Couching (ophthalmology)

Couching is the earliest documented form of cataract surgery. As a cataract is a clouding in the lens of the eye, couching is a technique of dislodging the lens, thus removing the opacity. Although couching is nowadays routinely practiced merely in remote areas in third world countries, it was a precursor to modern cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy.

History

Cataract surgery by “couching” (lens depression) was, without a doubt, one of the oldest surgical procedures. This technique involved using a sharp instrument to push the cloudy lens to the bottom of the eye. Perhaps this procedure is that which is mentioned in the articles of the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1792-1750 BC). However, Maharshi Sushruta, an ancient Indian surgeon, first described the procedure in “Sushruta Samhita, Uttar Tantra”, an Indian medical treatise (800 B.C.) (Duke-Elder, 1969; Chan, 2010). Since then the procedure was widespread throughout the world. Evidence shows that couching was widely practiced also in China, Europe, Africa. After the 19th century CE, with the development of modern cataract surgery (Intra ocular extraction of lens (1748), couching fell out of fashion, though it is still used in parts of Asia and Africa.

Modern use

Couching continues to be popular in some developing countries where modern surgery may be difficult to access or where the population may prefer to rely on traditional treatments. It is commonly practiced in Sub-Saharan Africa.^[1] In Mali it remains more popular than modern cataract surgery, despite the fact that the cost of both methods is similar, but with much poorer outcome with couching.^[2] In Burkina Faso, a majority of patients were unaware of the causes of cataracts and believed it to be due to fate.^[1] It is not performed by ophthalmologists, but rather by local healers or "witch doctors".

Technique

A sharp instrument, such as a thorn or needle, is used to pierce the eye either at the edge of the cornea or the sclera, near the limbus. The opaque lens is pushed downwards, allowing light to enter the eye. Once the patients sees shapes or movement, the procedure is stopped. The patient is left without a lens (aphakic), therefore requiring a powerful positive prescription lens to compensate.

Results

Couching is a largely unsuccessful technique with abysmal outcomes. A minority of patients may regain the ability to sense light and some movement, but over 70% are left totally blind.^[2] A Nigerian study showed other complications include secondary glaucoma, hyphaema, and optic atrophy.^[3] Couching does not compare favourably to modern cataract surgery.

References