Constanzo Beschi

Constanzo Beschi, also known under his Tamil name of Vīramāmunivar (Tamil: வீரமாமுனிவர்)[1] or Constantine Joseph Beschi (in English) (8 November 1680 – 4 Feb 1742) was an Italian Jesuit priest, missionary in South India, and renowned poet in the Tamil language.

Early years and formation

Born in Castiglione delle Stiviere,[2] in the Duchy of Mantua, Beschi got his secondary education in the Jesuits' High School at Mantua. After becoming a Jesuit in 1698[3] he was trained in Ravenna and Bologna from where he requested, and obtained, from Superior General Michelangelo Tamburini permission to be sent to the Madurai mission in South India. Sailing from Lisbon he reached Goa in October 1710, from where he proceeded immediately to South India. He arrived in Madurai in May 1711.

In Tamil Nadu (Madurai Mission)

Main article: Madurai Mission
Beschi at Madurai Mission

During the first six years, he worked as missionary in Elakurichy (ஏலாக்குறிச்சி), a town near Tiruvaiyaru. Other churches built by him are Vyagula Matha Church at Thanjavur and another church at Palliyeri Village near Thanjavur. Then he served as parish priest in Kamanayakkanpatti one of the oldest mission centres in Tamil Nadu. Also he visited several important centres such as Tirunelveli, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur and of course Madurai, to learn the Tamil language. He met with persecution in 1714–15, and escaped a death sentence thanks to the influence of a Hindu friend. The hostility of local kings prevented him from visiting Christian communities. This gave him more time to master the Tamil language in which he soon showed great proficiency.

Inculturation

Inspired by what was done in China Beschi adopted an Indian life style and introduced elements of Hindu aesthetics even in the Christian statuary. Similarly the churches he built (Poondi Matha Basilica at Poondi near Thanjavur, Periyanayagi maadha shrine at Mugasaparur in Konankuppam, and Adaikala maadha shrine at Elakurichi) in their architectonic lines, are inspired by Hindu temples. These churches are now Catholic pilgrim centres.

Two teak wood cars built by him are still on view in Kamanayakkanpatti. He made himself a sannyasi (Indian ascetic) and adopted their saffron coloured robe. His facility in making friendship, along with his cultural competence and obvious religious commitment gave him much influence which he used to protect Christians against exploitation and persecution. He is said to have baptised 12,000 people. He worked in the Thanjavur area till 1738 and settled in 1740 on the Coromandel coast where he remained till the end of his life. He died at Manappadu near Tiruchendur, India. The mortal remains of Constantine Beschi lies at Sampaloor in Kerala. The tomb of Constantine beschi is still well preserved.

Master of Tamil literature

Though he was primarily a missionary, he is also known as a classical writer of Tamil literature. Besides composing a literary Tamil grammar, he also wrote a grammar for the common use of Tamil – the first to do so – which earned him the title of Father of Tamil prose. He compiled several Tamil dictionaries: including the Chaturakarati (சதுரகராதி), the quadruple lexicon containing words, synonyms, categories of words, and rhymes; a Tamil-Latin and Latin-Tamil-Portuguese dictionary.

His greatest poetical work is the Thembavani (தேம்பாவணி) (the Unfading Garland), an extraordinary epic poem – 3615 stanzas long – on Salvation history and the life of Saint Joseph. It is considered a classic of Tamil literature. He also wrote a prabandham (one of the minor literature) called Kavalur Kalambagam (காவலூர் கலம்பகம்), a grammatical treatise called Thonnool (தொன்னூல்), a guide book for catechists with the title Vedhiyar Ozukkam (வேதியர் ஒழுக்கம்), and Paramarthaguruvin kathai (பரமார்த்த குருவின் கதை, The Adventures of Guru Paramartha), a satirical piece on a naive religious teacher and his equally obtuse disciples. His prose works include polemical writings against the Lutheran missionaries and didactic religious books for the instruction of Catholics. He prepared a vademecum for newly arrived missionaries.[4]

A man of dialogue

Local traditions abound of stories of Beschi challenging Hindu ascetics and winning debates over them. Yet his Thembavani meaning "ornament of poems as sweet as honey" is proof that he had a positive approach to Hinduism, as he often uses phrases, ideas and myths characteristic of Hinduism. The same spirit of dialogue and admiration for the Tamil culture led him to translate and explain in Latin the famous Thirukkural epic poem of Thiruvalluvar (1730). This Latin work was an eye opener for European intellectuals, discovering truth and beauty in a Tamil literature. They also found it to contain many thoughts similar to Christianity.

Recognition

Beschi was one of the best known Jesuits of the 18th century in Tamil Nadu. In 1968 the State of Tamil Nadu erected a statue for Beschi on the Marina beach in the City of Madras (Chennai), as a recognition for his contribution to the Tamil language and literature.

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://prezi.com/q8ae1hceywkm/the-story-of-veeramamunivar/
  2. ↑ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02526c.htm
  3. ↑  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Costanzo Giuseppe Beschi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ↑ http://indianchristianwritings.blogspot.in/2009/07/joseph-beschi-sj-veeramamunivar-1680.html
  5. ↑ http://www.pondyarchdiocese.org.in/konankuppam.htm
  6. ↑ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/huge-bronze-statue-to-be-installed-at-veeramamunivar-church/article6923603.ece
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