Daydream (Mariah Carey album)

Daydream
Studio album by Mariah Carey
Released October 3, 1995 (1995-10-03)
Recorded November 1994 – August 1995
Genre
Length 46:42
Label Columbia
Producer
Mariah Carey chronology
Merry Christmas
(1994)		 Daydream
(1995)		 Butterfly
(1997)
Singles from Daydream
  1. "Fantasy"
    Released: September 12, 1995
  2. "One Sweet Day"
    Released: November 14, 1995
  3. "Open Arms"
    Released: December 5, 1995
  4. "Always Be My Baby"
    Released: March 9, 1996
  5. "Forever"
    Released: March 10, 1996

Daydream is the fifth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, released on October 3, 1995, by Columbia Records. The follow-up to her internationally successful album Music Box (1993) and holiday album Merry Christmas (1994), Daydream differed from the two by leaning increasingly towards hip hop and urban music. Throughout the project, Carey collaborated with Walter Afanasieff, with whom she wrote and produced most of her two previous albums. With Daydream, Carey took more control over the musical direction as well as the album's composition. Carey said she considered Daydream the beginning of her musical and vocal transformation, a change that became more apparent in her sixth album Butterfly (1997). During the album's production, Carey endured many creative differences with her label and husband Tommy Mottola.

On Daydream, Carey collaborated with Jermaine Dupri for the first time, and co-wrote and produced a song with Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, with whom she had collaborated on Music Box. It was also the first time she had worked with Boyz II Men, an R&B group consisting of four male vocalists. Together, they wrote the concept and lyrics for "One Sweet Day," a song that Carey co-produced with Afanasieff. With his assistance and the addition of a few contemporary producers, she was able to make a subtle transition into the R&B market. Daydream was nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 38th annual ceremony, during which Carey performed live. Due to the album's critical and commercial success, critics believed Carey would be one of the night's big winners. However, to her dismay, she was completely shut out, causing the subject to become very public and controversial. She left the annual ceremony empty-handed.

Six singles were released from the album. Its lead single "Fantasy" became the first single by a female artist to debut at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and went on to top the chart for eight weeks and became the second best-selling single of 1995 in the country. The song topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand and became a top-five hit in Finland, France, and the United Kingdom. The second single "One Sweet Day" topped the Billboard Hot 100 for sixteen weeks and became the longest-running number one single in American history, a record it still holds. It also topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand and peaked within the top five in Australia, France, Ireland and the Netherlands. Jointly, the singles from Daydream spent a combined six months at the top of the Hot 100. To promote Daydream, Carey embarked on the short but successful, Daydream World Tour, visiting Japan and Europe.

Daydream became Carey's best-reviewed album up to that point and an international commercial success, debuting at number one in nine different countries, and in the top five in almost every major music market. It was Carey's second album to be certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of ten million copies in the United States. Aside from its success in the United States, the album made the top five of the best-selling albums in Japan by a non-Asian artist, with 2.1 million copies sold. Daydream remains one of the best-selling albums of all time, with 25 million copies sold worldwide.

Background

Aside from being Carey's second highest worldwide seller, Daydream served as her most personal and directly influenced album at the time.[3] During the album's recording, Carey grew as an artist, as well as a writer. For the first time in her career, Carey was able to make music that she truly related to, R&B and hip hop.[3] While Columbia allowed Carey more leniency with the music she recorded, they became hesitant when she featured Ol' Dirty ####### in the remix for "Fantasy."[4] They feared the sudden change was completely left field for her music, and worried it would jeopardize the album's success.[4] In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Carey openly spoke of her issues with Columbia: "Everybody was like 'What, are you crazy?' They're nervous about breaking the formula. It works to have me sing a ballad on stage in a long dress with my hair up."[4]

While Carey's new musical direction caused tension between her and Columbia, it began to severely strain her relationship with her husband at the time, Tommy Mottola.[5] Mottola had always been involved in Carey's career, because he was the head of Sony Music, the parent company of her label. Since the time of Carey's debut, Mottola had controlled nearly every aspect of her career, keeping her sound carefully regulated and insisting that she continue recording middle-of-the-road pop music, despite her interest in hip hop.[5]

What I tried to do is to put it, sort of, a texture on a lot of songs, like as a background part I did certain things, and you know I just meant to get a little more creative with it.

