Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956 film)

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum

Theatrical release poster
Directed by T. R. Sundaram
Produced by T. R. Sundaram
Written by Murasoli Maran (dialogues)
Based on Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Starring M. G. Ramachandran
Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
Music by Susarla Dakshinamurthy
Cinematography W. R. Subba Rao
Edited by L. Balu
Production
company
Release dates
  • 14 January 1956 (1956-01-14)
Running time
 160 minutes[1]
Country India
Language Tamil

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (read as "Alibabavum Narpadhu Thirudargalum"; English: Alibaba and the Forty Thieves) is a 1956 Indian Tamil-language fantasy swashbuckler film directed and produced by T. R. Sundaram under his production banner Modern Theatres. The film features M. G. Ramachandran and Bhanumathi Ramakrishna in the lead roles, with K. Sarangkapani, P. S. Veerappa, K. A. Thangavelu, M. N. Rajam, Sushila, Vidhyavathi, and M. G. Chakrapani in supporting roles. It tells the story of Alibaba, a poor woodcutter, who becomes wealthy after finding a secret cave which contains various treasures and antiques. He resolves to keep his source of wealth a secret to lead a peaceful life. Whether he keeps it a secret and protects the treasure from falling into the wrong hands forms the rest of the story.

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was shot in Gevacolor and is notable for being the first Tamil and South Indian full-length colour film. It is a remake of the 1954 Hindi film Alibaba Aur 40 Chor; both films are based on the story "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" from One Thousand and One Nights. It is also the second Tamil film adaptation of that story, after the 1941 film of the same name. Filming took place mainly at Mysore and Yercaud. The film's original soundtrack and score were composed by Susarla Dakshinamurthi, with lyrics by A. Maruthakasi. It was also the final film of Ramachandran's three-film contract with Modern Theatres.

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was released on 14 January 1956 during the festive occasion of Thai Pongal. It received positive reviews and became a success at the box office which was largely attributed to it being the first full-length colour film in South India. The film was later remade in Telugu by B. Vittalacharya as Ali Baba 40 Dongalu in 1970. The remake too became a commercial success.

Plot

Marziana, a Baghdad-based dancer, is abducted by the tyrant Sher Khan, commander of the notorious king Amir Kasim Khan, to his palace. She is rescued by Alibaba, an impoverished woodcutter who fights with Sher Khan and vanquishes him. Marziana and her sidekick Dowlath find refuge in Alibaba's house who lives with his sister Ayisha and servant Bulbul. Marziana learns that they are the siblings of Kasim, who had driven them out at the instigation of his cruel wife Salima. Marziana and Alibaba later fall in love.

One day, when Alibaba goes to cut wood, he chances upon the cavernous hideout of Abu Hussain, the notorious leader of forty dacoits, and overhears the secret code to enter and exit the cave. After the dacoits leave, Alibaba uses the code word, enters the hideout, and takes some of the cave's wealth which he uses to help poor people nearby. Both Alibaba and Marziana become wealthy overnight.

Kasim becomes jealous when he hears about his brother's fortune, and wants to know the secret behind this. Under Salima's guidance, he invites Alibaba and his household for a feast. After cunningly obtaining the secret of the dacoit's cave, Kasim orders Alibaba's arrest, falsely accusing him of attempted murder. Marziana pretends to heed Kasim's order. She declares that Ali Baba has been unfaithful to her and he deserves this retribution. Taking a knife, Marziana acts as though she means to kill Alibaba, but instead cuts the ropes that bind his hands. Alibaba defeats Kasim's thugs and escapes with Marziana.

Kasim enters the cave and greedily starts collecting many treasures. He soon forgets the code word, and is left trapped. The dacoits arrive and kill him for entering their secret cave. Alibaba later visits the cave and is shocked to see his brother dead; he takes away the corpse. After Kasim's death is announced publicly, Alibaba is declared the new king of Baghdad and everyone rejoices. Meanwhile, the dacoits return to their cave and find that Kasim's corpse is missing. Realising that someone else has entered their cave, they start searching for the mystery person.

