Chemins de fer de l'Ouest
Locale | Normandy, Paris and Brittany |
---|---|
Dates of operation | 1855–1909 |
Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge |
Headquarters | Paris |
The Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest (CF de l'Ouest), often referred to simply as L'Ouest or Ouest, was an early French railway company.
History
Birth of the company
The Compagnie de l'Ouest was created in 1855 by the merger of various small railway companies active in the western outskirts of Paris, in Normandy and in Brittany. These were:[1]
- Paris à Saint-Germain
- Paris à Rouen
- Rouen au Havre
- Dieppe à Fécamp
- Paris à Caen et à Cherbourg
- the old Ouest (two lines from Paris to Versailles and Paris–Rennes)
Paris à Saint-Germain
The Ouest's oldest line (still open to this day) is the line from Paris to Le Pecq, built by Émile Péreire's Compagnie du Chemin de fer de Paris à Saint-Germain and inaugurated on 24 August 1837 by Marie-Amélie, wife of King Louis-Philippe. The line was 19 km (12 mi) long and the trip took 30 minutes. Initially greeted with fear and lack of interest, the railway was a success that paved the way for other new railways, for instance to Rouen. In 1847, the line to Le Pecq was extended to Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The section between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Nanterre – Université is now part of the RER line A. The section between Paris Saint-Lazare and Nanterre is part of the main lines to Rouen and Caen.
The old Ouest
While the line to Saint-Germain-en-Laye was being built, a line to Versailles, another popular Sunday destination, was projected. Two lines were built, one from Gare Saint-Lazare to the terminus Versailles-Rive-Droite, the other from Gare Montparnasse (Barrière du Maine) to the terminus Versailles-Rive-Gauche. James Mayer de Rothschild in conjunction with the Chemin de Fer de Versailles-rive-Droite, created in 1837, were given the concession to operate the lines. The line to Versailles-Rive-Droite, opened on 4 August 1839 and still in use today as Transilien line L, is 19 km (12 mi) long, branching off the line to Saint-Germain at Asnières-sur-Seine. The line to Versailles-Rive-Gauche is also still in use today. The part between Montparnasse and Viroflay is used by trains from Paris to Chartres and Brittany as well as Transilien line N. The part between Viroflay and Versailles is used by RER C local trains.
Paris à Rouen
Two lines to Rouen in Normandy were projected: one passing through La Garenne-Colombes and following the left Seine bank from Poissy, the other passing through Pontoise and following the high plateaux on the right Seine bank. Due to the lack of confidence in the second project, the first one was granted and the concession given to Charles Laffitte and Edouard Blount. Construction began in 1841 under the orders of engineer Joseph Locke and with the help of British workers. Inauguration of the line was on 9 May 1843. It was an immediate success, so much so that issues with the Chemin de Fer de Saint-Germain with platform allocation at Gare Saint-Lazare occurred.
Expansion
The Imperial Government imposed the construction of several lines:
- Argentan - Granville
- Rennes - Brest
- Rennes - Saint-Malo
- Rennes - Redon
- Le Mans - Angers
- Serquigny - Rouen
- Lisieux - Honfleur
- Mézidon-Canon - Le Mans
The Government also imposed several secondary lines.
The network was rapidly expanded:[2]
To better use the Rive-Droite line, a 15 km (9 mi) long branch was built from Saint-Cloud to Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche at the cost of the French State. The line was declared of public utility in 1880 and the Chemins de fer de l'Ouest opened the line to l'Étang-la-Ville in 1884. Passenger services were extended to Saint-Germain Grande-Ceinture in 1889, services were then reported back to Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche in 1894 when passenger services on the Chemin de fer de Grande Ceinture were stopped.
A second line from Saint-Lazare to Mantes-la-Jolie was opened in 1892, following the right Seine bank. The new line started at Argenteuil, and passed Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, Triel and Meulan.[3]
Because of the company's bad financial situation due to the region it served (agricultural for the most part), the law of 13 July 1908 saw the integration of the Companie des Chemins de fer de l'Ouest into the Chemins de fer de l'État on 1 January 1909.
