the traffic lanes only when blocked by a bus shelter or pavilion—thus increasing the number of deaths.[45] After reaching the Hotel Negresco, the progress of the truck, already travelling more slowly, was further slowed down by a passing cyclist, whose attempts to open the cabin door were abandoned after being threatened with a gun through the window;[46] followed by a motorcyclist, in pursuit since the Centre Universitaire Méditerranéen, who threw his scooter under the front wheels of the truck at the intersection with rue Meyerbeer, striking blows at the driver from the running board before being struck with the butt of the driver's gun.[47][48][49][50] The driver fired several shots at police from his 7.65 mm firearm, close to the Hotel Negresco,[51] as police arrived; they returned fire with their 9mm Sig Sauer handguns, gave chase to the vehicle and attempted to disable it.[41][52]

The truck travelled a further 200 metres (660 ft) until, in a badly damaged state, it came to halt[53] at 22:35 next to the Palais de la Méditerranée approximately five minutes after the start of the attack.[32][38] There, two national police officers shot and killed the driver.[9][23][38] There were multiple bullet holes in the windscreen and cab of the truck.[38][53][54] The entire attack took place over a distance of 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi), between numbers 11 and 147 of the Promenade des Anglais, resulting in the deaths of 86 people and creating high levels of panic in the crowds.[55] Some were injured as a result of jumping on to the pebbled beach several metres below the Promenade.[56]

In addition to the firearm used during the attack, an ammunition magazine, a fake pistol, a dummy grenade, a replica Kalashnikov rifle, and a replica M16 rifle were found in the cabin of the truck. Also recovered were a mobile phone and personal documents, including an identity card, a drivers licence, and credit cards. There were several pallets and a bicycle in the rear of the truck.[57][58][59]

Perpetrator

Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, on his residency permit

Personal life

French police identified the perpetrator as Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, a 31-year-old man of Tunisian nationality,[60] born in Tunisia, with a French residency permit and living in Nice.[10] His parents live in Tunisia and rarely heard from him since he moved to France in 2005.[61] His father said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel underwent psychiatric treatment before he moved to France.[62] He married a French-Tunisian cousin, living in Nice, with whom he had three children. According to his wife's lawyer, he was repeatedly reported for domestic violence and the couple separated.[63]

After this separation, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had a wild sex life according to the prosecutor[64] and had had sexual relations with both men and women according to an anonymous source.[65] He was known to French police for five prior criminal offences, notably for threatening behaviour, violence, and petty theft.[66] Neighbours reported that Lahouaiej-Bouhlel rarely spoke to them.[67]

François Molins, the prosecutor leading the inquiry into the involvement of possible organised Islamist terrorism, announced on 18 July that information gathered since the attack suggested that, except for a short period leading up to the attack, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was "a young man completely uninvolved in religious issues and not a practising Muslim, who ate pork, drank alcohol, took drugs and had an unbridled sex life."[68]

Lahouaiej-Bouhlel sent small sums of money regularly to his family in Tunisia, according to his brother. However, days before the attack, in a surprising move, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel persuaded some friends to smuggle bundles of cash worth 100,000 euros illegally to his family.[69]

Motives

Newspapers reported, on the authority of unspecified investigators, that evidence found on Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's cellphone showed he may have been in contact[69][70] with individuals in his neighborhood, who were known to the French intelligence agencies as Islamic radicals. However, an intelligence source cautioned this "could just be a coincidence, given the neighbourhood where he lived. Everyone knows everyone there. He seems to have known people who knew Omar Diaby", a known local Islamist believed to be linked with Al Nusra Front.[69]

Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's computer showed he had searched the Internet for the terms "terrible mortal accidents", "horrible mortal accidents" and "shocking video, not for sensitive souls"[71][72] and consulted news articles on fatal accidents,[72] including on 1 January 2016 an article[73][72] or a photo[74][71] from a local newspaper about a car incident[73] with the caption: "He deliberately crashes onto the terrace of a restaurant".[73][71][72]

According to French authorities, friends of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel said he began attending a mosque in April 2016.[75] Prosecutor Molins said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had confided his admiration of ISIL to one of the now-interrogated suspects.[71][76] A few months before 14 July, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel had shown friends an ISIL beheading video on his phone,[77] and had said to one of the now-arrested suspects, "I'm used to seeing that".[71] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's computer contained photos of ISIL combatants and ISIL beheadings,[71] of dead bodies, of Osama bin Laden, Algerian jihadist Mokhtar Belmokhtar, the Islamic State flag, a cover of Charlie Hebdo, and images linked to radical Islamism.[77]

