Abjad numerals

The Abjad numerals are a decimal numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word abjadīyah means 'alphabet' in general.

In the Abjad system, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, alif, is used to represent 1; the second letter, bāʾ, is used to represent 2, etc. Individual letters also represent 10s and 100s: yāʾ for 10, kāf for 20, qāf for 100, etc.

The word abjad (أبجد) itself derives from the first four letters (A-B-G-D) in the Phoenician alphabet, Aramaic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet and other scripts for Semitic languages. These older alphabets contained only 22 letters, stopping at taw, numerically equivalent to 400. The Arabic Abjad system continues at this point with letters not found in other alphabets: ṯāʾ=500, etc.

Abjad order

The Abjad order of the Arabic alphabet has two slightly different variants. The Abjad order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter samekh / semkat ס, yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. Loss of samekh was compensated for by the split of shin ש into two independent Arabic letters, ش (shīn) and ﺱ (sīn), which moved up to take the place of samekh.

The most common Abjad sequence, read from right to left, is:

غ ظ ض ذ خ ث ت ش ر ق ص ف ع س ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و هـ د ج ب ا
gh ẓ ḍ dh kh th t sh r q ṣ f ‘ s n m l k y m ḥ z w h d j b ā

This is commonly vocalized as follows:

  • abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʻfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh.

Another vocalization is:

  • abujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʻfaṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh

Another Abjad sequence (probably older, now mainly confined to the Maghreb), is:[1]

ش غ ظ ذ خ ث ت س ر ق ض ف ع ص ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و ه د ج ب ا
sh gh ẓ dh kh th t s r q ḍ f ‘ ṣ n m l k y m ḥ z w h d j b ā

which can be vocalized as:

  • abujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʻfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush

Another vocalization is:

  • abajd hawazin ḥuṭīyin kalamnin ṣaʻfaḍin qurisat thakhudh ẓughshin

Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the Abjad order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer hijāʼī (هجائي) order (with letters partially grouped together by similarity of shape) is used:

ي و ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا
y w h n m l k q f gh ‘ ẓ m ḍ ṣ sh s z r dh d kh ḥ j th t b ā

Another kind of alfabaʼī order used to be widely used in the Maghreb until recently, when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order:[1]

ي و ه ش س ق ف غ ع ض ص ن م ل ك ظ ط ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا
y w h sh s q f gh ‘ ḍ ṣ n m l k ẓ m z r dh d kh ḥ j th t b ā

Persian dictionaries use a slightly different order, in which و comes before ه instead of after it.

Uses of the Abjad system

Before the introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the abjad numbers were used for all mathematical purposes. In modern Arabic, they are primarily used for numbering outlines, items in lists, and points of information. In English, points of information are sometimes referred to as "A", "B", and "C" (or perhaps use Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV), and in Arabic, they are "أ", then "ب", then "ج", not the first three letters of the modern hijāʼī order.

The abjad numbers are also used to assign numerical values to Arabic words for purposes of numerology. The common Islamic phrase بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم bismillāh al-Raḥmān al-Raḥīm ('In the name of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate' – see Basmala) has a numeric value of 786 (from a letter-by-letter cumulative value of 2+60+40+1+30+30+5+1+30+200+8+40+50+1+30+200+8+10+40). The name Allāh الله by itself has the value 66 (1+30+30+5).

Letter values

Value Letter Name Trans-
literation
1 ا alif ā / ʼ
2 ب bāʼ b
3 ج jīm j
4 د dāl d
5 ه hāʼ h
6 و wāw w / ū
7 ز zayn/zāy z
8 ح ḥāʼ ḥ
9 ط ṭāʼ ṭ
       
Value Letter Name Trans-
literation
10 ى yāʼ y / ī
20 ك kāf k
30 ل lām l
40 م mīm ṭ
50 ن nūn n
60 س sīn s
70 ع ʻayn ʻ
80 ف fāʼ f
90 ص ṣād ṣ
       
Value Letter Name Trans-
literation
100 ق qāf q
200 ر rāʼ r
300 ش shīn sh
400 ت tāʼ t
500 ث thāʼ th
600 خ khāʼ kh
700 ذ dhāl dh
800 ض ḍād ḍ
900 ظ ẓāʼ ẓ
1000 غ ghayn gh

A few of the numerical values are different in the alternative Abjad order. For four Persian letters these values are used:

Value Letter Name Trans-
literation
2 پ pe p
3 چ če or che č or ch
7 ژ že or zhe ž or zh
20 گ gaf g

Similar systems

The Abjad numerals are equivalent to the earlier Hebrew numerals up to 400. The Hebrew numeral system is known as Gematria and is used in Kabbalistic texts and numerology. Like the Abjad order, it is used in modern times for numbering outlines and points of information, including the first six days of the week. The Greek numerals differ in a number of ways from the Abjad ones (for instance in the Greek alphabet there is no equivalent for ص, ṣād). The Greek language system of letters-as-numbers is called isopsephy. In modern times the old 27-letter alphabet of this system also continues to be used for numbering lists.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 (Arabic) Alyaseer.net ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية Ordering entries and cards in subject indexes Discussion thread (Accessed 2009-Oct-06)

External links

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