Accidents
- On a Sunday in May 1842 one of the worst accidents in French railway history happened near Meudon: 164 victims; the 55 dead were burnt alive (see Versailles train crash). After this incident the company no longer locked doors on passenger coaches.
- On October 22, 1895 an express train originating from Granville traversed Montparnasse station, ploughed into the buffers, wrecked the station building's front wall and dropped to the ground on the street below. The only fatality was the wife of a newspaper vendor, filling in for her husband (who had gone to get the evening newspapers), who was killed by falling masonry from the wall.
- In 1881 there were 2064 railway related accidents: 185 derailings, 190 collisions, 692 accidents on the line. 512 passengers died in these accidents, 1/10 of those who died in accidents on stagecoaches.
- Lists of rail accidents
Paris stations
L'Ouest built several stations within Paris; the two main terminals St Lazare and Montparnasse as well as Pont Cardinet at the beginning of the line to Auteuil.
In 1851 the Ouest's Paris terminus, the Gare Saint-Lazare, was enlarged to comprise six groups for each main destination served:
- Group I & II: Versailles
- Group III: Auteuil
- Group IV: Argenteuil
- Group V: Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- Group VI: Rouen, Le Havre & Dieppe (the line to Caen served by this group was not opened until 1855)
La Ligne d'Auteuil
L'Ouest was the first company to pioneer suburban transport. St Lazare station was by 1931 dealing with 13.2 million passengers annually compared to merely 3 million in average in the other Parisian stations. In 1854 L'Ouest opened a typically Parisian line; 'La Ligne d'Auteuil'. This line started within Paris and ended in Paris, serving the Parisian inhabitants mainly for work purposes. The line was 7 kilometres long (4.3 mi) and served St Lazare, Bâtignoles, Courcelles-Levallois, Neuilly Porte-Maillot, Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Avenue Henri-Martin, Boulainvilliers, Passy and Auteuil. The line was built in a cutting, removing the need for any level crossing, which was the first line of its kind. The line also boasted elegant station buildings such as the Auteuil terminus and Courcelles-Levallois station. All stations were built above the line with access to the platforms. The line was part of the Petite Ceinture circular line, which linked all Parisian termini for freight purposes. |
Line openings
Date | Section | Length (km) |
August 26, 1837 | Paris St Lazare - Le Pecq | 19 |
August 2, 1839 | Asnières - Versailles Rive Droite | 18 |
September 10, 1840 | Paris Barrière du Maine - Versailles Rive Gauche | 17 |
May 9, 1843 | Paris St Lazare - Rouen Saint-Sever | |
March 22, 1847 | Rouen Saint-Sever - Le Havre | 94 |
August 14, 1847 | Le Pecq - Saint-Germain-en-Laye | 3 |
August 1, 1848 | Malaunay - Dieppe | 50 |
July 12, 1849 | Viroflay - Chartres | 73 |
April 28, 1851 | Asnières - Argenteuil | 4 |
July 20, 1852 | Viroflay - Porchefontaine | 1 |
September 7, 1852 | Chartres - La Loupe | 36 |