Between 1 and 13 July 2016, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel consulted many websites with treatises on Quranic Surahs, sites with religious chants, and sites of ISIL propaganda.[71] Also, in the weeks before 14 July, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel expressed extremist views, friends told the police.[75] An uncle of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel in Tunisia said that his nephew had been indoctrinated about ten days before 14 July by an Algerian ISIL member in Nice.[78] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel grew a beard only eight days before the attack, for "religious reasons", he told friends.[77][72] The newspaper Nice-Matin published a filmed interview with an eyewitness who recounted hearing from his balcony three times "Allahu Akbar" during the attack;[79][80] Similar reports were circulated on social media.[81][82] Officials have not confirmed the shouting of "Allahu Akbar".[81]

Preparations

Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's mobile phone, discovered in the truck after he was shot by police, delivered information to the police about his preparations.[83] On 12 and 13 July 2016, Bouhlel returned several times to the Promenade des Anglais, the site of the attack, surveying the area in the rented truck. On 12 July, he took some selfies on the Promenade, as Molins confirmed on 18 July.[71][84][85] Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's brother said he received images of Lahouaiej-Bouhlel laughing among the holiday crowds in Nice hours before the attack.[86]

Victims

The attacker killed 84 people instantly and injured 434, 52 critically; 25 remained on life support the next day; an 85th person died from injuries three weeks after the attack,[2] and an 86th three weeks later.[3] On 17 July, 65 injured were still in hospital, 18 in a critical condition.[4][87] At least ten of the dead were children. The figure of 434 indicates the total number of people admitted into hospital with injuries due to the attack; some of whom were not admitted immediately. Of the 86 dead, 39 were French nationals and the remaining 46 were nationals of 18 countries other than France,[88] the most recent victim's nationality is unconfirmed.[3] According to a local Muslim spokesman, at least 30 of the dead were Muslims.[89][90]

By 19 July, French authorities had formally identified the then 84 victims, with detailed lists published by Agence France-Presse. Two days later, the Hôtel de Ville in Nice was draped with two long black banners recording the names of these 84 victims.[88][91]

Investigation

Hotel Negresco on the Promenade des Anglais was used for triage of the victims[51]

Late on 14 July, the ministère public ('public ministry') in Paris, which has responsibility nationally for terrorism, opened an inquiry into "murder and attempted murder by an organised gang connected to a terrorist organisation" and "criminal terrorist conspiracy".[23][132] The investigations for the inquiry were assigned to the Central Directorate of the Judicial Police (DCPJ) and the General Directorate for Internal Security (DGSI).[23]

Arrests

Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's estranged wife was arrested on 15 July,[66][135] but was then released two days later.[136] Also, a man was arrested on 15 July.[66][135] On 16 July, three more men were arrested.[66][135] On 17 July, a man and a woman, both Albanians, were arrested in Nice following a police raid on the previous day.[137][138]

On 25 July, two additional men were arrested after photographs of them were found on Lahouaiej-Bouhlel's mobile phone.[139][140][141] One of these men was released after five days,[142] while the other was charged with conspiracy in relation to a terrorist enterprise, just like five of the people arrested on 15–17 July.[74]

Alleged accomplices

By 21 July, four men and one woman, all previously unknown to the French intelligence agencies, had been charged by the ministère public with "criminal conspiracy in relation to a terrorist enterprise".[74] Ramzi, Mohamed Walid and Chokri were also charged with complicity in murder connected to a terrorist organisation. A fifth, unnamed, man was later charged with conspiracy in relation to a terrorist enterprise.

Reactions

French government

French flag at half-mast in Tours on the day after the attack, which was followed by three days of national mourning
Memorial at the site of the attack
Tributes on the Promenade des Anglais

15 July

French President François Hollande made known at 00:15h French time on 15 July, that he had consulted his Prime Minister Manuel Valls and Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve, and was returning to Paris from Avignon, expecting to arrive in the French capital at 01:15h to have an emergency Interior Ministry meeting regarding the attacks.[153]

At 00:59h, Cazeneuve initiated the ORSEC plan, the French emergency plan for disasters.[154]

At 03:47h, Hollande addressed the French nation in a televised broadcast from Paris.[6][11] He assessed that "the terrorist nature of this attack can’t be denied"[11][155] and linked the attack to Islamic terrorism:[11] "all of France is being menaced by fundamentalist Islamic terrorism".[12] He announced a three-month extension of the state of emergency, previously due to end on 26 July,[6] announced an intensification of the French military attacks on ISIL in Syria and Iraq,[11] and announced that more security personnel would be deployed.

