Ayudha Puja

Ayudha Puja

Image of the goddess Durga
Also called Ayudha Puja also observed as Saraswati Puja
Observed by Hindus
Celebrations Ayudha Puja and Saraswati Pooja
Observances Veneration of implements, machines, weapons, books and musical instruments
Begins Ayudha Puja on Navami (ninth) day in Navaratri
2015 date 21 October
2016 date 10 October[1]
Frequency annual
Related to Dasara or Navaratri or Golu
Saraswati Puja (goddess of wisdom & learning) is also performed concurrent with Ayudha Puja. Books and drums are kept for her blessings

Ayudha Puje (Kannada: ಆಯುಧ ಪೂಜೆ) is an integral part of the Navratri[2] festival (festival of triumph), a Hindu festival which is traditionally celebrated in India. It is also called "Astra Puja", the synonym for Ayudha Puja. In simple terms, it means “Worship of Implements”. It is celebrated in Karnataka (in erstwhile Mysore State) as “Ayudha Puje” (Kannada: ಆಯುಧ ಪೂಜೆ),in Andhra Pradesh as Aayudha Pooja (Telugu: ఆయుధ పూజ), in Kerala as Ayudha Puja (Malayalam: ആയുധ പൂജ), "Astra Puja" or "Ayudha Puja" in Orissa, and in Tamil Nadu as Ayudha Pujai (Tamil: ஆயுத பூஜை). The festival falls on the ninth day or Navami of the bright half of Moon's cycle of 15 days (as per Almanac) in the month of September/October, and is popularly a part of the Dasara or Navaratri or Durga Puja or Golu festival. On the ninth day of the Dasara festival, weapons and tools are worshipped. In Karnataka, the celebration is for killing of the demon king Mahishasura by goddess Chamundeshwari. After slaying of the demon king, the weapons were kept out for worship. While Navaratri festival is observed all over the country but in South Indian states, where it is widely celebrated as Ayudha Puja, there are slight variations of worship procedure.[3][4]

The principal Shakti goddesses worshiped during the Ayudha puja are Saraswati (the Goddess of wisdom, arts and literature), Lakshmi (the goddess of wealth) and Parvati (the divine mother), apart from various types of equipment; it is on this occasion when weapons are worshipped by soldiers and tools are revered by artisans.[5] The Puja is considered a meaningful custom, which focuses specific attention to one’s profession and its related tools and connotes that a divine force is working behind it to perform well and for getting the proper reward.[4][6]

In the cross cultural development that has revolutionized the society, with modern science making a lasting impact on the scientific knowledge and industrial base in India, the ethos of the old religious order is retained by worship of computers and typewriters also during the Ayudha Puja, in the same manner as practiced in the past for weapons of warfare.[7][8] In Orissa, tools traditionally used for cultivation like plough, war like sword and dagger, and inscription writing like "karani" or "lekhani" (metal stylus) are worshiped.[9]

Legend

Two historical legends relate to this festival.

The popular legend which was also practiced symbolically by the Maharajas of Mysore, alludes to a historical legend. It is said that on Vijayadashami day Arjuna, third of the five Pandava brothers, retrieved his weapons of war from the hole in the Shami tree where he had hidden it before proceeding on the forced exile. After completing his vanvas (exile period) of 13 years including one year of Agyatavas (living incognito) before embarking on the war path against the Kauravas he retrieved his weapons. In the Kurukshetra war that ensued, Arjuna was victorious. Pandavas returned on Vijayadashami day and since then it is believed that this day is auspicious to begin any new venture.But in Karnataka Ayudh Puja is celebrated by general public one day before of original festival day Vijayadashami(the Ayudh Puja Day).[10]