February 16, 1854 | La Loupe - Nogent-le-Rotrou | 25 |
May 2, 1854 | Les Batignoles - Auteuil | 7 |
June 1, 1854 | Nogent-le-Rotrou - Le Mans | 63 |
July 1, 1855 | Mantes-la-Jolie - Lisieux | 133 |
August 14, 1855 | Le Mans - Laval | 89 |
December 29, 1855 | Lisieux - Mondeville (near Caen) | 49 |
February 25, 1856 | Beuzeville - Fécamp | 20 |
March 15, 1856 | Le Mans - Alençon | 52 |
May 1, 1857 | Laval - Rennes | 73 |
May 1, 1857 | Mondeville-Caen | 2 |
February 1, 1858 | Alençon - Argentan | 43 |
July 1, 1858 | Lisieux - Pont-l'Évêque | 18 |
July 17, 1858 | Caen - Cherbourg | 133 |
November 20, 1858 | Through Fécamp | 2 |
February 1, 1859 | Argentan - Mézidon-Canon | 43 |
November 1, 1859 | Falaise | 7 |
May 1, 1860 | Lison - St-Lô | 19 |
July 7, 1862 | Pont-l'Évêque - Honfleur | 25 |
March 23, 1863 | Le Mans - Sablé | 48 |
July 7, 1863 | Pont-L'Évêque - Trouville-Deauville | 10 |
December 7, 1863 | Sablé - Angers | 47 |
June 15, 1864 | Saint-Cyr-l'École - Dreux | 59 |
June 27, 1864 | Rennes - Saint-Malo | 81 |
July 24, 1865 | Serquigny - Oissel | 57 |
July 2, 1866 | Argentan - flers | 43 |
October 1, 1866 | Dreux - L'Aigle | 60 |
November 5, 1866 | L'Aigle - Conches | 40 |
November 6, 1866 | Laval - Mayenne | 20 |
April 23, 1867 | Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray - Louviers | 7 |
August 5, 1867 | L'Aigle - Surdon | 41 |
August 23, 1867 | Glos-Montfort - Pont-Audemer | 17 |
September 16, 1867 | Flers - Vire | 29 |
October 4, 1867 | Pontoise - Gisors | 40 |
November 9, 1868 | Flers - Berjou-Pont-d'Ouilly | 19 |
December 28, 1868 | Gisors - Pont-de-l'Arche | 54 |
July 15, 1869 | Gisors - Vernonnet | 36 |
February 14, 1870 | Rouen - Le Petit-Quevilly | 3 |
May 15, 1870 | Vernonnet - Vernon | 2 |
July 3, 1870 | Vire - Granville | 57 |
January 25, 1872 | Fougères - Saint-Brice-en-Coglès | 18 |
May 10, 1872 | Louviers - Évreux | 26 |
10/10/1872 | Saint-Brice-en-Coglès - Moidrey | 29 |
May 1, 1873 | Vernon - Pacy-sur-Eure | 19 |
May 6, 1873 | Alençon - Condé-sur-Huisne | 66 |
May 10, 1873 | Caen - Berjou-Pont-d'Ouilly | 46 |
June 2, 1873 | Lisieux - Orbec | 18 |
August 2, 1873 | Chartres - Dreux | 42 |
December 22, 1873 | Neufchâtel-en-Bray - Dieppe | 34 |
April 15, 1874 | Falaise - Berjou-Pont-d'Ouilly | 28 |
May 18, 1874 | Flers - Domfront | 21 |
September 21, 1874 | Domfront - Mayenne | 38 |
August 15, 1875 | Louviers - Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf | 18 |
January 14, 1876 | Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf - Elbeuf | 1 |
July 1, 1876 | Motteville - Clères | 22 |
October 1, 1878 | Harfleur - Montivilliers | 5 |
December 30, 1878 | Saint-Lô - Coutances | 29 |
December 30, 1878 | Avranches - Dol-de-Bretagne | 43 |
June 15, 1879 | Mézidon - Dives-sur-Mer | 28 |
December 29, 1879 | Coutances - Lamballe | 112 |
June 11, 1880 | Motteville - Cany | 38 |
September 19,1880 | Alençon - Pré-en-Pail | 27 |
November 22, 1880 | Sainte-Gauburge - Gacé | 17 |
January 3, 1881 | Mamers - Bellême | 20 |
April 11, 1881 | Redon - Châteaubriant | 45 |
May 26, 1881 | La Ferté-Macé - Couterne | 15 |
May 26, 1881 | Pré-en-Pail - Domfront | 41 |