Prime Minister Manuel Valls later that day announced three days of national mourning on 16–18 July.[6]

Valls said in the France 2 television's evening news programme at 8:00 p.m. on 15 July, Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was "probably linked to radical Islam one way or another".[156][157][158] Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said, on the coinciding television news of TF1:[158] "We have an individual who was not known to intelligence services for activities linked to radical Islam", when asked whether he could confirm the attacker’s motives were linked to jihadism he replied: "No".[6][158]

16–17 July

On 16 July French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said: "I remind you that Daesh's ideologue, Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, has for several weeks repeated calls to attack directly, even individually, Frenchmen, in particular, or Americans, wherever they are, by any means necessary (…) It is murder, and Daesh’s claim of responsibility comes later, as has happened in other recent events".[159]

Bernard Cazeneuve on 16 July, after ISIL had claimed the attacker as one of its soldiers, said: if Lahouaiej-Bouhlel was radicalised, "It seems that he was radicalised very quickly — in any case these are the elements that have come up from the testimony of the people around him."[160]

Cazeneuve on 16 or 17 July announced plans to increase security in response to the attack by calling 12,000 police reservists to add to the 120,000 person force. He urged "all patriotic citizens" to join the reserve forces to boost security following the attacks.[161]

18 July and later

On 18 July, France observed a one-minute silence in remembrance of those killed in the attack. In Nice, as the Prime Minister arrived to observe the silence, the crowd booed him and some shouted for his resignation, with some calling him a murderer.[162][163] President Hollande was similarly booed by crowds when visiting Nice the day after the attack.[164] The booing was described by BBC as "unprecedented", who commented that it was "a stark warning of how the mood in the country has changed" in comparison to public responses after other recent major terrorist attacks in France.[163]

On 21 July, the state of emergency was formally extended until 31 January 2017.[165]

A week after the attack, the anti-terror directorate of the National Police (SDAT) requested that the local authorities in Nice destroy CCTV footage of the attack, arguing that leaked images would compromise the dignity of victims and could be used as propaganda by terrorist organizations. The request has been refused by local authorities who have argued that the CCTV footage might provide evidence that the National Police had placed inadequate security measures on the Promenade des Anglais on 14 July.[166][167]

On 26 July, three Nice residents who had chased the truck during the attack were presented with medals for bravery by the local authorities in Nice.[48]

French public ministry

François Molins, prosecutor of the ministère public (le parquet) in Paris[23] – the authority ('public ministry') responsible for defending French society with regard to terrorism – stated on 15 July that the Nice attack bore the hallmarks of jihadist terrorism.[6] On 18 July, Molins said the attack could be described as "terrorism" as defined by French law.[72]

The Republicans

On 15 July, Alain Juppé, former prime minister of France and one of the final two candidates[168] to become the Republican candidate for the April–May 2017 presidential election; and Christian Estrosi, former Nice mayor, raised the question of whether more could have been done to prevent the attack.[169]

In September 2016, François Fillon, the other Republican candidate in the French presidential election, published a book titled "Defeating Islamic Totalitarianism" (Vaincre le totalitarisme islamique), in which he advocated a stricter state surveillance on the Muslim community and more attention to the French identity.[170][171] He also wrote that France was "at war" with radical Islam.[170]

National Front

Marine Le Pen, president of the National Front party and candidate for the April–May 2017 presidential election, said in a Le Figaro interview, "I'm furious, because I hear the same words, notice the same reflexes in the political class, but see no action that contributes one ounce of supplemental security".[lower-alpha 6][172] She judged it "urgent to attack the ideology that is the basis of this terrorism" and regretted that "nothing" was decided for the closing down of the salafist mosques.[172]

International

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov lay flowers near French embassy in Moscow, 15 July 2016

Leaderships of 49 countries and five supranational bodies expressed abhorrence of the attack and condolences for families and for France. US's President Barack Obama at 01:55h French time on 15 July on Twitter labelled the attack as possible terrorism,[6][173][174] as did German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[175] and other international leaders.

