Boerehaat

Boerehaat is an Afrikaans word that means "ethnic hatred of Boers",[1] or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War.[2] The related term Boerehater (English: "Boer-hater" or "Boer hater") has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises Boers, or Afrikaners.[3][4]

These terms were initially applied to British people perceived as prejudiced against the Boers, in the context of political conflict between the British and the Boers in southern Africa which culminated in the British defeat of the Boers in the Second Boer War. Accusations of Boerehaat have subsequently been made by Afrikaner nationalists to exploit historical British prejudice against the Boers for political gain. They have applied the term Boerehater to anyone who criticised them or opposed their interests, including English-speaking white South Africans, dissident Afrikaners and black South Africans.

Etymology and origin

1880 political cartoon by W. H. Schröder in The Lantern depicting a Boer petitioning Britain for continued independence. The personification of annexation is associated with prosperity, independence with anarchy and bankruptcy.

Boerehaat is an Afrikaans word meaning hatred of the Boers,[1] or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War.[2] The related term Boerehater (English: "Boer-hater" or "Boer hater") has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises the Boers, or Afrikaners.[3][4]

The disdain of the British people for the Boers was recorded as early as the 18th century. The Boers were portrayed to the British public in literature and editorial cartoons as uncivilised and cruel,[5] especially in order to obtain the support of the British public for British imperialism and the Second Boer War.[2][6]:34[7] The English term Boer-hater was used in a political context in the British Cape Colony as early as 1889, referring to persons opposing Cape Dutch interests, the use of their language in Parliament in particular.[8]

Second Boer War

British politician James Bryce, writing about the attitude of uitlanders (English-speaking immigrants) towards the Boer authorities in the independent Transvaal Republic during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush following the discovery of gold in 1886, states: "English became the general spoken tongue not only of Johannesburg, but of the mining districts generally. Hearing nothing but English spoken, seeing nothing all round them that was not far more English than Dutch, though English with a half-colonial, half-American tinge, it was natural that the bulk of the Uitlanders should deem themselves to be in a country which had become virtually English, and should see something unreasonable or even grotesque in the control of a small body of persons whom they deemed in every way their inferiors."[9] British critic of imperialism John A. Hobson writes about attitudes towards senior Boer officials: "Regarding the higher officials, the opinion of all, save the blind Boer-hater, is that they are a fairly competent and fairly honest body of men."[10]

Animosity between the British and the Boers intensified in the run-up to the Second Boer War fought from 1899 to 1902, and continued thereafter.[6]:169–173[11] One British volunteer soldier sent home a letter explicitly detailing the British soldiers' hatred of their Boer enemy: "The Cape Dutch and Boers are a dirty treacherous lot and as soon as the Transvaal is subdued and the beggars (those that survive) trek farther out of our way the better. We do hate them down here like poison. The rascally dirty varmints, they must be exterminated; the country swarms with them and their dirty compatriots the German Jew."[7]

Approximately 27,000 Boer women and children died in British concentration camps, resulting in a long-lasting legacy of bitterness towards the British and claims of genocide of Afrikaners.[12] The British won the war, but anti-British sentiment contributed to the rise of Afrikaner nationalism and the pro-Afrikaner National Party was the ruling party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, the apartheid era.[6]:33–34[13]

Apartheid era

The Afrikaner Nationalist is not an individualist. His whole sense of identity is bound up with conforming to his own homogeneous in-group. He tends to conform in religious worship, in unquestioning allegiance to authoritarian figures, in political ideology and in exaggerated loyalty to his in-group. Criticism of his attitudes is interpreted as an attack on the autonomy of his group (Boerehaat). He is terrified of losing his Afrikanerhood and his whiteness. Threaten these and he feels that his very self will cease to exist, and will therefore cling to them with passionate intensity.

Anti-apartheid activist Wendy Woods, wife of Donald Woods, Daily Dispatch, 1977[14]

During the apartheid era, the Afrikaners dominated in number of voters, politics and civil service, while English-speaking white South Africans dominated economically.[6]:87–88,93 The Afrikaners separated themselves from the rest of the population, both black people and English-speaking whites.[6]:33–37 In 1971 sociologist Heribert Adam writes "the historical friction between the English and Afrikaans-speaking populace is gradually being replaced by class contradictions within the two groups."[15][16] Historical friction was revived and exploited by the ruling National Party for political gain however.[6]:173 In 1973 Edward Feit, professor of political science at the University of Michigan, writes in the American Journal of Sociology: "Recent political campaigns have shown that the old bogey of Boerehaat still has its charms for an Afrikaaner majority."[15][17]