—Carey, in an interview with MTV, on her styling on Daydream[6]

Carey confessed that she never tried to change the situation because "[she] used to be insecure and cautious, and so [she] would listen to what the people said."[3] However, the control Mottola exerted over her career soon "spilled into her personal life" once they were married, increasing the amount of conflict between the two.[5] Soon, it was obvious that their marriage was in shambles; as stated in a Vanity Fair article, "the couple began to argue at the drop of a hat."[4] Carey was very involved in the project, more so than she had ever been on an album.[3] "I went into this phase of recording, recording, recording and doing it really fast," she told Time. "This time, I had more time, and I focused more on what I wanted to do."[7] As Carey's career and work continued to reflect her views on how it should sound, her marriage to Mottola continued to "deteriorate."[5]

Conception and composition

I had the melody idea for 'Fantasy' and then I was listening to the radio and I heard 'Genius of love,' and I hadn't heard it in a long time. It reminded me of growing up and listening to the radio and the feeling the song gave me seemed to go along with the melody and the basic idea I had for 'Fantasy'. I initially told Dave Hall about the idea and we did it.

—Carey, on her idea and inspiration for "Fantasy," in an interview with Fred Bronson.[8]

One of the first songs that was recorded for the album was "Fantasy." While Carey began developing new ideas for Daydream, she thought of the song "Genius of Love" by Tom Tom Club.[8] She had always been a fan of the song, and presented Dave Hall with the idea of sampling the song's hook.[8] Hall incorporated a groove that he felt complimented Carey's voice, while she composed some of the other beats and wrote the lyrics. Carey recorded a remix to the song as well, featuring hip-hop verses from O.D.B of the Wu-Tang Clan, as well as production from Puffy.[8] She spoke highly of the remix, complimenting Puffy and O.D.B, "He's so known in the street, and he's one of the best people out there...we kind of did what we both do and having O.D.B took it to another level. He was my ultimate choice, so I was really happy with the way it turned out."[8] "One Sweet Day" was a song that Carey wrote with the R&B group Boyz II Men. After Carey's friend and past collaborator David Cole died, she began writing and developing a song that would pay homage to him and all the friends and family her fans had lost along life's journey.[9] Carey had the chorus and concept composed, and after meeting with Boyz II Men, they realized they too had a similar idea in development.[9] Together, using Carey's chorus and idea, as well as the melody they had produced, they wrote and composed the song. It was produced by Afanasieff, who built on the song's melody and added various grooves and beats.[9] Carey expressed how the song was "meant to be" and how all the pieces fit into place:

I wrote the initial idea for 'One Sweet Day' with Walter, and I had the chorus...and I stopped and said, 'I really wanna do this with Boyz II Men,' because...obviously I'm a big fan of theirs and I just thought that the work was crying out for them, the vocals that they do, so I put it away and said, 'Who knows if this could ever happen, but I just don't wanna finish this song because I want it to be our song if we ever do it together. [The] whole idea of when you lose people that are close to you, it changes your life and changes your perspective. When they came into the studio, I played them the idea for the song and when [it] finished, they looked at each other, a bit stunned, and told me that Nat "Nathan Morris" had written a song for his road manager who had passed away. It had basically the same lyrics and fit over the same chord changes. It was really, really weird, we finished the song right then and there. We were all kinda flipped about it ourselves. Fate had a lot to do with that. I know some people won't believe it, but we wouldn't make up such a crazy story.[9]

Jermaine, Manuel [Seal] and I sat down and Jermaine programmed the drums. I told him the feel that I wanted and Manuel put his hands on the keyboards and I started singing the melody. We went back and forth with the bridge and the B-section. I had the outline of the lyrics and started singing 'Always be my baby' off the top of my head.

