American Figurative Expressionism

According to Marilyn Stokstad, the art historian:

"Expressionism (is) the manipulation of formal or representational elements to convey intense feelings." ^[1]

Early Expressionistic movements

Expressionistic movements before and after 1910 were developed by three artists' groups:

• Les Fauves ("wild beasts")
• Die Brücke ("The Bridge")
• Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider")

pioneered by James Ensor, Edvard Munch and Vincent van Gogh. One of the earliest and most famous examples of Expressionism is the Starry Night which Vincent van Gogh painted from the window of his room in the asylum at St. Remy.^[2]

Early American Figurative Expressionists in the 1930s and 1940s

According to Klaus Kertess, curator of MOCAD:^[3]

"Ironically, in the late thirties and forties, on the eve of the new abstraction's purge of figuration and its rise to all-encompassing prominence, the figure began to acquire a new and forceful vigor."

• Myth and Spirituality were represented by Max Weber (artist) (1881–1961) and Marsden Hartley (1877–1943)
• Lyric restraint was represented by Milton Avery (1885–1965)
• Visible clarity and directness were represented by Edwin Dickinson (1891–1978)

New York Figurative Expressionism of the 1950s

New York Figurative Expressionism of the 1950s represented a trend where "diverse New York artists countered the prevailing abstract mode to work with the figure."^[4]

Categories of figurative expressionist modes:

• The figure can refer to an armature or framework on which expressionist canvases are built:

Willem de Kooning, (1904–1997); Jackson Pollock, (1912–1956); Conrad Marca-Relli, (1913–2000)

• The figure was influenced by Old Master and history painting:

Larry Rivers, (1923–2002); Grace Hartigan (1922–)

• Representational portraiture:

Elaine de Kooning, (1918–1989); Balcomb Greene, (1904–1990); Robert De Niro, Sr., (1920–1993); Fairfield Porter, (1907–1975); Gregorio Prestopino, (1907–1984); Lester Johnson, (1919–2010); George McNeil, (1909–1995); Henry Gorski, (1918–2010); Robert Goodnough, (1917–); and Earle M. Pilgrim, (1923–1976)

• "Allegorical Mythical painting that brought stylistic elements of the German expressionists to the heroic scale of the Abstract expressionists: "^[5]

Jan Müller, (1922–1958); Robert Beauchamp, (1923–1995); Nicholas Marsicano, (1914–1991); Bob Thompson, (1937–1966); Ezio Martinelli, (1913–1980) Irving Kriesberg, (1919–2009).

According to Klaus Kertess, curator of MOCAD:^[6]

"during the late forties and early fifties... the figure in its role as harbinger of conservatism became an obvious target for abstractionist defensiveness—a defensiveness prone to blur the vast distinctions between figurative painters and to exaggerate the difference between the figurative and the nonfigurative. It was not until the late sixties and early seventies that the figure was permitted to return from exile and even to make claims to centrality."

Aspects of Figuration in New York, 1950–1964

According to Judith E. Stein,^[7] During the war years and into the fifties, the general public was to remain highly suspicious of abstraction, considered by many as un-American. While the art critic Clement Greenberg successfully challenged the public's negative response to abstraction his attempt to communicate to the New York figurative painters of the fifties was less successful. A conversation recollected by Thomas B. Hess emphasized the perceived power of the critic:^[8]

"It is impossible today to paint a face, pontificated the critic Clement Greenberg around 1950. "That's right," said de Kooning, "and it's impossible not to."

In the winter of 1953 a new journal was founded, Reality.^[9] The editorial committee included:

• Isabel Bishop (1902–1988)
• Edward Hopper (1882–1967)
• Jack Levine (1915–2010)
• Raphael Soyer (1899–1987)
• Henry Varnum Poor (1888–1970)

The Journal's intention was "to rise to the defense of any painter's right to paint any ways he wants."

In the Autumn of 1959 Philip Pavia, the "partisan publisher" of It is, a magazine of abstract art wrote in an open letter to Leslie Katz, the new publisher of Arts Magazine:^[10]

"I am begging you to give the representational artist a better deal. The neglected representational and near-abstract artists, not the abstractionists, need a champion these days."

Although the New York Figurative Expressionists lacked advocates of the stature of Clement Greenberg or Harold Rosenberg, they were recognized by critics who perceived them as the new radicals.^[11]

"representatives of a new generation to whom figurative art was in a sense more revolutionary than abstraction."