From the cobbler Gulam's assertion that the woodcutter Alibaba had become wealthy overnight, Abu Hussain realises that it is Alibaba who discovered the secret of his cave, but kills the cobbler afterwards. Having his men hide inside barrels, Abu Hussain comes to Alibaba's house disguised as an oil merchant seeking shelter for the night. However, Marziana overhears him whispering to his men, and realises his true identity. When she dances at a banquet Alibaba hosts in honour of the guest, Dowlath and Bulbul roll the barrels one by one into the swirling waters as per the plan. After Marziana tries unsuccessfully to stab the "oil merchant", she exposes him as Abu Hussain; Alibaba is shocked. This leads to a fight between the two men, which results in Abu Hussain kidnapping Marziana and fleeing to the cave. Alibaba chases him and reaches the cave where he kills Abu Hussain after an intense battle. After Alibaba rescues Marziana, they marry and continue to perform social work.

Cast

Male actors
Female actors

Production

Development

The 1954 Hindi film Alibaba Aur 40 Chor was based on the story "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" from One Thousand and One Nights. T. R. Sundaram, the owner of the production studio, Modern Theatres, purchased the screenplay and rights to remake the film in Tamil as Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum.[4] The film's story is credited to the Modern Theatre's Story Department.[10] In addition to producing, Sundaram also directed the film.[11] A. J. Dominic was signed as the film's art director, while W. R. Subba Rao, L. Balu, and Murasoli Maran were in charge of the cinematography, editing, and dialogues respectively.[1][12] A. K. Chopra and K. N. Dhandayudapani Pillai were in charge of the choreography.[13] Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum became the second major Tamil film adaptation of the story of Ali Baba; the first was the 1941 film of the same name, directed by N. S. Krishnan.[1][14]

M. G. Ramachandran was cast in the title role, this being the final film of his three-film contract with Modern Theatres, following Manthiri Kumari (1950) and Sarvadhikari (1951).[15] The screenplay was written in a way that would suit his then "swashbucking" image.[16] P. S. Veerappa was cast as Abu Hussain, the leader of the forty thieves.[17] Padmini was initially given the role of the female lead Marziana, but she was replaced subsequently by Bhanumathi Ramakrishna.[18] Bhanumathi liked the film, one of her earliest in Tamil, because she found the character a "go-getter".[5] Ramachandran's elder brother M. G. Chakrapani was cast in the role of Alibaba's elder brother Kassim.[4][19] K. Sarangkapani was cast as Marziana's sidekick Dowlath,[2] K. A. Thangavelu as the cobbler Gulam,[4] M. N. Rajam as Alibaba's servant Bulbul,[6] Vidhyavathi as Kassim's wife Salima,[7] and Sushila as Alibaba's sister Ayisha.[8] Waheeda Rehman, who later became a leading actress in Hindi cinema, appeared as a dancer in the number "Salaam Babu".[9]

Filming

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was shot entirely on indoor sets, with the exception of a few horse riding sequences. For changes of scenes, irises and wipes were used which, according to Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, added a "sense of anachronism" to the film.[20] It was also the first full-length Tamil colour film,[21] shot in Gevacolor.[15][22] Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema claims it to be the first South Indian film in Gevacolor,[3] despite the fact that the 1955 Tamil film Kanavaney Kankanda Deivam had a few sequences in Gevacolor.[23] The scenes involving horses, which belonged to the Mysore Reserve Police, were shot at Mysore over ten days.[24] The thieves' cave, designed by Dominic,[25] was created at two locations — the exterior cave scenes with the horses were shot at Mysore, while the interior scenes were shot at Yercaud near Salem.[24][26] Sundaram brought twenty horses from Mysore for the shoot at Yercaud.[24] The jewels and gold coins featured in the film were actually clay painted in gold.[27]

In one particular scene, Ramachandran objected to the dialogue where he had to swear in the name of Allah, as he was then associated with the rationalist Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He suggested that the dialogue be changed to swearing in the name of his mother, but was finally asked by the director to use the original dialogue.[25] When only a song and a fight sequence were left to be finished, Ramachandran did not appear for the shoot. Those portions were eventually shot with Karadimuthu, who acted as a body double for Ramachandran.[25][lower-alpha 1] Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was processed at the Film Centre, Bombay (now Mumbai).[12] The final length of the film was 16,789 feet (5,117 m).[28]

Themes and influences

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum is based on the story of Ali Baba from One Thousand and One Nights.[29] Although the tale and costumes are middle eastern, Marziana, a Muslim, often refers to Yama, the Hindu god of death.[30] Sri Lankan historian Sachi Sri Kantha noted that various Ramachandran films reflect the 1950s trend of films being "costume dramas" that focus on princes and folk heroes, citing Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum as an example.[31]

