Cycloheptatriene
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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene[1] | |||
| Other names
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1H-[7]Annulene CHT | |||
| Identifiers | |||
544-25-2  | |||
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image | ||
| ChEBI | CHEBI:37519 | ||
| ChemSpider | 10534 | ||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.061 | ||
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| Properties | |||
| C7H8 | |||
| Molar mass | 92.14 g·mol−1 | ||
| Density | 0.888 g/mL at 25 °C | ||
| Melting point | −80 °C (−112 °F; 193 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 116 °C (241 °F; 389 K) | ||
| Insoluble in water | |||
| Hazards | |||
| R-phrases | R10 R11 R21 R23/24/25 R36/37/38 | ||
| S-phrases | S9 S16 S23 S28A S33 S36/37 S45 | ||
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |||
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| Infobox references | |||
Cycloheptatriene (CHT) is an organic compound with the formula C7H8. This colourless liquid has been of recurring theoretical interest in organic chemistry. It is a ligand in organometallic chemistry and as a building block in organic synthesis. Cycloheptatriene is not aromatic, as reflected by the nonplanarity of the methylene bridge (-CH2-) with respect to the other atoms.
Synthesis
Albert Ladenburg first generated cycloheptatriene in 1881 by the decomposition of tropine.[2][3] The structure was finally proven by the synthesis of Richard Willstätter in 1901. This synthesis started from cycloheptanone and established the seven membered ring structure of the compound.[4]
Cycloheptatriene can be obtained in the laboratory by photochemical reaction of benzene with diazomethane or the pyrolysis of the adduct of cyclohexene and dichlorocarbene.[5] A related classic synthesis for a cycloheptatriene derivatives, the Buchner ring enlargement, starts with the reaction of benzene with ethyl diazoacetate to give the corresponding norcaradiene carboxylic acid, which at high temperatures rearranges with ring expansion to the cycloheptatriene carboxylic acid ethyl ester.[6][7]
Reactions
Removal of a hydride ion from the methylene bridge gives the planar and aromatic cycloheptatriene cation, also called the tropylium ion. A practical route to this cation employs PCl5 as the oxidant.[8] CHT behaves as a diene in Diels–Alder reactions. Many metal complexes of CHT are known, such as Cr(CO)3(C7H8). [9]
Cyclooctatetraene and cycloheptatriene are used as a triplet quencher for rhodamine 6G dye lasers.[10][11]
See also
References
- ↑ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 223. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
- ↑ A. Ladenburg (1883). "Die Constitution des Atropins". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 217 (1): 74–149. doi:10.1002/jlac.18832170107.
- ↑ A. Ladenburg (1881). "Die Zerlegung des Tropines". Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 14 (2): 2126–2131. doi:10.1002/cber.188101402127.
- ↑ R. Willstätter (1901). "Synthesen in der Tropingruppe. I. Synthese des Tropilidens". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 317 (2): 204–265. doi:10.1002/jlac.19013170206.
- ↑ H.E. Winberg (1959). "Synthesis of Cycloheptatriene". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 24 (2): 264–265. doi:10.1021/jo01084a635.
- ↑ Buchner, et al., Ber., 18, 2377 (1885);
- ↑ For a variation: Irvin Smith Lee; Tawney Pliny O (1934). "Studies on the Polymethylbenzenes. IX. Addition of Ethyl Diazoacetate to Durene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56 (10): 2167–2169. doi:10.1021/ja01325a054.
- ↑ Conrow, K. (1973). "Tropylium Fluoroborate" (PDF). Organic Syntheses, Collected. 5: 1138.
- ↑ James H. Rigby, Kevin R. Fales (2004). "7α-ACETOXY-(1Hβ, 6Hβ)-BICYCLO[4.4.1]UNDECA-2,4,8-TRIENE VIA CHROMIUM-MEDIATED HIGHER ORDER CYCLOADDITION". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 10, p. 1
- ↑ Tomi Nath Das; K. Indira Priyadarsini (1994). "Triplet of Cyclooctatetraene : Reactivity and Properties". Journal of Chemical Society Faraday Transaction. 90 (7): 963–968. doi:10.1039/ft9949000963.
- ↑ R. Pappalardo; H. Samelson; A. Lempicki (1970). "Long Pulse Laser Emission From Rhodamine 6G Using Cyclooctatetraene". Applied Physics Letters. 16 (7): 267–269. doi:10.1063/1.1653190.