June 20, 1881 | Bréauté-Beuzeville - Bolbec | 5 |
June 20, 1881 | Barentin - Duclair | 14 |
June 20, 1881 | Through Courbevoie | 2 |
June 27, 1881 | Questembert - Ploërmel | 34 |
October 9, 1881 | Gacé - Ticheville-Le Sap | 13 |
October 16, 1881 | Bellême - Mortagne | 18 |
October 23, 1881 | Pré-en-Pail - La Selle-en-Luitré | 86 |
November 13, 1881 | Plouaret - Lannion | 16 |
November 22, 1881 | Échauffour - Bernay | 46 |
December 28, 1881 | Châteaubriant - Vitré | 98 |
December 28, 1881 | Mortagne-au-Perche - L'Aigle | 37 |
December 29, 1881 | Mortagne-au-Perche - Sainte-Gauburge | 35 |
July 24, 1882 | Auray - Quiberon | 26 |
July 31, 1882 | Duclair - Caudebec-en-Caux | 15 |
July 31, 1882 | Bolbec - Lillebonne | 9 |
September 4, 1882 | Achères - Versailles-Matelots (GC) | 23 |
September 18, 1882 | La Trinité-de-Réville - Orbec | 13 |
September 18, 1882 | Dives - Beuzeval (Houlgate) | 2 |
September 18, 1882 | Trouville-Deauville - Villers-sur-Mer | 9 |
January 8, 1883 | Gare de Rouen Rue Verte - Elbeuf | 23 |
June 30, 1883 | Through Rouen (Gare de Rouen Saint-Sever - Gare de Rouen Rue Verte) | 2 |
October 22, 1883 | Pontorson - Mont-Saint-Michel | 1 |
January 27, 1884 | Sottevast - Coutances | 72 |
April 6, 1884 | Ploërmel - La Brohinière | 41 |
April 6, 1884 | Miniac - La Gouesnière | 12 |
May 5, 1884 | Saint-Cloud - L'Etang-la-Ville | 15 |
May 26, 1884 | Sablé - Sillé-le-Guillaume | 44 |
July 20, 1884 | Beuzeval (Houlgate) - Villers-sur-Mer | 9 |
May 18, 1885 | Châteaubriant - Saint-Nazaire | 72 |
May 18, 1885 | Saint-Mars-la-Jaille - Nantes | 49 |
August 22, 1885 | Eu - Dieppe | 37 |
July 27, 1886 | Verneuil-sur-Avre - Damville | 28 |
August 22, 1886 | Caen - Aunay-Saint-Georges | 32 |
April 18, 1887 | Saint-Brieuc - Légué | 6 |
July 10, 1887 | Dinan - Dinard | 18 |
August 21, 1887 | Dreux - Maintenon | 25 |
December 18, 1887 | Mortain - Vire | 30 |
December 20, 1887 | Saint-Aubin-du-Vieil-Évreux - Évreux | 7 |
January 2, 1888 | Évreux - Le Neubourg | 24 |
July 1, 1888 | Le Neubourg - Glos-Montfort | 24 |
July 1, 1888 | Saint-Aubin-du-Vieil-Évreux - Damville | 20 |
December 2, 1888 | Pouancé - Laval | 58 |
May 1, 1889 | Javel - Puteaux | 12 |
June 8, 1889 | Pont-Audemer - Quetteville | 16 |
June 16, 1889 | Pontaubault - Mortain-Le Neufbourg | 39 |
July 11, 1889 | Saint-Georges-Motel - Prey | 24 |
November 11, 1889 | Verneuil-sur-Avre- La Loupe | 39 |
June 1, 1891 | Aunay-Saint-Georges - Vire | 40 |
April 3, 1892 | Auneau - Maintenon | 25 |
April 3, 1892 | Saint-Lô - Guilberville | 25 |
June 1, 1892 | Argenteuil - Mantes | 52 |
November 12, 1893 | Domfront - Romagny | 27 |
July 8, 1894 | Carentan - La Haye-du-Puits | 22 |
July 8, 1894 | Fougères - Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët | 36 |
June 22, 1895 | Les Ifs - Étretat | 15 |
May 31, 1896 | Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray - Les Andelys | 17 |
July 26, 1896 | La Brohinière - Dinan | 38 |
August 9, 1896 | Châteaubriant - Messac | 41 |
August 14, 1896 | Rolleville - Montivilliers | 6 |
December 24, 1896 | Rolleville - Les Ifs | 22 |