Ramachandran was an avid fan of action heroes like Errol Flynn, John Barrymore, and Douglas Fairbanks. Throughout the 1950s, he acted in films that justified his status as an action hero.[32] Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum portrayed him as a swashbuckling action hero who also has a Robin Hood-like agenda of serving the poor and the downtrodden with the treasure he finds in the cave.[32] Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, in Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, compare it to Ramachandran's other films like Malaikkallan (1954) and Madurai Veeran (1956) as they are also Robin Hood-inspired, and because Bhanumathi plays a damsel in distress in them.[33] The French website Jolpress compared it to Manthiri Kumari because both films feature Ramachandran as a Flynn-inspired hero.[34]

Music

The film's original soundtrack and score were composed by Susarla Dakshinamurthi,[35] while the lyrics were written by A. Maruthakasi.[36][37] A large number of the tracks were re-used from Alibaba aur 40 Chor. The soundtrack played a key role in the film's success.[24] The dilruba[lower-alpha 2] in the songs was played by Shanmugham.[39] The song "Azhagaana Ponnu Naan" is based on the Mayamalavagowla raga.[40] The opening line of this song was later used in a song titled "Azhagana Ponnu Thaan" from Nenjirukkum Varai (2006).[41] "Ullasa Ulagam" was later remixed by Pravin Mani and Vidyasagar in Jayamkondaan (2008).[42] The song "Chinnanchiru Chitte" was remixed in Muruga (2007).[43] Elements from the song were also used in "Andangkaka" from Anniyan (2005).[44][45]

The songs received positive reviews with "Azhagaana Ponnu Naan", "Masila Unmai Kathale", and "Ullaasa Ulagam" becoming popular among the masses.[37] Film producer and writer G. Dhananjayan said in his 2011 book The Best of Tamil Cinema that the film's "success was buoyed by the super hit songs 'Azhagaana Ponnu Naan, athuketha kannu than...', [....] and 'En nattamellam oru vettaiyile thane...', which remain evergreen today."[24] Charulatha Mani, writing for The Hindu, called "Azhagaan Ponnu Naan" a "peppy" song.[40] Rajalakshmi Sivalingam of The Hindu (Tamil) called "Masila Unmai Kathale", written by A. Maruthakasi, an immortal song.[46]

Tracklist
No. TitleSinger(s) Length
1. "Masila Unmai Kathale"  A. M. Rajah, Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 3:04
2. "Chinnanjiru Chitte"  S. C. Krishnan, Jikki 2:53
3. "Azhagaana Ponnu Naan"  Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 3:04
4. "Naama Aaduvathum"  Swarnalatha, Jamuna Rani 3:34
5. "Unnaivida Maattaen"  Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 2:40
6. "Ullaasa Ulagam"  Ghantasala 2:47
7. "Salaam Baabu"  Jikki 4:19
8. "Anbinaale Aalavandha"  Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 3:25
9. "En Aattamellaam"  Bhanumathi Ramakrishna 3:56

Release and reception

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was released on 14 January 1956,[47] during the festive occasion of Thai Pongal.[48][lower-alpha 3] It became a commercial success and ran for over 100 days in theatres. According to G. Dhananjayan, the film's success was "largely contributed by a lively screenplay, massive sets never seen before, excellent fight scenes, interesting comedy scenes and evergreen songs ably supported by the lovely pair MGR and Bhanumathi."[24] It was later dubbed in Telugu as Ali Baba 40 Dongalu.[50] A Telugu remake, also titled Ali Baba 40 Dongalu and directed by B. Vittalacharya, was released in 1970. The remake was also successful.[4][51] Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum had a limited re-release on 14 April 2011, during the festive occasion of Puthandu (Tamil New Year) in Chennai.[52]

Tamil film historian S. Theodore Baskaran wrote in his 1996 book The Eye of the Serpent, "The film's cast of M.G. Ramachandran as the swash-buckling Alibaba, Bhanumathi as the singing-heroine ... and Thangavelu as the comedian was the main factor contributing to its huge success." He also praised the performance of P. S. Veerappa, and said that another factor attributed to the film's success that it was the first full-length South Indian colour film.[53] In Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Rajadhyaksha and Willemen said the film was remembered "mainly for MGR's swashbuckling stunts (it is one of the star's most characteristic 50s genre films), the elaborate group dances and Bhanumathi's very popular song-and-dance routines."[30] Following Bhanumathi's death in 2005, S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu wrote that the film showcased one of her "best known performances."[54] In The Best of Tamil Cinema, Dhananjayan called the film "one of the finest action packed entertainers with fantastic songs and dances." He added, "Though MGR scored through his heroics, Bhanumathi also played an equally important role and exhibited her histrionics in several scenes". He concluded that the film "belongs to both MGR and Bhanumathi."[24]