The National Party, under the leadership of B. J. Vorster, appealed to the emotions of Afrikaner voters by depicting English-speaking white citizens as being guilty of Boerehaat.[18][19] The National Party and its political mouthpiece Die Burger waged a "Boerehaat campaign" during a by-election in Oudtshoorn in 1972, depicting their United Party opposition, once supported by the majority of English-speaking voters,[6]:117 as Boerehaters, and won.[20][21][22][23] The Nationalists also used the term to censure members of the Progressive Federal Party opposition party formed in 1977.[24] After interviewing various South Africans including government officials during the early 1980s, American historian Otto Scott writes: "This sort of xenophobic solidarity perceived the opposition as Boer haters."[25]

White South African critics of apartheid, such as liberal politician Alex Boraine and Afrikaner anti-apartheid activist Beyers Naudé, were labelled unpatriotic Boerehaters by Nationalists and the Afrikaans press in an attempt to discredit them. White dissidents were also associated with the rooi gevaar ("communist threat").[4][26][27] South African poet and writer Guy Butler was called a Boerehater by Afrikaners for his promotion of English-language literature and his opposition to Afrikaner nationalism and the National Party.[28][29]

English-speaking film critics were more lenient towards Afrikaans-language films lest they be accused of Boerehaat. According to The Star film critic Robert Greig, "An apology situation developed with the English-language newspapers who tended not to slam Afrikaans films because they didn't want to be accused of boerehaat (Boer-hater)." According to film critic Barry Ronge, "The cries of boerehaat come from the industry itself when they feel they are not getting 'support'."[30]

Post-apartheid era

In 1995 ANC politician Zola Skweyiya was accused of Boerehaat by Die Burger for disrespecting the Afrikaans official language in Parliament.[31] In 1998 Jaap Marais, Afrikaner nationalist leader of the right-wing Herstigte Nasionale Party, described the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission as an exercise in Boerehaat.[32]

In 2011 South African politician Julius Malema was found guilty of hate speech in the High Court in Johannesburg for repeatedly singing the anti-apartheid protest song "Shoot the Boer" at political gatherings. Civil rights organisation AfriForum accused Malema of inciting violence against white South Africans, citing the ongoing spate of farm attacks (the literal meaning of Boer is "farmer"). Judge Colin Lamont ruled that Malema's singing of the song in a post-apartheid South Africa was "derogatory, dehumanising and hurtful" to the Afrikaner minority group. Lamont said "People must develop new customs and rejoice in a developing society by giving up old practices which are hurtful to members who live in that society with them."[33][34]

In an incident reminiscent of the National Party's Boerehaat propaganda campaign during apartheid, ANC deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa urged disgruntled residents of the Limpopo province to vote in the 2014 general election otherwise "the Boers will come back to control us".[35][36][37] Freedom Front Plus leader Pieter Mulder described his remarks as "primitive scare tactics" and "racist and polarising".[38]