Claim of ISIL responsibility

On 16 July, the Amaq News Agency, called Lahouaiej-Bouhlel "a soldier of the Islamic State." It cited an "insider source" which said Lahouaiej-Bouhlel "executed the operation in response to calls to target citizens of coalition nations, which fight the Islamic State".[176][177]

Later that same day, ISIL's official al-Bayan radio station said the attacker executed a "new, special operation using a truck" and "the crusader countries know that no matter how much they enforce their security measures and procedures, it will not stop the mujahideen from striking."[178][179]

Islamic and Christian responses

The first Islamic funeral ceremony of victims of the attack took place on 19 July in the Ar-Rahma (The Mercifulness) mosque, the oldest in Nice and the largest in Alpes-Maritimes. Last honours of the Islamic community were rendered to a 23-year-old Tunisian woman, her 4-year-old child, and a young man. Rector and imam Otmane Aïssaoui said in his sermon, "The sole frontier for which one should halt is this: the respect for a man, for a woman, irrespective of their colour of skin, their origin. A truth one can find in the Gospel, in the Torah, even in Buddhism!" Citing a Quranic verse, he said, "At the Last Judgment, [Lahouaiej-Bouhlel] will be asked: 'why did you kill that little child of four years old?'"[180]

Also invited to speak was the priest of nearby Catholic[181] church Saint-Pierre d'Ariane. Father Patrick Bruzzone said, "My brothers ... I say 'my brothers' because, today more then ever, when one man is hurt, the whole of humanity is hurt." He proceeded to the coffins and bent over them, as if embracing them. Those in the gathering responded in unison, Allahu akbar.[180]

On 21 July, a commemoration was held for "people of all religions and even beyond that" in Catholic church Saint-Pierre d'Arène, located near the area where the attack had taken place. The priest and the vicar called for "the calming down, necessary for taking at hand our common future in this torn city and in the whole country. To contemplate together, in order to solidly reconstruct the social ties that now are increasingly crumbled and largely ruined".[180]

On 24 September, Pope Francis met 800 family members of the victims of the attack in Rome.[182]

Social media

Immediately after the attack, while it still remained unclear whether the threat had ended, people used social media, particularly Twitter, to help others find shelter, using the hashtag #PortesOuvertesNice (Open Doors Nice), a variation of a hashtag used in other recent attacks in France.[183]

On 14 and 15 July, the French government urged social media users to only share reliable information from official sources, while false rumours circulated that hostages had been taken, that the Eiffel Tower had been attacked and set on fire, and that Cannes had also been attacked.[81]

After-effects

Cultural

Organisers of the 20th Nice Jazz Festival, scheduled to begin on 16 July, cancelled the event in the wake of the attack.[184] Pop singer Rihanna cancelled a concert scheduled for 15 July at Nice's Allianz Stadium.[185] At London's Royal Albert Hall on 15 July, the opening night of the 2016 Proms Festival paid tribute to the people of Nice, with the BBC Symphony Orchestra performing a rendition of La Marseillaise.[186]

In August, the European Cycling Union decided to move the 2016 European Road Championships, which were to be hosted on 14–18 September in Nice, to Plumelec in the northwest of France, due to security concerns in Nice after the 14 July attack.[187]

Financial markets

European stocks opened lower and then closed mixed on Friday as investor sentiment was dampened by the attack in France. The pan-European STOXX 600 was down by 0.38%, the French CAC 40 by 0.4%, and German DAX by 0.4%. The British FTSE 100 fell by 0.2% before closing down at 0.32% in STOXX 600, 0.6% in CAC 40, and 0.01% in DAX; it closed down at 0.22% up in FTSE 100.[188] Airlines, along with other travel share, were some of the hardest hit companies, with Flybe and EasyJet down by around 3.7 per cent and three per cent respectively.[189]

Tourism

The ailing tourism sector of France, already reeling from the January and November 2015 attacks in Paris, suffered a further hit following the Nice attack. After the attack, the Association of British Travel Agents (Abta) urged British tourists to follow the instructions of French authorities, who cancelled events and closed the promenade and a number of public beaches in Nice.[190] Cancellations and last-minute changes to European holidays rose in the summer, with travellers increasingly concerned about the threat of terrorism. Other terrorist attacks in Belgium and Turkey prompted holidaymakers to cancel their bookings or seek out other destinations perceived to be safe. The Nice attack, along with the recent failed coup in Turkey, were expected to add to the pressure. "This is not going to be a good year," European Tour Operators Association chief executive Tom Jenkins said. "There is a real suppression of demand for destinations like Belgium and France."[191]

Tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims

On the week after 14 July, some Nice inhabitants noticed and deplored increasing anti-Muslim and racist rhetoric in their quarters. Some non-Muslims said that their view on Muslims had changed. "We're in Europe and I think some of the oriental rites are somehow incompatible", a Niçois said.[192]

Before the attack, on 8 June, the carcass of a pig had been found in front of a mosque in Nice. Two suspected men were charged and the court's judgement was expected to be filed on 12 October. On the morning of 11 October, the imam of that same mosque found the head and pelt of a pig mounted before the mosque's entrance.[193]

Raids and house arrests under state of emergency

As of August 2016, under the state of emergency put in force since November 2015 and extended after the Nice attack,[11][165] around 3,600 houses had been raided. The raids resulted in six terrorism-related inquiries, only one of which led to prosecution. Most raids were reportedly connected with narcotics, not with terrorism, implying misuse of the new powers of emergency.[194] Previously, as of May 2016, under the emergency law, house arrest had been imposed on 404 people, mostly Muslims of North African descent. Many French citizens that were placed under house arrest allegedly lost jobs or employment opportunities as a result.[194] By mid-November 2016, some people were under house arrest for nearly a year while no judicial inquiry against them had been started.[195]

On 15 November, President Hollande announced his intention to prolong the state of emergency until the French presidential elections on 23 April and 7 May 2017.[195]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Including: 2 dual Estonian-Russian citizens
  2. ↑ Je ne suis pas Charlie ... Je suis content. Ils ont ramené les soldats d’Allah pour finir le travail, a reference to the phrase Je suis Charlie
  3. ↑ Charge le camion, met dedans 2.000 tonnes de fer, et nique, coupe lui les freins mon ami, et moi je regarde.
  4. ↑ "infractions à la législation sur les armes en relation avec une entreprise terroriste"
  5. ↑ "association de malfaiteurs en relation avec une entreprise terroriste criminelle"
  6. ↑ "Je suis très en colère, parce que j’entends les mêmes mots, constate les mêmes réflexes dans la classe politique, mais ne vois aucun acte apportant une once de sécurité supplémentaire."

