Battle of Loznica (1941)
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The Battle of Loznica involved an attack on the German garrison of that town by the Jadar Chetnik Detachment on 31 August 1941. Following the World War II German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was partitioned. At the time, Loznica was part of the German-occupied territory of Serbia, which included Serbia proper, with the addition of the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and the Banat.
The Chetniks attacked, led by Lieutenant Colonel Veselin Misita, who was killed during the assault. The Germans surrendered, and 93 were captured. This battle was closely followed by the joint Partisan-Chetnik attack on the German garrison at Banja Koviljača.
Background
In April 1941, Germany and its allies invaded and occupied the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which was then partitioned. Some Yugoslav territory was annexed by its Axis neighbours, Hungary, Bulgaria and Italy. The Germans engineered and supported the creation of the puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), which roughly comprised most of the pre-war Banovina Croatia, along with rest of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and some adjacent territory. The Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians occupied other parts of Yugoslavian territory.[1] Germany did not annex any Yugoslav territory, but occupied northern parts of present-day Slovenia and stationed occupation troops in the northern half of the NDH. The German-occupied part of Slovenia was divided into two areas that were placed under the administration of the Gauleiters of the neighbouring Reichsgau Kärnten and Reichsgau Steiermark.[2]
The remaining territory, which consisted of Serbia proper, the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and the Banat was occupied by the Germans and placed under the administration of a German military government.[3] This was due to the key rail and riverine transport routes that passed through it, and its valuable resources, particularly non-ferrous metals.[1]
In May, German troops of the 750th Infantry Regiment of the 704th Infantry Division were stationed in the Mačva, Jadra and Pocerina (Cer) districts of the Podrinje region, garrisoning Šabac, Banja Koviljača and Loznica.[4]
In early July, shortly after the launching of Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, armed resistance began in the German-occupied territory of Serbia, against both the German Army and the representatives of the German-installed puppet government known as the Commissioner Government.[5] This was a response to appeals from both Joseph Stalin and the Communist International for communist organisations across occupied Europe to draw German troops away from the Eastern Front, and followed a meeting of the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party in Belgrade on 4 July. This meeting resolved to shift to a general uprising, form Partisan detachments of fighters and commence armed resistance, and call for the populace to rise up against the occupiers throughout Yugoslavia.[6] This also coincided with the departure of the last of the German invasion force that had remained to oversee the transition to occupation. From the appearance of posters and pamphlets urging the population to undertake sabotage, it rapidly turned to attempted and actual sabotage of German propaganda facilities and railway and telephone lines.[7] The first fighting occurred at the village of Bela Crkva on 7 July, when gendarmes tried to disperse a public meeting, and two gendarmes were killed.[6]
Prelude
In the Podrinje region, encompassing the Drina basin, a Partisan district committee had been formed on 29 June, to oversee the local uprising and form Partisan detachments. After collecting weapons and ammunition, the detachment's first action was to attack the gendarmerie station in Bogatić on 7 August, disarming the gendarmes and capturing more weapons. Due to the scope of the local uprising, on 9 August the detachment was renamed the Podrinje Partisan Detachment. They disarmed the re-equipped gendarme platoon at Bogatić on 10 August, and then carried out the destruction of town archives, telephone lines and bridges in the district. By 14 August, the detachment's ranks had swelled to about 360 fighters in six companies, the occupation forces and local collaborators were finding it difficult to use the road from the district centre Šabac to Loznica due to Partisan ambushes, and the railway line between the two towns was out of action.[8]
The first royalist Chetnik units were mobilised by order of Draža Mihailović in August 1941.[9] In late July, Mihailović had sent a regular officer, Lieutenant Colonel Veselin Misita to the Jadar district as his emissary. Misita had established himself at the Tronoša Monastery near Loznica. The abbot of the monastery was Georgije Bojić, who was also a captain in the Royal Yugoslav Army reserves. In August, Misita and Bojić held a meeting with pro-Chetnik people from the Jadar district to set up the Jadar Chetnik Detachment. Other key attendees included Nikola Gordić and Mika Komarčević. On 15 August, the 25-strong Cer Chetnik Detachment was formed under the command of a regular artillery officer, Captain First Class Dragoslav Račić. Due to Mihailović's position that the Chetniks should prepare for an uprising, but not engage in fighting the occupiers until the time was right, some Chetniks left the Jadar detachment and joined the more aggressive Račić or the Partisans.[10]
