Counterfeit electronic components

Counterfeit electronic components are electronic parts that are misrepresented as to their origins or quality. Counterfeiting of electronic components can be an infringement of the legitimate producer's trademark rights. Since counterfeit parts often have inferior specifications and quality, they may represent a hazard if incorporated into critical systems such as aircraft navigation, life support, military equipment, or space vehicles.

The marketing of electronic components has been commoditized, making it easier for the counterfeiter to introduce substandard and counterfeit devices into the supply chain.

Supply chain for electronic components

• OCM (Original Component Manufacturers)

Original Component Manufacturers design, market, and manufacture individual components

• Franchise Distributor: Companies who are governed by a contract who have been authorized to sell OCM material.
• Independent Distributor - Commonly known as electronic component "Brokers"
• Wholesale Distributor: Companies who speculatively purchase excess inventories from component end-users and facilitate the redistribution of surplus, excess, and obsolete inventory.

Market forces facilitating trends

According to a January 2010 study by the US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security the number of counterfeit incidents reported grew from 3,868 in 2005 to 9,356 in 2008. Respondents to the survey cited the two most common types of counterfeit components were blatant fakes and used product re-marked as higher grade. This survey had 387 respondents representing all facets of the electronic component supply chain. All facets of the supply chain reported instances of counterfeit product.^[1] The World Semiconductor Trade Statistics estimates the global TAM for semiconductors will be in excess of $200 billion, thus the 387 respondents provide quantitative results for only a small portion of the total market.

This increase in instances of counterfeit products entering the supply chain has been made possible by fundamental changes to the supply chain for electronic components as characterized by the following:

• Globalization
  • Dot-Com boom-Bust – The massive investment in telecommunications and data bandwidth during the dot-com bubble made communication tools and services available at a very low cost to business.
  • Outsourcing and off-shoring – The gradual shift of manufacturing from North American and Europe to the Far East facilitates technology transfer and awareness.
  • IT System interoperability – Adoption of the Windows operating system ensured that all computer users could easily and efficiently share information.
  • Global shipping companies – FedEx, UPS, and DHL refined their business offerings to provide relatively inexpensive shipping for small packages.
• CHINA and the WTO
  • December 11, 2001, China was admitted to the WTO which would ultimately result in lifting the ban on exports by non-government-owned and controlled business entities.^[2]
• Global E-Waste handling
  • In late 1989, in response to public outcry against exporting and dumping of hazardous wastes from developed countries to developing countries, the Basel Convention was adopted in Basel, Switzerland.^[3] In the decades following this convention, most of the developed countries have adopted this convention with the major exception of the USA. During this period the United States has continued to export its hazardous e-waste to the developing world, primarily China, where e-waste recycling has become a way of life, despite its toxic effect on the people processing this waste.^[4] This e-waste provides the valuable raw materials for today's counterfeiter.

Examples and counterfeiting techniques

• Non-functional units
• Sanding & Remarking
• Blacktopping & Remarking
• Device substitution
• Die salvaging
• Manufacturing rejects
• Component Lead Re-attachment
• Relabeling boxes

These counterfeiting techniques are in constant improvement.^[5]

Counterfeit avoidance strategies

Procurement and Inspection

By utilizing multiple different types of incoming inspection most counterfeit components can be discovered.

• • DNA marking. Botanical DNA as developed by Applied DNA Sciences and required by the DoD's Defense Logistic Agency for certain High Risk microcircuits to determine authenticity or provenance. Unique and un-copyable marks applied by manufacturer and/or distributor.
  • Visual External Inspection for Signs of Resurfacing
  • Visual Microscopic Inspection of Encapsulant Finish and Lead Surfaces
  • X-Ray Inspection
    • By comparing the internal structure (of a homogeneous sample, same date & lot code) of electronic components certain types of counterfeit parts can be discovered. The "blatant fake" counterfeit devices exhibit vast differences in internal structure including, but not limited to different Die Frames and Different Wire Bonding.
  • X-RF Inspection
    • In the wake of the RoHS initiative, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to confirm RoHS status which is often overlooked by counterfeiters.
  • Decapsulation
    • By removing the external packaging on a semiconductor and exposing the semiconductor wafer or die microscopic inspection of brand marks, trade marks, and laser die etching can be used to determine authenticity.
      • Chemical
        • Technique utilizing heated acid to expose wafer or die packaged in plastics or resins
      • Mechanical
        • Technique utilizing cutting, cracking, or chipping the ceramic or metal to expose wafer or die for inspection.
  • SAM (Scanning Acoustic Microscopy)
    • A Scanning acoustic microscope can be used to discover evidence of resurfacing and blacktopping by revealing laser etching below blacktop material
  • Parametric Testing a.k.a. Curve Tracing
    • An inexpensive and expedient method to determine of a sample of product has identical electrical characteristics.
  • Gross Leak and Fine Lead (Hermetically Sealed Components)
  • Functional Electrical Testing
  • QPL - Qualified Product List (Military Product)
  • QML - Qualified Manufacturers List (Military Product)
  • QSLD - Qualified Suppliers List of Distributors (Military Product)
  • QTSL - Qualified Testing Suppliers List (Military Product)
  • Stereo & Metallurgical Microscopes
  • Solderability Test Machine

Purchasing policies and procedures

As the instances of counterfeit and substandard products continue to increase, industry is beginning to address these issues through development and implementation of industry standards. As the majority of the counterfeit components were entering the supply chain though unknowing, unsophisticated, and unaware Independent Distributors (Component Brokers).

Continued work on awareness and industry standards continued with the formation of the G-19 Counterfeit Electronic Components Committee with representatives from all components of the supply chain.^[6] In April 2009 SAE International released AS5553 Counterfeit Electronic Parts; Avoidance, Detection, Mitigation, and Disposition.^[7]

SAE International (SAE), has implemented new standards to prevent the dangers associated with the growing threat of counterfeiting, as have other Independent Distributors. Smith & Associates now has a certified anti-counterfeiting lab to help monitor for non-conforming parts. AS6081 was issued in November 2012 and was adopted by the DOD. This standard provides uniform requirements, practices, and methods to mitigate the risks of purchasing and supplying fraudulent or counterfeit electronic parts for distributors. This standard requires organizations involved with the purchase, acceptance, and distribution of such parts to have a quality management system in place, to communicate and document contract provisions that establish purchasing controls, and to retain appropriate records for supply chain traceability. In addition, AS6081 requires the purchased products to be verified through external visual inspections and radiological examinations.^[8]

While AS6081 covers distribution of components, AS5553A provides similar certification for manufacturers. Originally implemented in January 2013 in response to the increasing volume of fraudulent and counterfeit parts entering the aerospace supply chain, AS5553A was expanded to mitigate such risk on a global scale with regard to various sectors. Many of the requirements of AS5553A are similar to AS6081 and likewise aim to prevent the receipt and installation of fraudulent or counterfeit parts through uniform requirements, practices, and methods.^[9]

See also

• Capacitor plague
• Counterfeit consumer goods
• mil spec parts

References