February 20, 1898 | Dieppe - Saint-Vaast-Bosville | 37 |
April 12, 1900 | Courcelles-Levallois - Champ de Mars | 4 |
April 12, 1900 | Champ de Mars - Invalides | 4 |
August 30, 1900 | Épône - Plaisir-Grignon | 18 |
October 25, 1900 | Cany - Fécamp | 24 |
July 1, 1901 | Issy-les-Moulineaux - Meudon-Val-Fleury | 4 |
August 19, 1901 | Blain - La Chapelle-sur-Erdre | 29 |
May 31, 1902 | Meudon-Val-Fleury - Viroflay Rive Gauche | 6 |
August 3, 1902 | Coutances - Regnéville-sur-Mer | 8 |
April 5, 1903 | Messac - Ploërmel | 51 |
July 13, 1907 | Charleval - Vascœuil | 10 |
Architecture
A sense of identity
As with many other railway companies, the Ouest adopted its own architectural style. Stations in large cities such as Le Havre, Lisieux, Deauville and Paris are unique. More modest halts were graced with 'type' building, which are called 'type Ouest', the best-preserved examples can be found in Dives-sur-Mer and Houlgate. According to the size of the town or village close to the proposed site for the station, a station of a certain size was built. There are three generic types of station buildings; the BV3, BV5 and BV7. BV stands for Bâtiment Voyageur (station building) and the number, the number of doors accessible. The larger the town, the larger the station building.
As well as stations, infrastructure was also in mind when saving money so the Ouest created a level crossing guard house template (see below).
Station photos
- Paris St Lazare station
- Rouen Rue Verte station
- Caen station
- Blonville-Bénèrville station
- Houlgate station
- Pont L'Evèque station
- Trouville-Deauville station
- Villers-sur-Mer station
- A typical Ouest level crossing guard house
Locomotives
Heilmann locomotives
In 1893, Jean Jacques Heilmann built a steam-electric locomotive of Do Do wheel arrangement, which was trialled on the CF de l'Ouest. Named La Fusée Electrique (English: The Electric Rocket), it was successful enough that two larger locomotives were constructed in 1897. These were numbered 8001 and 8002. Although considered successful, the design was not proceeded with and all three locomotives were dismantled.
References
- ↑ Joanne, Adolphe (1859). Atlas historique et statistique des chemins de fer français (in French). Paris: L. Hachette. pp. 21–22.
- ↑ Direction Générale des Ponts et Chaussées et des Chemins de Fer (1869). Statistique centrale des chemins de fer. Chemins de fer français. Situation au 31 décembre 1869 (in French). Paris: Ministère des Travaux Publics. pp. 146–160.
- ↑ History of Triel
Sources
- (French) Histoire du réseau ferroviaire français, 1996, Editions de l'Ormet / Imprimerie Bayeusienne Graphique. ISBN 2-906575-22-4
- (French) Le tour du Calvados en 80 cartes, 1996, Direction Départementale de l'Equipement (Calvados).
- (French) Paris et l'Île de France - Tome 1: Les réseaux Est, Nord et Saint-Lazare, 2002, Le Train. ISSN 1267-5008
- (French) Electrification des lignes Paris-Caen-Cherbourg et Paris-Trouville-Deauville, 1996, Conseil Régional de Basse Normandie (Rémy Desquesnes).
External links
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