Sociologist Michael Neocosmos notes that critics of the ruling ANC can similarly be labelled as "standing outside the state-defined national consensus", with for example ad hominem accusations of racism and disloyalty replacing accusations of Boerehaat and communist sympathies which are hard to defend.[39]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Hope, Christopher (9 November 1996). "Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. whenever English speakers objected to living in a racial zoo designed to protect the mythical purity of Afrikaner nationalists, they were accused by their masters of giving way to Boerehaat (hatred of the Boers)
  2. 1 2 3 Kent, Kelley S. (2013). "Propaganda, Public Opinion, and the Second South African Boer War". Student Pulse. 5 (10). Retrieved 19 June 2014. After the war, the Boers became known to the world as 'Afrikaners'.
  3. 1 2 HAT. Johannesburg: Perskor. 2000. p. 104. ISBN 9780628037695. Someone who hates Afrikaners and tries to harm or prejudice them
  4. 1 2 3 du Preez, Max (2004). Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter. Cape Town: Zebra Press. p. 65,143. ISBN 9781868729135. a Boerehater, someone who hated Afrikaners
  5. ↑ Burton, Antoinette (2012). "'States of injury': Josephine Butler on slavery, citizenship and the Boer War". In Fletcher, Ian Christopher; Levine, Philippa; Mayhall, Laura E. Nym. Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781135639990. English images of the oppressive, uncouth Afrikaner dated back to the eighteenth century and, as Todd Lee has shown, the war in South Africa brought these images before the public in quite dramatic ways through fiction and the political cartoon, genres which caricatured the Boer male as criminal, dull-witted, and brutal.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hanf, Theodor (1981). South Africa, the Prospects of Peaceful Change: An Empirical Enquiry into the Possibility of Democratic Conflict Regulation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253353948.
  7. 1 2 Miller, Stephen M. (2007). Volunteers on the Veld: Britain's Citizen-soldiers and the South African War, 1899–1902. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780806138640.
  8. ↑ Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1890). Problems of Greater Britain: Volume 1. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 472. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  9. ↑ Bryce, James (1899). Impressions of South Africa. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. p. 409.
  10. ↑ Hobson, John A. (1900). The War in South Africa: Its Causes and Effects. London: James Nisbet and Co., Limited. p. 76. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  11. ↑ Lowry, Donald (2012). "'Making fresh Britains across the seas': Imperial authority and anti-feminism in Rhodesia". In Fletcher, Ian Christopher; Levine, Philippa; Mayhall, Laura E. Nym. Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race. Routledge. p. 181. ISBN 9781135639990.
  12. ↑ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). "Concentration Camps, South African War". Dictionary of Genocide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780313346415.
  13. ↑ West, Michael O. (2002). The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898–1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780253109330.
  14. ↑ Woods, Wendy (1977). "South Africa's Class and Colour Conflict" (PDF). Daily Dispatch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  15. 1 2 Feit, Edward (November 1973). "Modernizing Racial Domination: The Dynamics of South African Politics by Heribert Adam (book review)". American Journal of Sociology. 79 (3): 754. JSTOR 2776284.
  16. ↑ Adam, Heribert (1971). Modernizing Racial Domination: South Africa's Political Dynamics. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780520018235.
  17. ↑ "Obituary: Edward E. Feit, professor emeritus of Political Science". University of Massachusetts Amherst. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  18. ↑ Davenport, T.R.H. (1998). The Transfer of Power in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 9780864864109.
  19. ↑ "Dit was lekker". Der Spiegel (in German). 26 June 1972. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  20. ↑ Horrell, Muriel (1974). A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. p. 1,3,7. ISBN 9780869820407.
  21. ↑ Welsh, David (1975). "The Politics of White Supremacy". In Thompson, Leonard; Butler, Jeffrey. Change in Contemporary South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780520028395.
  22. ↑ Butler, Jeffrey (1975). "The Significance of Recent Changes Within the White Ruling Caste". In Thompson, Leonard; Butler, Jeffrey. Change in Contemporary South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780520028395.
  23. ↑ Basson, Japie (2008). "'Boerehaat' – Dangerous New Nat Propaganda". State of the Nation: As Viewed from a Front Bench in Parliament, 1969–1981. Camps Bay, South Africa: Politika. pp. 147–149. ISBN 9780620409070.
  24. ↑ Hughes, Timothy Peter David (1994). Political liberalism in South Africa in the 1980s and the formation of the Democratic Party (M.A.). University of Cape Town. p. 134.
  25. ↑ Scott, Otto (1985). The Other End of the Lifeboat. Chicago: Regnery Books. p. 179. ISBN 9780895266026.
  26. ↑ Allen, John (2006). Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorized Biography of Desmond Tutu. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 363. ISBN 9780743298667.
  27. ↑ "A man of principle". City Press. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. (obituary of Frederik van Zyl Slabbert)
  28. ↑ Thurman, Chris (2010). Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. ISBN 9781869141837.
  29. ↑ Crous, Marius (25 October 2010). "Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life (book review)". Die Burger (in Afrikaans). Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  30. ↑ Tomaselli, Keyan (2013). The Cinema of Apartheid: Race and Class in South African Film. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 9781317928409.
  31. ↑ "Boerehaat". Die Burger (in Afrikaans). 28 June 1995. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  32. ↑ "Net oefening in Boerehaat, sê HNP" [Only exercise in Boerehaat, says HNP]. Die Burger (in Afrikaans). 30 October 1998. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  33. ↑ Smith, David (15 March 2010). "South African court finds ANC's Julius Malema guilty of hate speech". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  34. ↑ Laing, Aislinn (12 September 2011). "Julius Malema found guilty of hate speech for singing 'Shoot the Boer'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  35. ↑ "Vote or 'Boers' will come back to power – Cyril Ramaphosa". City Press. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  36. ↑ Poplak, Richard (11 November 2013). "The Boers are back and the 2014 shape of things to come". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  37. ↑ "'Boer' comment not meant to cause offence – Cyril Ramaphosa". City Press. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  38. ↑ Moloto, Moloko (12 November 2013). "Cyril blasted over Boer comment". The Star. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  39. ↑ Neocosmos, Michael (2004). "Thinking the Impossible? Elements of a Critique of Political Liberalism in Southern Africa" (PDF). Identity, Culture and Politics. CODESRIA. 5 (1,2): 207–234. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
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