Christianization of Iberia

A benediction cross of Catholicos-Patriarch Domentius IV of Georgia showing the scenes of Triumphal Entry, Crucifixion and Ascension of Jesus, Dormition of the Mother of God, Raising of Lazarus and Pentecost. Catholicos-Patriarch asks for the "forgiveness of his sins" as written on the handle of the cross in Georgian Mkhedruli script. Kept at the Walters Art Museum in the United States.

The Christianization of Iberia (Georgian: ქართლის გაქრისტიანება) refers to the spread of Christianity in an early 4th century by the sermon of Saint Nino in an ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli, known as Iberia in the Classical antiquity, which resulted in declaring it as a state religion by then-pagan King Mirian III of Iberia. Per Sozomen, this led the king's "large and warlike barbarian nation to confess Christ and renounce the religion of their fathers".[1] The king would become the main sponsor, architect, initiator and an organizing power of all building processes.[2] Per Socrates of Constantinople, the "Iberians first embraced the Christian faith"[3] alongside the Abyssinians, but most probably Kartli would become a second state after the Kingdom of Armenia, its longtime southern neighbor, that officially embraced the new religion.[4] The Georgian and Armenian monarchs were among the first anywhere in the world to convert to a Christian faith.[5] Prior to the Christological controversies their Caucasian Christianity was extraordinarily inclusive, pluralistic and flexible that only saw the rigid ecclesiological hierarchies established much later, particularly as "national" churches crystallized from the 6th century.[6] Despite the tremendous diversity of the region, the Christianization process was a pan-regional and a cross-cultural phenomenon in the Caucasus.[7] The Jews of Mtskheta, the royal capital of Kartli, that did play a significant role in the Christianization of the kingdom, would give a strong impetus to deepen the ties between the Georgian monarchy and the Holy Land leading to an increasing presence of Georgians in Palestine, as the activities of Peter the Iberian confirm, including the oldest Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions found in the Judaean Desert.[8]

Iberia was a factor in a competitive diplomacy of the Roman and Sasanian Empires, and on occasion became a major player in proxy wars between the two empires. Iberia, a Georgian monarchy, that shared many institutions and concepts with the neighboring Iranians, being physically connected to their "Iranian Commonwealth" since the Achaemenid period through commerce, war or marriage,[9] its adoption of Christianity meant that King Mirian III made a cultural and historical choice with profound international implications, though his decision was never tied with the Roman diplomatic initiatives. Iberia, from its Hellenistic-era establishment to the conversion of the crown,[10] embarked on a new multi-phased process that took centuries to complete,[11][12] resulting in the emergence of a strong Georgian identity.[13]

Christianization by an Apostle

Even though Iberia officially embraced Christianity in the early 4th century, the Georgian Orthodox Church claims Apostolic origin and regards Andrew the Apostle as the founder of the Georgian church, also supported by some Byzantine sources. Ephrem Mtsire would later explain Saint Nino's role with the necessity of Iberia's "second Christening". The archaeological artifacts confirm the spread of Christianity before the conversion of King Mirian in the 4th century. Some of the third-century burials in Georgia include Christian objects such as signet rings with a cross and ichthys or anchor and fish, clearly attesting their Christian affiliation. These can mean that the upper class Iberians had embraced Christianity much earlier than its "official Christianization" date.[14]

Christianization of the royal family

According to The Georgian Chronicles and the Conversion of Kartli chronicle, a Cappadocian woman Nino converted Queen Nana and later King Mirian III to Christianity, that led to the Christianization process of the entire kingdom of Kartli and its people. Tyrannius Rufinus, Gelasius of Caesarea, Gelasius of Cyzicus, Theodoret, Socrates of Constantinople and Sozomen, whom Bacurius the Iberian, a royalty, a "little king"[15] and a principal commander of emperor Theodosius I,[16][17] served as one of the sources of the Georgian conversion to Christianity, have the similar narrative of the Georgian tradition, the only major thing that differs per these Greco-Roman authors is Nino being an unnamed Roman captive who was brought to Iberia. Per Georgian sources, Nino was a daughter of Zabilon.[18] When she went to Jerusalem to see her father once she asked if anyone knew where the Seamless Robe of Jesus was, she was told that it was kept "in the eastern city of Mtskheta, a country of Kartli [i.e. Iberia]."[19] She would decide to go to Iberia and will eventually reach the mountains of Javakheti after four months of travel, in June. She stayed for two days at the Paravani Lake and then continued her travel towards royal city of Mtskheta.[20] When she reached the capital she found herself at the pagan holiday held for god Armazi with King Mirian III taking part in the ceremony. Nino, shocked by the event started to pray, resulting the "severe wind" that destroyed the pagan idol.[21] Later she was approached by the attendants of Queen Nana of Iberia who was suffering from a grave illness. She was asked to cure the queen. The queen was healed immediately, and Nino converted the queen to Christ. Hearing about the queen's healing, the king was "very surprised".[22] He initially opposed his wife's new religion until he, too, encountered a miracle one day while hunting, riding and "looking over Uplistsikhe" through the woods of Tkhoti mountain when he suddenly was surrounded by a threatening darkness of the solar eclipse.