Dancer and writer Lakshmi Viswanathan, who saw the film during its original release in 1956 at the Chennai-based Chitra theatre, wrote for The Hindu 2012, "We children could not contain our excitement when the first colour film in Tamil ... was released in Chitra. We saw it again and again with the thrill that only children of those days could experience."[55] Sachi Sri Kantha felt that the Gevacolor looked somewhat "washed out" and inferior to other colouring processes like Eastmancolor and versions of Fujicolor. He said the film succeeded with the Tamil masses because "it was a first time experience they could enjoy the [colour] in totality. This is because illiterate Tamil masses would have watched Hollywood movies produced in [colour] for entertainment. But, being illiterate, [the] majority wouldn't have comprehended the dialogues and songs in English."[15] In 2015, Karan Bali wrote for Scroll.in that the film "blended melodious songs, exciting fighting scenes and a suspenseful climax", and praised Veerappa's performance as Abu Hussain.[9]

Home media

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum was released on home video by Moser Baer in June 2010,[56] and by Raj Video Vision in April 2012.[57]

In popular culture

Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum has been referenced in many films. Janagaraj's character in Rajadhi Raja (1989) sings a portion of "Ullasa Ulagam", before meeting with a fate similar to that of Thangavelu's character Gulam in Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum.[58] Goundamani and Sathyaraj's characters imitate the song "Maasila Unmai Kadhale" in Rickshaw Mama (1992).[59] Vellaisamy (Vadivelu) and Pazhanisamy (Vivek) sing the beginning portion of "Ullasa Ulagam" in Pongalo Pongal (1997).[60] In Baba (2002), the title character (Rajinikanth) and his friends see the clip where Alibaba closes the cave using the phrase "close sesame" after entering it using the words "open sesame".[61] Actor Narayan has stated that his 2015 film Thiranthidu Seese was named after the dialogue of the same name spoken by Ramachandran in Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum.[62] In Thoppi (2015), the Minister for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments orders police inspector Kuzhanthaisamy to find a stolen film reel box; the film is Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum.[63]

