Andean Spanish

Dialectal map of Peru and Ecuador. Andean Spanish is in red.

Andean Spanish is a dialect of Spanish spoken in the central Andes, from western Venezuela, southern Colombia, with influence as far south as northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina, passing through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is influenced principally by Castilian, Canarian and Andalusian Spanish, which is favoured in the cities, but in rural areas and some cities, there is influence of Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages.

Phonology

• In Andean Spanish, the /s/ is never aspirated in the final position and so is pronounced [s], not [h], but it is sometimes pronounced apical, rather than laminal,^[1] a trait characteristic of Northern Spain. The latter sound is transitional between [s] and [ʃ], unique in the Americas, and it is associated with a large number of northern Spanish settlers in Andean region.
• As in most other American dialects, Andean Spanish has seseo (traditional /θ/ merges with /s/). Thus, casa ("house") and caza ("hunt") are homophones. However, in Cusco Region, many speakers realize /s/ as [θ] in some words, particularly in once, doce, trece.^[1] Seseo is common to all of America, the Canary Islands, and several areas in southern Spain.
• Especially in the Ecuadorian variant, coda /s/ is often voiced to [z] before a voiced consonant (including sonorants) or a before vowel. In the Peruvian variant, it is palatalized before /i/.
• In Bolivia, Ecuador, and southern Peru, /ʎ/ and /ʝ/ do not merge (lack of yeísmo).
• Often the vowels /e/ and /i/ or /o/ and /u/ are merged because of the influence of the trivocal system of Quechua and Aymara.
• /r/ and /ɾ/ are assibilated to [r̝] and [ɾ̞], respectively.
• /x/ is velar [x] rather than glottal [h].
• /f/ is realised as bilabial [x], the same one that adds an epenthetic /w/ is often confused with /x/.
• Emphasis is given to the consonants but the vowels are weakened, especially for unstressed syllables (like in Mexico, but not as marked).
• Stress is or tends to be penultimate.

Influence on nearby areas

In northwest Argentina and northern Chile today, it is possible to say that there is a certain fusion in the dialects of both countries, but the local dialects are more dominant.

The Andean dialect can be heard in the northeast, with respect to the pronunciation and lexicon. The Rioplatense dialect provides some of the pronunciation, a variety of modes, and the Argentine dialect.

Rioplatense replaces the Andean use of "tú" as the second person singular familiar pronoun with "vos". It is very similar in Chile, but "tú" and "vos" are there both used as the singular familiar second-person pronoun. Also, there is influence of Chilean Spanish and some Andean Spanish.

References

Bibliography

• Escobar, Alberto: Variaciones sociolingüísticas del castellano en el Perú.- Lima 1978.-
• Granda, German: Estudios de lingüística andina.- Lima Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2001.-
• Lapesa, Rafael.: Historia de la lengua española.- Madrid, 1986.-
• Canfield, Delos Lincoln.: La pronunciación del español de América.- Chicago, The University of Chicago, 1981.-
• Mackenzie, Ian: A Linguistic Introduction to Spanish.- University of Newcastle upon Tyne, LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics 35.- ISBN 3-89586-347-5.

Languages of Ecuador
Official languages	Spanish Kichwa Shuar
Indigenous languages	Awa Pit Cha'palaachi Cofán Emberá Media Lengua Secoya Shiwiar Siona Tetete Tsafiki Waorani Záparo
Spanish varieties	Amazonic Andean Equatorial
Sign languages	Ecuadorian Sign Language

Languages of Peru
Spanish varieties	Amazonic Andean Coastal Equatorial (Tumbes)
Indigenous languages	Arawakan Campa Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Machiguenga Nanti Nomatsiguenga Piro Iñapari Mashco Piro Yine Upper Amazon Resígaro Western Chamicuro Yanesha' Aymaran Aymara Jaqaru Bora–Witoto Bora Minica Huitoto Murui Huitoto Nüpode Huitoto Ocaina Cahuapanan Chayahuita Jebero Harákmbut Amarakaeri Huachipaeri Jivaroan Aguaruna Huambisa Shiwiar Pano–Tacanan Amawaka Ese Ejja Iskonawa Kashibo Kashinawa Matsés Pisabo Shipibo Yaminawa Quechuan Cajamarca–Cañaris Cajamarca Lambayeque Central Ancash Huánuco (Huallaga) Pacaraos Wanka Yaru Yauyos–Chincha Lowland Chachapoyas Lamas Kichwa Southern Ayacucho Cusco Puno Tucanoan Orejón Secoya Tupian Cocama Omagua Zaparoan Arabela Iquito Other Candoshi-Shapra Kulina Taushiro Ticuna Urarina Yagua
Sign languages	Peruvian Sign Language