References

  1. ↑ Breeden, Aurelien (15 July 2016). "News of the Attack in Nice, France". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2016. In the truck's cabin, officials said, the police discovered an automatic 7.65 mm pistol, a cartridge clip, several used and unused 7.65 mm cartridges, as well as a fake automatic pistol, two fake assault rifles — a replica AK-47 and a replica M-16 — a grenade, a mobile phone and documents.
  2. 1 2 3 "Death toll from France truck attack rises to 85". BNO News. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 "Nice truck attack claims 86th victim". Star Tribune. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  4. 1 2 "Le bilan de l'attentat de Nice porté à 86 morts" [The results of the Nice attack increased to 86 dead] (in French). 19 August 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  5. ↑ "Nice killer visited Italy's 'Little Calais' as he was radicalised over a year before July 14 massacre". The Telegraph. 14 October 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "France lorry attack: As it happened (all updates from start until 15 July, 21:54)". BBC. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  7. ↑ "Attentat à Nice: au moins 84 personnes tuées". Paris Match (in French). Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  8. 1 2 Rubin, Alissa J.; Blaise, Lilia; Nossiter, Adam; Breeden, Aurelien (15 July 2016). "France Says Truck Attacker Was Tunisia Native With Record of Petty Crime". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 "Attentat de Nice : ce que l'on sait du chauffeur, Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel". Nouvel Obs (in French). Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  10. 1 2 "Attentat à Nice : le suspect a été formellement identifié" (in French). Europe1. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (French) ‘Attentat de Nice : les responsables politiques, entre émotion et colère’ [Attack of Nice: politicians between emotion and rage]. lemonde.fr, 15 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  12. 1 2 (Dutch) 'Om te doden, te verpletteren en af te slachten' [‘To kill, shatter, slaughter’]. Speech President Hollande, early 15 July 2016. Nrc.nl, 15 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  13. ↑ "Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control". European Commission. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  14. ↑ "Nice attacker plotted for months with 'accomplices'". CNN. 21 July 2016.
  15. ↑ "Nice attack: Prosecutor says suspect had accomplices". BBC. 21 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Nice truck killer had support, accomplices for carefully planned attack". France24. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  17. ↑ "Hollande confirme la fin de l'état d'urgence après le Tour de France" [Hollande confirms the end of a state of emergency after the Tour de France] (in French). France 24. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  18. ↑ Chrisafis, Angelique. "Euro 2016 fan zones in spotlight as France finalises huge security operation". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  19. ↑ "Sécurité à Nice : les questions en suspens après l'attentat du 14 juillet". Le Monde (in French). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  20. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (14 July 2016). "In Nice, a Vibrant Celebration Gives Way to a Trail of Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "Nice attack: What we know of the Bastille Day killings". BBC. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  22. ↑ Pierre Alonso (17 July 2016). "La sécurité autour du feu d'artifice de Nice était-elle suffisante ?". liberation.fr.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Ce que l'on sait de l'attentat commis à Nice" [What we know of the attack in Nice]. lemonde.fr (in French). 14 July 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  24. ↑ "The mile-long site where a truck hit hundreds in Nice, France". The Washington Post. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  25. ↑ "Nice Attack: What do we know?". UK Defence Journal. 15 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "Un camión descatalogado convertido en arma letal". Diario Sur. 16 July 2016.
  27. ↑ "Ce que l'on sait de l'auteur présumé de l'attentat [mis à jour]". Nice-Matin. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  28. ↑ "Le témoignage de cette femme qui aurait vu le camion fou dès 22 heures". Nice-Matin. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  29. ↑ "Attentat de Nice: ces intrigants SMS que le tueur aurait envoyés avant de passer à l'acte". rtbf.be. 17 July 2016.
  30. ↑ Kirschbaum, Erik (17 July 2016). "Perpetrator of Nice terror attack asked for 'more weapons' before rampage began, authorities say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  31. ↑ Seelow, Soren (22 July 2016). "Attaque de Nice: un projet " mûri depuis plusieurs mois " et plusieurs complices". Le Monde. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  32. 1 2 3 "Exclusif : la chronologie de l'attentat du 14-Juillet établie par la policière de Nice". Marianne. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  33. ↑ "Timeline: The Bastille Day attack in Nice". Reuters. 17 July 2016.
  34. ↑ "Tracing the Nice rampage: 'There was an awful panic, people were running everywhere'". National Post. 15 July 2016.
  35. ↑ "French minister sues police officer over Nice Bastille Day claims". The Guardian. 24 July 2016.
  36. 1 2 "La policière responsable de la vidéosurveillance à Nice : "On m'a mise en ligne avec le ministère de l'Intérieur"". leJDD. 24 July 2016.
  37. ↑ "Attentat de Nice : les faits plutôt que les polémiques". L'Obs. 26 July 2016.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bastille Day attack: 'Hysterical crowds were running from death'". The Guardian. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  39. ↑ "Attentat : le camion n'avait pas le droit de circuler dans Nice en raison d'un arrêté préfectoral et municipal". franceinfo.fr. 19 July 2016.
  40. ↑ "Comment le camion a-t-il pu circuler sur la promenade des Anglais pourtant fermée à la circulation ?". francetvinfo.fr. 15 July 2016.