Račić signed a mutual cooperation agreement against the occupation forces with the commander of the Podrinje Partisans, Nebojša Jerković.[11] Due to its lack of action against the Germans and puppet government, the Jadar Chetnik Detachment became quite isolated. Their leadership realised that the Partisans were getting stronger with each success against the occupiers, and the Chetnik position was becoming relatively weaker due to their inaction.[10] Misita's decision to attack Loznica was a consequence of the cooperation agreement Račić signed with the Partisans.[11]
Battle
At the time of the attack on Loznica, the Jadar Chetnik Detachment consisted of a large number of poorly organised peasants, drawn mainly from the villages around the town. The Germans had established strongpoints in the gymnasium, Vuk Karadžić Cultural Centre, and the "Laze Hajduković" cafe.[11] The attack commenced at 07:00, with Misita in the vanguard.[12] He was killed at the head of his troops while throwing hand grenades at German positions. Many of the Germans surrendered in the face of the Chetnik assault. During the battle, Misita's Chetniks suffered 18 killed and four wounded,[10] while the Germans incurred several killed and wounded and 93 captured. The remaining Germans fled in the direction of Banja Koviljača. The wounded Germans were taken to hospital, and the rest of the captured troops were escorted to the monastery,[11] and treated humanely.[10]
At the same time as the Jadar Chetniks were attacking Loznica, Račić's Cer detachment attacked the village of Bogatić in accordance with the Chetnik-Partisan agreement.[11] The gendarmes had been reinforced by the 6th Company of the German 750th Infantry Regiment with artillery support. On the second day of the attack, the garrison was reinforced by the 7th Company of the 750th Infantry Regiment arriving from Sremska Mitrovica, and an additional platoon sent from Šabac.[10] After two days fighting, Račić's Chetniks withdrew to Cer mountain with considerable losses,[11] after which they marched to Loznica to join the Jadar Chetniks.[10]
Aftermath and legacy
Following its capture, the Chetniks established a command post in the town and mobilised the populace. Supporters of the Partisans formed a local unit and directed workers into the fields and a nearby mine. The Partisans also set up a workshop in the town to manufacture hand grenades.[13] After their failed attack on Bogatić, the two Chetnik detachments decided to attack Banja Koviljača. Launched on 1 September, this attack was initially unsuccessful. After being reinforced by the Podrinje Partisans, the town was captured in the early hours of 6 September.[14] In the meantime, other elements of the Podrinje Partisan Detachment had expelled the German garrison and collaborationist gendarmes from Bogatić on 3 September.[15] On 6 October 1941, Loznica was re-occupied during the German Mačva operation.[16]
Josip Broz Tito's biographer Vladimir Dedijer described Misita's death as a great loss for the uprising.[17] On 31 August 2008, the deputy speaker of the Serbian National Assembly, Božidar Delić of the Serbian Radical Party, dedicated a plaque to Misita in the Vuk Karadžić Square in Loznica.[18] One of the people present was the man that had applied for the plaque to be installed, Božidar Panić, who had idolised Misita in his youth, and had lit a candle for him every year.[19]
Footnotes
- 1 2 Tomasevich 2001, pp. 63–64.
- ↑ Tomasevich 2001, p. 83.
- ↑ Kroener, Müller & Umbreit 2000, p. 94.
- ↑ Batanović 1964, 4.
- ↑ Tomasevich 2001, p. 178.
- 1 2 Tomasevich 1975, p. 134.
- ↑ Hehn 1979, p. 21.
- ↑ Batanović 1964, 2–3.
- ↑ Vojnoistorijski institut 1982, p. 237.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Batanović 1964, 7.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mitrović 1975, p. 180.
- ↑ Cavendish 1975, p. 1509.
- ↑ Mitrović 1975, p. 182.
- ↑ Batanović 1964, 9.
- ↑ Batanović 1964, 8.
- ↑ Batanović 1964, 13.
- ↑ Dedijer 1990, p. 491.
- ↑ Vesti 31 August 2008.
- ↑ Pajić 4 September 2011.
References
Books
- Batanović, Milovan (1964). "Podrinjski Partizanski Odred" [Podrinje Partisan Detachment]. Ustanak naroda Jugoslavije 1941: Zbornik knjiga [The Uprising of the People of Yugoslavia in 1941: Collection of Books] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Vojnoizdavacki zavod Vojno delo. OCLC 469573995.
- Cavendish, Marshall (1975). History of the Second World War (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Marshall Cavendish. Part 54. OCLC 24154479.
- Dedijer, Vladimir (1990). The War Diaries of Vladimir Dedijer: From April 6, 1941, to November 27, 1942. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
since the death of Lt. Col. Veselin Misita (I must stress here that the heroic death of V. Misita during the taking of Loznica was a great loss for the entire uprising and especially for the later conflict which arose between us and the Chetniks
- Hehn, Paul N. (1979). The German Struggle Against Yugoslav Guerillas in World War II. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-914710-48-6.
- Kroener, Bernard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans, eds. (2000). Germany and the Second World War, Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I. Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1939-1941. 5. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822887-5.
- Mitrović, Dojčilo (1975). Zapadna Srbija 1941 [Western Serbia in 1941] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Nolit. OCLC 255697069.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and revolution in Yugoslavia 1941-1945, Volume I: The Chetniks. San Francisco, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0857-6. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3615-2.
Journals
Websites
- "Otkrivena spomen-ploča potpukovniku Misiti" [Memorial Plaque to Lieutenant Colonel Misiti]. Tanjug. 31 August 2008.
- Pajić, S. (4 September 2011). "Decenijama palio sveću zaboravljenom heroju" [For decades, a candle has been lit for a Forgotten Hero]. Blic.