“

და დაშთა მეფე მარტო, და იარებოდა მთათა და მაღნართა შეშინებული და შეძრწუნებული. დადგა ერთსა ადგილსა და წარეწირა სასოება ცხოვრებისა მისისა. და ვითარცა მოეგო თავსა თჳსსა ცნობასა, და განიზრახვიდა ესრეთ გულსა თჳსსა: "აჰა ესე რა, ვხადე ღმერთთა ჩემთა და არა ვპოვე ჩემ ზედა ლხინება. აწ, რომელსა იგი ქადაგებს ნინო ჯუარსა და ჯუარცმულსა და ჰყოფს კურნებასა, მისითა მოსავობითა, არამცა ძალ ედვაა ჴსნა ჩემი ამის ჭირისაგან? რამეთუ ვარ მე ცოცხლივ ჯოჯოხეთსა შინა და არა უწყი, თუ ყოვლისა ქუეყანისათჳს იქმნა დაქცევა ესე, ანუ თუ ჩემთჳს ოდენ იქმნა. აწ, თუ ოდენ ჩემთჳს არს ჭირი ესე, ღმერთო ნინოსო, განმინათლე ბნელი ესე და მიჩუენე საყოფელი ჩემი და აღვიარო სახელი შენი, და აღვმართო ძელი ჯუარისა და თაყუანისვცე მას და აღვაშენო სახლი სალოცველად ჩემდა, და ვიყო მორჩილ ნინოსა სჯულსა ზედა ჰრომთასა.
And the king got alone, and he walked over the hills and woods scared and terrified. He stood at one place and became desperate over his life. And when he recovered his consciousness, and decided to his heart: "So this is it, I had my god and found no joy. Let, the one preached by Nino, the cross and one that was crucified and does the healing, by his glory, isn't he powerful enough to save me from this trouble? As I am lively into a hell and I don't know, how the whole world was this destroyed, or is it just for me. Let, if this is only for me to be in trouble like this, O God of Nino, enlighten the darkness and show me the place of mine and I will recognize your name, and will erect a pillar of Cross and will respect it and will build a house for me to pray, and will be obedient to Nino's faith of Rome.[23]

 ”

When at last, he called Christ, his wife's new God, for help the daylight immediately returned. The king jumped down from the horse, raised his hands up to the "eastern sky" and said:

“

შენ ხარ ღმერთი ყოველთა ზედა ღმერთთა და უფალი ყოველთა ზედა უფალთა, ღმერთი, რომელსა ნინო იტყჳს.
You are the God over all the other Gods and Lord over all the other Lords, God, who is proclaimed by Nino.[24]

 ”

After saying this, the king promised again to the new god to erect "a pillar of Cross". When safely returned to the capital, greeted by his "queen and the entire nation" of Kartli, the king "shouted loudly" where was his "savior and mother, a stranger lady", Nino. When told, he with his army went directly to her. At the urging of Nino, the king laid the foundations of a church to commemorate his new faith, Christianity.[25] When church was completed the king sent ambassadors to the emperor Constantine the Great requesting him to send clergy to help establish the faith in the kingdom. Per Sozomen, Constantine hearing the news of Christian conversion of Iberia, "the emperor of the Romans was delighted, acceding to every request that was proffered."[26] Foundation of Georgian Church and spread of a new religion in Kartli was made possible mostly by the activities of kings and aristocracy.[27] King Mirian III's main church-building activity in Mtskheta saw the construction of the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, per Georgian tradition connected with the Seamless Robe of Jesus,[28] brought by a pious Jew named Elias, an eyewitness of Crucifixion of Jesus, to Mtskheta from Jerusalem in the first century.[29][30][31] The Samtavro Monastery, king's own sepulchre church, was built outside the city though. This remembers the situation of the church buildings of Constantine the Great and his family outside of the Roman pomerium. But the sepulchre of the first Christian Georgian king was inside the church whereas the sepulchres for the members of the Constantinian dynasty were located in an own imperial mausoleum near the church. Also, the Constantinian churches were devoted to the cult of Christian martyrs,[32] whereas the earliest history of the Georgian church had no martyrs.[33]

After the conversion and the Christianization of the monarchy,[34] the Georgians intensified their contacts with the Holy Land. A pre-Christian Iberia have had a Jewish community as early as the times of Nebuchadnezzar II[35] and there were close and deep connections in the Iberian ideology of the sacred with the holiness of Jerusalem. This Iberian fascination with Jerusalem and Zion largely predates the claims Georgia's "Byzantinizing"[36] Bagrationi monarchs to have descended directly from King David.[37] Iberia by having a direct connection to Jerusalem, had several monasteries there already. It was Jerusalem where Rufinus met Bacurius, and by the end of the fourth century a Georgian monastery was founded there.[38] During the reign of Vakhtang I, the Georgian hero-king,[39] the Georgian church would receive the rank of Catholicos and be recognized autocephalous by the Church of Antioch.[40]