Notes

  1. ↑ The claim by The Hindu Tamil does not mention why Ramachandran did not appear for the shoot.[25]
  2. ↑ The dilruba, also known as the esraj, is an Indian string instrument similar to the sitar, with approximately 18 strings.[38]
  3. ↑ Thai Pongal is a three-day Indian harvest festival celebrated in Tamil Nadu on 14 January every year as an equivalent of thanksgiving to the nature.[49]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 339.
  2. 1 2 Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Name mentioned at 5:53.
  3. 1 2 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 340.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dhananjayan 2011, p. 152.
  5. 1 2 Gangadhar, V. (8 January 2006). "No stereotyping her". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Name mentioned at 16:26.
  7. 1 2 Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Name mentioned at 18:59.
  8. 1 2 Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Name mentioned at 15:15.
  9. 1 2 3 Bali, Karan (2 January 2015). "Tamil Nadu's trailblazing Modern Theatres studio spun romances, period dramas and colour films". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  10. ↑ Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Event occurs at 0:33.
  11. ↑ Chelangad, Saju (29 June 2014). "Leeds, love and Modern Theatres". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  12. 1 2 Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Event occurs at 1:03.
  13. ↑ Sundaram, T. R. (director) (1956). Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (motion picture). India: Modern Theatres. Event occurs at 0:50.
  14. ↑ Guy, Randor (1 May 2011). "Ali Babavum Naarpathu Thirudargalum 1941". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 Kantha, Sachi Sri (28 September 2013). "MGR Remembered – Part 11". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  16. ↑ Pillai 2015, p. 88.
  17. ↑ Guy, Randor (2 August 2014). "The superstar villain". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  18. ↑ Guy 2007, p. 61.
  19. ↑ Guy, Randor (16 February 2012). "Fame eluded this sibling of an icon". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  20. ↑ Baskaran 1996, p. 119; Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 340.
  21. ↑ Baskaran 1996, p. 223; Guy 1997, p. 199.
  22. ↑ Kantha, Sachi Sri (11 August 2013). "MGR Remembered – Part 10". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  23. ↑ Baskaran 1996, p. 223.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dhananjayan 2011, p. 153.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Nelba (21 March 2014). "எம்.ஜி.ஆர். இல்லாமல் நடந்த எம்.ஜி.ஆர் படப்பிடிப்பு!" [An MGR film that was filmed without MGR!]. The Hindu (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  26. ↑ Raghavan, Nikhil (24 May 2014). "Coimbatore's celluloid connection". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  27. ↑ Karthikeyan, Aparna (7 January 2013). "I am...". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  28. ↑ "Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum CBFC certificate". Central Board of Film Certification. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  29. ↑ Guy 1997, p. 204; Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 339.
  30. 1 2 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, pp. 339–340.
  31. ↑ Kantha, Sachi Sri (30 September 2014). "MGR Remembered – Part 21". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  32. 1 2 Swaminathan 2002, p. 10.
  33. ↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 60.
  34. ↑ Overdorf, Jason (22 July 2012). "Les dieux du cinéma tamoul" [The gods of Tamil cinema] (in French). Jolpress.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  35. ↑ Baskaran 1996, p. 118.
  36. ↑ "Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum Songs". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  37. 1 2 Chellappa (1 September 2012). "திருப்புமுனை திரைப்படங்கள் - 29 - அலிபாபாவும் நாற்பது திருடர்களும் (1956)" [Path-breaking films - 29 - Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum (1956)]. Cinema Express (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  38. ↑ Dutta, Madhumita (2008). Let's Know Music and Musical Instruments of India. Star Publications. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-9058-6329-7.
  39. ↑ "இசையின் மொழி தில்ரூபா சரோஜா" [Dilruba Saroja, the language of music]. The Hindu (in Tamil). 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  40. 1 2 Mani, Charulatha (11 November 2011). "A Raga's Journey — The magic of Mayamalavagowla". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  41. ↑ Srinivas, Saraswathy (6 December 2006). "Nenjirukkum varai: Mixed bag". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  42. ↑ Srinivasan, Pavithra (12 June 2008). "Jeyam Kondaan's music is unoriginal". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  43. ↑ Srinivas, Saraswathy (21 December 2006). "Muruga offers routine stuff". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  44. ↑ "'Dibbaradindi'". The Hindu. 25 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  45. ↑ Vikatan TV (19 May 2013). Tamil Copycat Songs. YouTube. From 8:51 to 9:00. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  46. ↑ Sivalingam, Rajalakshmi (13 February 2016). "ஏ.மருதகாசி 10" [10 Facts about A. Maruthakasi]. The Hindu (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  47. ↑ Kantha, Sachi Sri (3 November 2014). "MGR Remembered – Part 22". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  48. ↑ Bali, Karan (14 January 2016). "Films that are 50: Come, fall in love again with 'Anbe Vaa'". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  49. ↑ "Meaning of 'Thai Pongal'". The Hindu. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  50. ↑ "Old favourites come handy for new shows". The Hindu. 23 September 2009. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  51. ↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998, p. 237.
  52. ↑ Rangan, Baradwaj (29 April 2011). "Lights, Camera, Conversation... — A dinosaur roams again". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  53. ↑ Baskaran 1996, p. 119.
  54. ↑ Kumar, S. R. Ashok (28 December 2005). "Remembering Bhanumathi". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  55. ↑ Viswanathan, Lakshmi (1 September 2012). "Growing up with the talkies". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  56. ↑ "Platinum Series — Alibaba 40 Thirudargalum". Amazon.in. 28 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  57. ↑ "ALIBABAVUM 40 THIRUDARGALUM". Raj Video Vision. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  58. ↑ Sundarrajan, R. (director) (1989). Rajadhi Raja (motion picture). India: Pavalar Creations. Event occurs at 1:10:24.
  59. ↑ Vasu, P. (director) (1992). Rickshaw Mama (motion picture). India: Shri Mishri Productions. Event occurs at 22:43.
  60. ↑ Sekhar, V. (director) (1997). Pongalo Pongal (motion picture). India: Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam. Event occurs at 1:44:30.
  61. ↑ Krissna, Suresh (director) (2002). Baba (motion picture). India: Lotus Group. Event occurs at 16:55.
  62. ↑ "Narayan Balances Comedy and Thrill". The New Indian Express. 19 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  63. ↑ Suganth, M. (7 March 2015). "Thoppi Movie Review". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.

Bibliography

External links

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