Another legend is of a pre-battle ritual involving human sacrifice as part of the Ayudh Puja (considered a sub-rite of Dussehara festival that starts after the rainy season and is propitiated before launching military campaigns). This practice is no more prevalent. Now, instead of a human sacrifice, buffalo or sheep sacrifice is in vogue, in some Hindu communities. The past practice is narrated in the Tamil version of Mahabharata epic. In this ritual, prevalent then in Tamil Nadu, ‘Kalapalli’ was a “sacrifice to the battlefield”, which involved human sacrifice before and after battles. Duryodhana, the Kaurava chief was advised by astrologer (Sahadeva) that the propitious time for performing Kalapalli was on amavasya day (New Moon day), one day before the start of Kurukshetra war and Iravan (son of Arjuna), also spelt Aravan, had agreed to be the victim for the sacrifice. But Krishna, the benefactor of Pandavas smelt trouble and he devised a plan to persuade Iravan to be the representative of the Pandavas and also of the Kauravas. Krishna had suggested to Yudhishthira-the eldest of the Pandavas, to sacrifice Aravan to goddess Kali as a part of Ayudh Puja. After this sacrifice, Kali had blessed Pandavas for victory in the Kurukshetra war. Similar cult practices (considered as Draupadi cult practices) were prevalent in North Karnataka also but the ritual of human sacrifice was done one day after the Dasara on a stone altar outside a Kali temple.[11] This part is disputed as it is not mentioned in Mahabharata. As per Mahabharat, Irawan the son of Naga Princess Ulupi and Prince Arjun, died on battle field, fighting bravely against demon(daitya) Alambusha.[12]

Mode of worship

Veneration of vehicles as part of Ayudha Puja

The tools and all implements of vocation are first cleaned. All the tools, machines, vehicles and other devices are then painted or well polished after which they are smeared with turmeric paste, sandalwood paste (in the form of a tilak (insignia or mark)) and Kumkum (vermillion). Then, in the evening, previous to the puja day, they are placed on an earmarked platform and decorated with flowers. In the case of weapons of war, they are also cleaned, bedecked with flowers and tilak and placed in a line, adjacent to a wall. On the morning of the puja that is on the navami day, they are all worshipped along with the images of Saraswati, Lakshmi and Parvati. Books and musical instruments are also placed on the pedestal for worship. On the day of the puja, these are not to be disturbed. The day is spent in worship and contemplation.[13][14]

Practices in southern states

Karnataka

In Karnataka, the erstwhile Mysore state of the Maharajas of Mysore, the ancient Dasara festival started as a family tradition within the precincts of the palace. The royal family perform the Ayudh Pooja as a part of the Dasara, inside the palace grounds. The rituals observed are first to worship the weapons on the Mahanavami day (9th day), followed by “Kusumananda” – the tradition of breaking a pumpkin in the palace grounds. After this, weapons are carried in a golden palanquin to the Bhuvaneshwari temple for worship. The tradition of the festival is traced to the Vijayanagara Empire (1336 A.D. to 1565 A.D.), when it became a Naada Habba (or people's festival). Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617) who was viceroy to the Vijayanagar ruler, with his seat of power in Mysore, reintroduced the Vijayanagar practice of celebrating the Dasara festival, in 1610 A.D. He set rules on how to celebrate the Navaratri with devotion and grandeur. After a gala nine days of durbar, the Maharaja performs a pooja in a temple in the palace precincts, which is followed by a grand procession through the main thoroufares of the Mysore city to the Bannimantap on a caparisoned elephant. The Bannimantap is the place where the Maharaja worships the traditional Shami or Banni Tree (Prosopis spicigera); the legend of this tree is traced to the Mahabharat legend of Arjuna (where he had hidden his weapons of war). The significance of the Shami tree worship is to seek blessings of the tree (where Lord Rama is also said to have worshipped) for success in the desired avocations (including war campaigns).[15][16][17] This festival is also celebrated with lot of fanfare throughout the state, in all villages. In the rural areas, every village and community observe this festival with fervour but there have been conflicts on several occasions as to which community has the first right to perform the Pujas. Generally, the Ayudh puja in villages begins with sacrifice of sheep and smearing the bullock carts with sheep blood.[18][19]

Kerala

In Kerala, the festival is called Ayudha Puja or Saraswati Puja as part of the ten-day puja ceremonies, also named as the festival of autumnal equinox that is observed three weeks from the date of the equinox. The practice followed in the worship on two days involves the opening day, which is called Pujaveppu (meaning: keeping implements for worship). The closing day festival is called Pujayeduppu (meaning: taking implements back from worship). On the Pujaveppu day, all tools, machines and instruments, including vehicles, musical instruments, stationery and all implements that help one earn livelihood, are worshipped. On the closing day, these are taken back for re-use.[20][21] In villages in Kerala, the Ayudha puja is observed with great reverence and several martial art forms and folk dances are also performed on that day.

