Abel, King of Denmark

Abel
King Abel as depicted on the 16th century Kronborg tapestries
King of Denmark
Reign	1 November 1250 – 29 June 1252
Coronation	1 November 1250
Predecessor	Eric IV
Successor	Christopher I
Duke of Schleswig
Reign	1232–1252
Predecessor	Eric Valdemarsen
Successor	Valdemar III
Born	1218
Died	29 June 1252 (aged 33–34) Eiderstedt
Burial	first at Schleswig Cathedral, then Gottorf Castle
Consort	Matilda of Holstein
Issue	Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig Sophie, Princess of Anhalt-Bernburg Eric I, Duke of Schleswig Abel, Lord of Langeland
Full name Abel Valdemarsen
House	Estridsen
Father	Valdemar II of Denmark
Mother	Berengaria of Portugal
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Danish Royalty
House of Estridsen
Abel
Children Valdemar III, Duke of Schleswig Sophia, Princess of Anhalt-Bernburg Eric I, Duke of Schleswig Abel, Lord of Langeland Grandchildren Margaret, Countess of Schwerin Valdemar IV, Duke of Schleswig Eric Longbone, Lord of Langeland Margaret, Abbess of Zarrentin Great Grandchildren Eric II, Duke of Schleswig Great-Great Grandchildren Valdemar III Helvig, Queen of Denmark

Abel of Denmark (1218 – 29 June 1252) was Duke of Schleswig from 1232 to 1252 and King of Denmark from 1250 until his death in 1252. He was the son of Valdemar II by his second wife, Berengária of Portugal, and brother to Eric IV and Christopher I.^[1]

As Duke of Schleswig, Abel came into conflict with his brother, King Eric IV, whose murder in 1250 he was suspected of orchestrating. Upon taking an oath to clear himself of the allegations, he was elected king. After a short reign, he was killed during a military expedition in Frisia.

Abel's reign was the shortest of any Danish monarch since the 9th century. He founded a line of Dukes of Schleswig - the "Abel family" - which ruled the Duchy of Schleswig until 1375.

Early life

At the election in 1232 of his elder brother Eric as their father King Valdemar II's coruler and heir, Abel was chosen to succeed Eric in his position as Duke of Schleswig.

In 1237 he married Matilda of Holstein, a daughter of Adolf IV, Count of Holstein. As Count Adolf withdrew to a Franciscan friary the same year, Abel spent several years acting as regent for his under age brothers-in-law, John and Gerhard.

Duke of Schleswig

At the death of Valdemar II in 1241, Duke Abel's brother Eric acceded to the throne of Denmark as Eric IV. The following years Duke Abel fought against his brother, trying to gain independence for the Duchy of Schleswig. He raided north as far as Randers, ravaging Eric's supporters and then moved into Funen. Eric struck back a year later surprising Abel's garrison at Schleswig, forcing Abel's young daughter Sophie to flee "without so much as a pair of shoes for her feet."

The fighting continued until Abel's sister Sophie of Brandenburg brokered a truce between Duke Abel and King Eric that held until 1250 when Eric was murdered while a guest at Duke Abel's residence at Schleswig.

King

Eric IV was slain by Abel's chamberlain, Lave Gudmundsen and others; the king's headless body dumped into the Schlei.

Even though Abel and twenty-four noblemen swore an official oath ("dual dozen's oath", in Danish "dobbelt tolvter-ed") that the Duke had no part in the killing, it was widely believed that King Eric was murdered at his brother's bidding. "Abel by name, Cain by his deeds" (Danish, "Abel af navn, Kain af gavn"), or so people said.

After clearing himself of the allegations taking the oath, Abel was proclaimed King of Denmark at the Viborg Assembly (Danish: landsting) on 1 November 1250.

Death

Abel only ruled for a year and a half. King Abel received word that the peasants in Frisia, led by Sicko Sjaerdema, refused to pay the tax levy. Abel raised an army to punish them. At the age of 33, he was killed by a wheelwright named Henner on Husum Bridge near Eiderstedt on 29 June 1252.

At the time, Abel's half-grown son Valdemar was held for ransom by the Archbishop of Cologne, and so Abel's youngest brother Christopher I, was crowned King on Christmas Day 1252 in Lund Cathedral.

After her husband's death, Queen Matilda entered a convent but later left it again. In 1261 she married Birger Jarl of Sweden.

Legacy

Most people at the time viewed Abel's sudden death as God's judgment on him for the murder of his brother. As Abel's body lay in Schleswig Cathedral, the monks heard strange sounds in the church at night. They said they were too afraid to go into the church after that. They believed that Abel's unholy ghost walked abroad at night. Consequently, the kings body was taken outside the church and stuffed into a soggy grave near Gottorp Castle outside Schleswig. Someone rammed a wooden stake through Abel's chest to make sure he remained in his grave. It was said long after that the king's ghost found no peace and from time to time there were reports of "Abel's wild hunt" where a black faced man on a white horse and glowing hounds hunted across the moors and forest of Schleswig.^[2]

Abel's descendants — the "Abel Family" — ruled South Jutland until 1375, often in co-operation with their relatives in Holstein, and they created a permanent problem for the Danish government. Their rule meant the eventual separation of Frisia, Holstein, and most of Schleswig from the rest of Denmark. His great-grandson succeeded briefly as Valdemar III before being deposed, but Abel's descendants would return to the throne with the descendants of his great-granddaughter Helvig of Schleswig, who married Valdemar IV. And even though the line of Helvig died out with Christopher III, his successor Christian I was a descendant of Abel's through his daughter Sophie, so with the exception of Christopher I through Valdemar IV, all subsequent Danish monarchs have been Abel's cognatic descendant.

Marriage and issue

With his wife, Mechtild of Holstein, whom he married on 25 April 1237;

• Valdemar III (1238–1257); Duke of Schleswig 1254–1257
• Sophie (born 1240, d. aft. 1284), married Bernhard I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg. Their descendant was Christian I of Denmark.
• Eric I (c. 1241 – 27 May 1272); Duke of Schleswig 1260–1272
• Abel (1252–1279)

Ancestry

References

Monarchs of Denmark
Early monarchs	c. 916 – 1412 (Harthacnut) Gorm the Old Harald Bluetooth Sweyn Forkbeard1 Harald II Cnut the Great1 Harthacanute1 Magnus the Good Sweyn II Estridsen Harald III Hen Canute the Saint Olaf I Hunger Eric Evergood Niels Eric the Memorable Eric Lamb Sweyn Grathe / Canute V / Valdemar the Great Canute VI Valdemar the Victorious / Valdemar the Young Eric Plough-tax Abel Christopher I Eric Klipping Eric Menved Christopher II / Eric Christoffersen Valdemar III Interregnum Valdemar Atterdag Olaf II Margrethe I2
Palatinate-Neumarkt	1397–1448 Eric of Pomerania2 Christopher of Bavaria2
Oldenburg	1448–1863 Christian I2 John2 Christian II2 Frederik I Christian III Frederik II Christian IV Frederik III Christian V Frederik IV Christian VI Frederik V Christian VII Frederik VI Christian VIII Frederik VII
Schleswig-Holstein- Sonderburg-Glücksburg	since 1863 Christian IX Frederik VIII Christian X3 Frederik IX Margrethe II
Italics indicates Danish monarchs who were also monarchs of Norway. 1 Also monarch of England. 2 Also monarch of Sweden. 3 Also monarch of Iceland.