Christianization of the countryside

Despite the royal enthusiasm for the new religion, and its adoption within court circles, Christianity took root slowly in the rural districts of the kingdom.[41] The first steps in the Christianization of Iberia's countryside occurred in the late fifth and early sixth centuries when after it within a generation, the indigenous monastic traditions took deep root, and facilitated the spread of Christian faith into the more peripheral regions of Kartli.[42] Sometime in the 530s or 540s, Thirteen Assyrian Fathers arrived in Mtskheta,[43] whose activity would result in establishment of some sixteen monasteries and other churches all around Georgia, many of whose sixth-century foundations still can be observed today.[44]

Christianization date

Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010, totality seen from the French Polynesia.

Estimates of the conversion date by historians have ranged over much of King Mirian's long reign. The foreign and Georgian scholars that have proposed the dates are the following: AD 312, 317, 318, 320, 323, 325/6/7/8, 330/1/2/3/4/5/6/7. Once widely-accepted AD 337 for Iberia's conversion nowadays is favored by many scholars to be AD 326,[45] possibly a "third Sunday after Easter" per John Zosimus that was on May 1,[46] the year traditionally held by the Georgian Orthodox Church.[47]

Apart from the historians, Iberia's conversion is of greater interest with decades of debates to the Astronomy scholars who maintain that there is high possibility that the total solar eclipse of AD 319, May 6 is an exact date for a Georgian conversion, an eclipse that actually happened in the 4th century and reached eastern Georgia, and this "eclipse hypothesis" is not new.[48] An eclipse per model ΔT≈7500 with solar azimuth angle being about 290°[49] would make King Mirian and his fellow hunters or royal entourage witness the totality of it, but not the townspeople nearby.[50] The visibility conditions for the king on Tkhoti mountain could have been similar to the Solar eclipse of July 11, 2010 as seen at sunset from the mountainous terrain of Patagonia.[51] During the eclipse of AD 319, observers at lower elevations near Mtskheta, would have seen the sky grow prematurely dark and then slightly brighter, without the Sun reappearing over the horizon. At higher elevations nearby such as where the king might have been, totality of an eclipse may indeed have been a remarkable sight. L. V. Morrison and F. R. Stephenson per their geophysical model ΔT≈7450±180°, do not contradict this scenario and an intriguing possibility,[52] but it remains an open question whether the ancient and medieval written accounts are trustworthy, if they are based on actual facts.[53]

According to The Georgian Chronicles it was "one day of Summer, July 20, a Saturday."[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Schaff, p. 263
  2. ↑ Plontke-Lüning, p. 469
  3. ↑ Schaff, p. 23
  4. ↑ Suny, p. 21
  5. ↑ Rapp & Mgaloblishvili, p. 266
  6. ↑ Rapp & Mgaloblishvili, p. 264
  7. ↑ Rapp, p. 4
  8. ↑ Rapp & Mgaloblishvili, p. 267
  9. ↑ Rapp & Mgaloblishvili, p. 263
  10. ↑ Rapp, p. 18
  11. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 106
  12. ↑ Suny, p. 20
  13. ↑ Haas, p. 44
  14. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 114
  15. ↑ Schaff, p. 25
  16. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 108
  17. ↑ Schaff, p. 135
  18. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 76, line of ed 8
  19. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 79, line of ed 2-5
  20. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 85, line of ed 5-6
  21. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 91, line of ed 13
  22. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 105, line of ed 12
  23. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 109, line of ed 14-24
  24. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 110, line of ed 5-6
  25. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 107
  26. ↑ Schaff, p. 264
  27. ↑ Plontke-Lüning, p. 454
  28. ↑ Plontke-Lüning, p. 461
  29. ↑ Haas, p. 29
  30. ↑ Mgaloblishvili, p. 40
  31. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 99, line of ed 14
  32. ↑ Plontke-Lüning, p. 462
  33. ↑ Plontke-Lüning, p. 463
  34. ↑ Rapp, p. 5
  35. ↑ Mgaloblishvili, p. 39
  36. ↑ Rapp, p. 1
  37. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 110
  38. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 111
  39. ↑ Rapp, p. 22
  40. ↑ Haas, p. 42
  41. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 116
  42. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 117
  43. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 119
  44. ↑ Haas, (2008), p. 120
  45. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 31
  46. ↑ Mgaloblishvili, p. 44
  47. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 32
  48. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 26
  49. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 42
  50. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 41
  51. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 35
  52. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 43
  53. ↑ Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson & Orchiston, p. 44
  54. ↑ Georgian Chronicles, page of ed 108, line of ed 17

Bibliography

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