Tamil Nadu

In Tamil Nadu, Golu is the festival celebrated during the Navaratri period. On this occasion dolls, predominantly that of the Gods and Goddesses from Hindu Tradition are artistically arranged on a seven stepped wooden platform. Traditionally, 'marapachi' wooden dolls representing Perumal and Thayaar are also displayed together at a dominant location on the top step of the platform erected specially for the occasion. On the 9th day (Navami day), Saraswati puja is performed when special prayers are offered to goddess Saraswati - the divine source of wisdom and enlightenment. Books and musical instruments are placed in the puja pedestal and worshipped. Also, tools are placed for the Ayudh puja. Even vehicles are washed and decorated, and puja performed for them on this occasion. As part of the Golu festival, Saraswati puja is performed as Ayudh puja. This is followed by the Vijayadashami celebrations at the culmination of the ten-day festivities. Apart from the golu pooja, Ayudah Puja has become very popular when business houses celebrate it ardently.[22][23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Ayudha-Puja/index.aspx
  2. ↑ "Ayudha Pooja, Saraswati Puja - The Festival of Triumph celebration-Dravidian". 2016-09-07. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  3. ↑ Kittel, F (1999). Kannada English Dictionary. Ayudhapuja. Asian Educational Services. p. 162. ISBN 978-81-206-0049-2. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  4. 1 2 Ishwaran, Karigoudar (1963). International studies in sociology and social anthropology, Volume 47. Foot note 2 by Alan Reals. Brill Archive. p. 206. The Ayudhapuja is a festival that occurs some times in the months of September/October every year in the Karnataka State, to celebrate an episode from the Mahabharata, in which the exiled Pandavas worship their weapons. It is now celebrated by all as worship of whatever tools or material they use to eke out their livelihood
  5. ↑ Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaeus (1869). Genealogy of the South-Indian gods: a manual of the mythology and religion ... Ayud Puja=100, 106. Higginbotham. p. 208. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  6. ↑ Religion and society, Volume 24. Ayudh Puja. Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore. 1977. p. 47. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  7. ↑ Saraswati, T.S (2003). Cross-cultural perspectives in human development: theory, research, and ... Ayudpuja: Individualism in a collectivist culture. Sage. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-7619-9769-6. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  8. ↑ Dodiya, Jaydipsinh (2000). Indian English poetry: critical perspectives. Sarup & Sons. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-7625-111-2. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  9. ↑ Kanungo, Panchanan (2014). Sanskruti Baibhaba. Bhubaneswar.
  10. ↑ "Ayudha Puja or Worship of Tools". Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  11. ↑ Hiltebeitel, Alf (1991). The Cult of Draupadī: On Hindu ritual and the goddess. Chapter 9: Aravan’s Battlefield Sacrifice to Kali. University of Chicago Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-226-34048-7. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  12. ↑ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06091.htm#fr_438
  13. ↑ Misra, Promode Kumar (1978). Cultural profiles of Mysore City. Ayudha Puja. Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India. p. 106. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  14. ↑ "Ayudha Puja". Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  15. ↑ "Wadiyar performs Ayudha Pooja in Mysore Palace". news.oneindia.com. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  16. ↑ "Vijayadashmi: The triumph of righteousness". Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  17. ↑ "A historic festival". Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  18. ↑ Beals. Ayudha Puja Incident. Stanford University Press. pp. 117–124. ISBN 978-0-8047-0302-4. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  19. ↑ Srinivas (1955). India's villages: a collection of articles originally published in the Economic weekly of Bombay. Ayudha Puja. West Bengal Govt. Press. pp. 139, 140. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  20. ↑ "Navratri rituals: Golu, Saraswati puja, Vidyarambham... : 4". The Deccan Chronicle. 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  21. ↑ Logan, William (2000). Malabar manual. Ayudh Puja. Asian Educational Services. p. 162. ISBN 978-81-206-0446-9. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  22. ↑ "Golu or Bommai Kolu". Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  23. ↑ "Ayudha pooja 2003". Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
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