The literary historian, Marjorie Perloff has made a convincing argument that Frank O'Hara's poems on the works of Garace Hartigan and Larry Rivers proved "that he was really more at home with painting that retains at least some figuration than with pure abstraction."^[12] Frank O'Hara wrote an elegant defense in "Nature and New Painting," 1954.^[13] He listed the following artists:

• Grace Hartigan (1922–2008)
• Larry Rivers (1923–2002)
• Elaine de Kooning (1918–1989)
• Jane Freilicher (1924–)
• Robert De Niro, Sr. (1922–1993)
• Felix Pasilis (1922–)
• Wolf Kahn (1927–)
• Marcia Marcus (1928–)

who responded to "the siren-like call of nature." O'Hara aligned the New York Figurative Expressionists within abstract expressionism, which had always taken a strong position against an implied protocol, "whether at the Metropolitan Museum or the Artists Club." Thomas B. Hess,^[14] wrote:

"the 'New figurative painting' which some have been expecting as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism was implicit in it at the start, and is one of its most lineal continuities."

Boston Figurative Expressionism

The well-known art historian Judith Bookbinder established Boston Figurative Expressionism as an integral part of American modernism bracketing the Second World War:^[15]

"(it) expressed the anxiety of the modern age with the particular accent of the city…Boston figurative expressionism was both a humanist philosophy – that is, a human-centered and rationalist or classically oriented philosophy – and a formal approach to the handling of paint and space."

The German Expressionists' images of Max Beckmann, George Grosz and Oskar Kokoschka were the source of Boston Figurative Expressionism.

The early members of the Boston Expressionist group were immigrants or children's of immigrants from Central Europe, and many of them were Jewish with Germanic background.

Members of the Boston Figurative Expressionists:

• Kahlil Gibran (sculptor) (1922–2008)
• David Aronson (1923–)
• Hyman Bloom (1913–2009)
• Bernard Chaet (1924–2012)
• Philip Guston (1913–1980)
• William Harsh
• Suzanne Hodes
• Jon Imber (1950–2014)
• Reed Kay
• Jack Levine (1915–2010 )
• Arthur Polonsky (1925–)
• Barbara Swan (1922–)
• Lois Tarlow
• Karl Zerbe (1903–1972)
• Harold Zimmerman

West Coast Figurative Expressionism

Early figurative painters of the San Francisco area

• Elmer Bischoff (1916–1991)
• Richard Diebenkorn (1922–1993)
• David Park (1911–1960)

Bay Area figurative artists 1950–1965

,^{[16] [17]}

• Theophilus Brown (1919–2012)
• Paul Wonner (1920–2008)
• James Weeks (1922–1998)
• Hassel Smith (1915–2007)
• Nathan Oliveira (1928–)
• Bruce McGaw (1935–)
• Joan Brown (1938–1992)
• Manuel Neri (1930–)
• Joan Savo (1918–1992)
• Rolland Petersen (1926–)

Chicago Figurative Expressionism

Chicago's figurative expressionists of the 1950s "shared a deep concern with an existential human image of thwarted but inexorable endurance."^[18] According to the Poet and Art Critic, Carter Ratcliff:

"The Chicagoans of the 1950s never coalesced into a group.^[19] For all its incompatibility, their art shared one purpose: to announce the artist's alienation in terms clear enough to be widely understood.

Members of the Chicago figurative expressionists:

• George Cohen (1919–1999)
• Leon Golub (1922–2004)
• Seymour Rosofsky (1924–1981)
• H. C. Westermann (1922–1981)

Decline of Abstract Expressionism

"In the United States by the end of the 1950s... Abstract Expressionism was no longer, in fact, new... The crisis of Abstract Expressionism now freed many ...artists to follow their long-frustrated inclination to paint the figure," which resulted in the resurgence of the American Figurative Expressionsim.^[20] Richard Diebenkorn was among the earliest Abstract Expressionist who returned to the figure before the crisis of Abstract Expressionism.

See also

• Figurative art
• Abstract expressionism
• Bay Area Figurative Movement
• New York Figurative Expressionism

References

Books

• Judith Arlene Bookbinder, Boston modern : figurative expressionism as alternative modernism, (Durham, N.H. : University of New Hampshire Press ; Hanover : University Press of New England, 2005.) ISBN 1-58465-488-0 OCLC 57652272
• Caroline A. Jones, Bay Area figurative art, 1950–1965, (San Francisco, Calif. : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ; Berkeley : University of California Press, 1990.) ISBN 978-0-520-06842-1 OCLC 21294814
• Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism, (Newport Beach, Calif. : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988.) ISBN 978-0-8478-0942-4 OCLC 59997649
• Bram Dijkstra, American expressionism : art and social change, 1920–1950, (New York : H.N. Abrams, in association with the Columbus Museum of Art, 2003.) ISBN 978-0-8109-4231-8 OCLC 50866889
• Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009.) ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1
• Marika Herskovic, ed. New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists, (New York School Press, 2000.) ISBN 0-9677994-0-6 OCLC 50666793
• Dore Ashton, The New York school; a cultural reckoning. (New York, Viking Press 1973, 1972.) ISBN 0-670-50912-4, ISBN 978-0-670-50912-6 OCLC 665192
• Gregory Battock, ed. The new art; a critical anthology, (New York: Frederick A. Prager, 1957 3rd ed. New York, E.P. Dutton, 1973.) OCLC 788661