Anancus
| Anancus Temporal range: Late Miocene–Early Pleistocene | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A. arvernensis skeleton | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Proboscidea |
| Family: | †Gomphotheriidae |
| Subfamily: | † Anancinae |
| Genus: | †Anancus Aymard, 1855 |
| Species | |
| |
Anancus is an extinct genus of gomphothere endemic to Africa, Europe, and Asia, that lived during the Turolian age of the late Miocene until the genus' extinction during the early Pleistocene, roughly from 3—1.5 million years ago.
Taxonomy
Anancus was named by Auguste Aymard in 1855. This animal's species type is Anancus arvernensis (Croizet & Jobert 1928). Anancus was assigned to the suborder Elephantiformes by Jeheskel Shoshani and Pascal Tassy in 1996. It was then assigned to the family Gomphotheriidae by Carroll in 1988. It was assigned to the family Elephantidae by McKenna and Bell in 1997 and by Lambert and Shoshani in 1998. Anancus was then assigned to the superfamily of Elephantoidea by Kalb and Froelich in 1995 and Shoshani and Tassy in 2005. In 2009, L. Hautier, H. T. Mackaye, F. Lihoreau, P. Tassy, P. Vignaud and M. Brunet assigned it to the subfamily Anancinae within Gomphotheriidae.[1]
Description
Anancus stood around 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall, with a weight up to 5 tons, and closely resembled a modern elephant.[2] It had two tusks, whereas most other gomphotheres had four. Aside from its somewhat shorter legs, Anancus was also different from modern elephants in that its tusks were much longer, up to 4 metres (13 ft) in length.[3] The tusks were possibly defense weapons not unlike elephants of today.[4][5] The molars were not composed of lamellae like those of true elephants, but had cusps, like tapir and pig molars; Anancus appears to have lived in forests, eating from trees and shrubs and digging out tubers and roots in the forest floor, and it died out when these forests gave way to grasslands.[3]
Although not as famous, Anancus was at least as big as its cousins the mammoths.
Gallery
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The jaw of Anancus, an extinct gomphotheriid elephant
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Jaw of Anancus arvernensis from Quaternary of Italy
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Molar of Anancus arvernensis
References
- ↑ Mark D. Uhen, Ph.D., George Mason University (referenced the following). New material of Anancus kenyensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): Contribution to the systematics of African anancines. Journal of African Earth Sciences 53:171-176.
- ↑ http://donsmaps.com/mastodon.html Mastodons and related early elephants
- 1 2 Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 241. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- ↑ The Free Dictionary: Tusks
- ↑ Upali.ch Elephants in Zoo and Circus, Teeth, second dentition, tusks.
- Benes, Josef (1979). Prehistoric Animals and Plants. Prague: Artua. p. 263.