Amoebic gill disease

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a potentially fatal disease of some marine fish. It is caused by Neoparamoeba perurans, the most important amoeba in cultured fish. It primarily affects farm raised fish of the Salmonidae family, most notably affecting the Tasmanian Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) industry, costing the A$20 million a year in treatments and lost productivity.^[1] Turbot, bass, bream, sea urchins and crabs have also been infected.

The disease has also been reported affecting the commercial salmon fisheries of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, France, Spain, Ireland and Chile.^[2] It was first diagnosed in the summer of 1984/1985 in populations of Atlantic Salmon off the east coast of Tasmania and was found to be caused by the Neoparamoeba perurans n.sp.^[3]

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Symptoms typically begin to appear two months after the fish are transferred from freshwater hatcheries to open net sea cages.^[4] Symptoms include mucus build-up on the gills of infected fish and hyper-plastic lesions, causing white spots and eventual deterioration of the gill tissue. Fish will show signs of dyspnoea such as rapid opercular movements and lethargy. Although usually recognised by hyperplastic and proliferative gill lesions, the effects of AGD occur before oxygen transfer across the gill is severely compromised. AGD affected fish show a significant increase in vascular resistance contributing to cardiovascular collapse. Such effects result in compensatory changes in heart shape to improve its efficiency at pumping blood.

Contributing factors are an ambient water temperature above 16 degrees Celsius, crowding and poor water circulation inside the sea pens.^[5] Clinical cases are more common in the Summer. The lesions on the gills are highly suggestive of infection. Gill biopsies can be observed under the microscope for amoebas, or tested using fluorescent antibody testing.

Treatment and control

Currently, the most effective treatment is transferring the affected fish to a freshwater bath for a period of 2 to 3 hours. This is achieved by towing the sea cages into fresh water, or pumping the fish from the sea cage to a tarp filled with fresh water.^[6] Mortality rates have been lowered by adding Levamisole to the water until the saturation is above 10ppm. Due to the difficulty and expense of treatment, the productivity of salmon aquaculture is limited by access to a source of fresh water. Chloramine and chlorine dioxide have also been used. Other potential in-feed treatments such as immunosupportive-based feeds, mucolytic compounds such as L-cysteine ethyl ester and the parasticide bithionol have been tested with some success although not developed for commercial use.

Notes

References

• Amoebic Gill Disease Wikivet. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

Fish diseases and parasites
Pathogens	Aeromonas salmonicida Columnaris Enteric redmouth Fin rot Fish dropsy Flavobacterium Hematopoietic necrosis Heterosigma akashiwo Hole in the head Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis Infectious pancreatic necrosis Koi herpes virus Mycobacterium marinum Novirhabdovirus Pfiesteria piscicida Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida Salmon anemia Streptococcus iniae Spring viraemia of carp Taura syndrome UDN VHS White spot Yellowhead
Parasites	Abergasilus Amoebic gill disease Anisakis Carp lice Ceratomyxa shasta Clinostomum marginatum Dactylogyrus vastator Diphyllobothrium Cymothoa exigua Eustrongylidosis Epizootic ulcerative syndrome Flukes Glugea Gyrodactylus salaris Henneguya zschokkei Ich (freshwater) Ich (marine) Kudoa thyrsites Lernaeocera branchialis Microsporidia Monogenea Myxobolus cerebralis Myxosporea Nanophyetus salmincola Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. Salmon lice Saprolegnia Schistocephalus solidus Sea louse Sphaerothecum destruens Swim bladder disease Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Velvet Xenoma
Fish groups	Diseases and parasites in cod Diseases and parasites in salmon Disease in ornamental fish List of aquarium diseases
Related topics	Amnesic shellfish poisoning Brevetoxin Ciguatera Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Fish kill Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Saxitoxin

Salmon
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As food	Salmon as food Cured salmon Gravlax Lohikeitto Lomi salmon Lox Rui-be Salmon burger Salmon cannery Salmon tartare Smoked salmon Images
Diseases and parasites	Diseases and parasites in salmon Amoebic gill disease Ceratomyxa shasta Gyrodactylus salaris Henneguya zschokkei Infectious salmon anemia virus M74 syndrome Myxobolus cerebralis Nanophyetus salmincola Salmon louse Sea louse Salmon tapeworm Sphaerothecum destruens Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
Organisations	Atlantic Salmon Federation Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization Pacific Salmon Commission Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association Wild Salmon Center Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project
Other	Ceasg H. Forman and Son (salmon smokehouse) Salmon (color) Salmon of Knowledge Salmon Fishing in the Yemen The Salmon Fly