  41. 1 2 Grégoire Biseau, Sylvain Mouillard, Willy Le Devin and Ismaël Halissat (20 July 2016). "Sécurité à Nice. 370 mètres de questions". liberation.fr. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016.
  42. ↑ Moore, Jack (18 July 2016). "Nice Attack: Final Moments of Muslim Grandmother Who Was First Victim". Newsweek. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  43. ↑ Pierre Alonso (17 July 2016). "La sécurité autour du feu d'artifice de Nice était-elle suffisante ?". liberation.fr. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016.
  44. ↑ "EN DIRECT Attentat de Nice: le camion a forcé le passage". challenges.fr. 16 July 2016.
  45. ↑ Alain Auffray, Arnaud Vaulerin, Pierre Alonso, Stéphanie Harounyan, Laure Bretton, Mathilde Frénois et Amélie Quentel (15 July 2016). "Nice, la nuit de l'apocalypse". liberation.fr.
  46. ↑ "Ce Niçois raconte comment il a tenté d'ouvrir la porte du camion quand le terroriste l'a braqué". Nice-Matin. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  47. ↑ "Le héros au scooter raconte: "J'étais prêt à mourir pour l'arrêter"". Nice-Matin (in French). 22 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  48. 1 2 "La ville de Nice a honoré Franck, Gwenaël et Alexandre, ses trois héros de l'attentat". Nice-Matin (in French). 26 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  49. ↑ Mélanie Faure (16 July 2016). "Nice: le motard qui a poursuivi le poids lourd a-t-il également essayé de le désarmer ?". lci.tf1.fr.
  50. ↑ Willgress, Lydia; Samuel, Henry. "Hero motorcyclist attempted to stop Nice terror attacker". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  51. 1 2 "Nice attack: Lorry driver confirmed as Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel". BBC News. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
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  53. 1 2 "Nice terrorist attack on Bastille Day: everything we know so far on Monday". The Daily Telegraph. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
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  55. ↑ "Attaque à Nice : au moins 77 morts, un suspect abattu". Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  56. ↑ "A Nice des scènes d'horreur sur la promenade des Anglais". leprogres.fr. 16 July 2016.
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  58. ↑ "Nice terror attack: Truck driver who killed 84 named - the news as it unfolded on Friday, 15 July". The Telegraph. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  59. ↑ "Nice attack: Who was the driver in the lorry attack?". AlJazeera. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
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  63. ↑ "Nice: les auditions des amants et maîtresses de Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel émergent". Huffington Post-Le Monde. AFP. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
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  66. 1 2 3 4 Payton, Matt (15 July 2016). "Nice terror attack: Police arrest killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel's wife". The Independent. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  67. ↑ Walt, Vivienne (16 July 2016). "Nice Attack: Was Truck Driver Really a Jihadist?". Time. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  68. ↑ Marciano, Catherine; de Montvalon, Martin (18 July 2016). "Lahouaiej Bouhlel, dragueur impénitent et ultraviolent à l'intérêt récent pour le jihadisme". La Nouvelle République (in French). AFP. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Les témoignages recueillis par les enquêteurs depuis l'attentat commis jeudi soir sur la Promenade des Anglais permettent de brosser le portrait d’un jeune homme «très éloigné des considérations religieuses, ne pratiquant pas la religion musulmane, mangeant du porc, buvant de l’alcool, consommant de la drogue et ayant une vie sexuelle débridée», a détaillé lundi le procureur de la République de Paris, François Molins.
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  70. ↑ "Perpetrator of Nice terror attack asked for 'more weapons' before rampage began, authorities say". Los Angeles Times. 17 July 2016.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (French) ""Un attentat prémédité influencé par l'islamisme radical" Attentat du 14-Juillet à Nice". La Depeche. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Nice attacker grew beard in week before truck rampage – prosecutor". The Guardian. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  73. 1 2 3 'Strategisch, nicht spontan'. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 22 July 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016
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  75. 1 2 "Nice killer Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel 'only started going to mosque this April'". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
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  81. 1 2 3 Sini, Rozina (15 July 2016). "Nice lorry attack sparks false rumours on social media". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2016. This tweeter suggests he can hear Allahu Akbar in the seventh second of this video of the Nice attack [the BBC reported in reference to a tweet sent out shortly after the attack]
  82. ↑ Napoléon (14 July 2016). "#Nice06 On entend clairement le terroriste qui conduit le camion crier "#Allah Akbar" à la 7ème seconde de la vidéo". Twitter.
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  104. ↑ "Kaljurand infotunnis: Nice'is on haiglaravil kolm Eesti elanikku." [Kaljurand in briefing: Three residents of Estonia hospitalized in Nice]. Postimees (in Estonian). Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  105. 1 2 "Venemaa konsul: Nice'i rünnakus sai kannatada kaks Eesti-Vene topeltkodakondsusega last" [Russian Consul: Two children with Estonian-Russian dual citizenship among the injured]. Postimees (in Estonian). Retrieved 19 July 2016.
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  121. ↑ "Copilul român rănit în atacul de la Nisa, găsit într-un spital. Părinţii lui sunt încă dispăruţi". Realitatea TV (in Romanian). 16 July 2016.
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  144. ↑ Je voulais te dire que le pistolet que tu m’as ramené hier, c’était très bien, alors on ramène 5 de chez ton copain. C’est pour Chokri et ses amis.
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