—Carey, talking about the writing and development of "Always Be My Baby."[10]

While the album's development was underway, Carey expressed interest in working with Jermaine Dupri, whom she had been a fan of since his 1992 song, "Jump."[10] Soon after, Carey, Dupri, and Manuel Seal began composing a song for the album. As Seal played the piano, Carey began humming and playing with certain notes in the B-section, until she came up with the chorus for "Always Be My Baby."[10] After the rest of the song was written and composed, Carey recorded the song alongside longtime background singers Kelly Price, Shanrae Price, and Melonie Daniels. Together, they built "a wall of background voices" in which she would cover with her final belting notes.[10] The song featured a downbeat rhythm, while its composition was described as "sassy and soft R&B" which displayed a "sexy and slow jam."[11] "Underneath the Stars" was the first song recorded for Daydream.[6] The song featured a "'70s soul vibe" as well as synthetic record scratches, in order to the give the song an authentic '70s sound.[6] Carey felt the additions were simple steps taken to further display a contemporary R&B groove. Additionally, she felt the song paid homage to the style of Minnie Riperton, who was one of Carey's biggest vocal influences growing up.[6] The song had a soft sound, and had "a lot [sic] of texture" and bass, showing a more creative side to Carey.[6]

[Underneath the Stars] has a real '70s vibe, we even put those scratches you hear on old records to give it that kind of flavor. [It] was a good place to start, because it got me into the head of making an album that was more R&B-more in the vibe of the Minnie Ripperton era, which has always been an inspiration to me.

—Carey, talking about the writing and inspiration behind "Underneath the Stars."[6]

For the album, Carey covered the 1982 Journey song "Open Arms." The song was of Carey's personal choice, as well as her own idea.[6] Together with Afanasieff, they toned down the song's arrangement, making it a bit glossy, especially in comparison to the "raw and powerful 'One Sweet Day.'"[6] Additionally, with the help of her background singers, Carey added a touch of gospel to the song.[6] One of the more gospel-influenced songs on the album was "I Am Free."[11] The song was created by Carey, Afanasieff and Loris Holland, with whom she had worked previously on Merry Christmas.[11] Carey began humming the melody with the lyrics she had already written, while Holland played the organ and Afanasieff worked on the song's programming.,[11] giving the song a genuine and unforced gospel feel. The chorus was sophisticated and natural, with each following line "cascading onto one another," something that would have proved difficult for a "less skilled vocalist."[11] Carey started leaning away from the "standard Celine Dion ballad" and more towards R&B jams. However, she was not going to completely abandon the type of songs that made her famous.[11] For this reason, Carey wrote "When I Saw You" with Afanasieff, a song that would truly embody some of her earlier work, as well as show off her powerful vocals.[11] Returning to her R&B territory, Carey recorded "Long Ago", the second song she wrote alongside Dupri and Seal which contains a strong hip hop background. Her vocals in the song were described as "sliding over the insistent bassline like silk."[11]

"Melt Away" was a song Carey produced on her own, and co-wrote with Babyface.[12] The song's writing and production were "superb." with each verse gliding into its chorus.[12] According to Chris Nickson, "Underneath the Stars" was as "strong as any slow jam released in the nineties, and one that would find a lot of flavor late at night with dancers."[12] Another song that brought back reminders of older decades was "Forever." The throwback was featured through the chord changes and in the way the guitar arpeggios "stayed at the forefront of the music."[12] The song displayed subtle vocals from Carey, as well as an undeniable richness.[12] "Daydream Interlude (Sweet Fantasy Dub Mix)" was one of the liveliest tracks on the album. The song was a club remix of "Fantasy", which was tuned and remixed by famed house music producer David Morales.[12] The song was directed to be a dance-club song, further broadening Carey's "musical horizon."[12] The song incorporated Carey's vocals, and added them to a thumping house beat, something he would do for many of her future singles.[12] "Looking In" was the final song on the album. It was Carey's most personal song at the time, one in which she let herself appear "naked" and "stripped down; it was written by her and Afanasieff.[13]"[14] According to author Chris Nickson:

"[The song] reflected on her life now, the changes she'd gone through, and the difference between the public perception of Mariah Carey and the real person. Intimate and revealing, it made an appropriate end to the album, and was evident that Mariah was growing, changing, and becoming much more herself, confident of who she was and what she could do."[14]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[15]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[16]
Entertainment WeeklyB[17]
Los Angeles Times[18]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[19]

Daydream was well received by contemporary critics, becoming the best-reviewed album of Carey's career at that point.[20] In The New York Times, Stephen Holden wrote that her songwriting had improved dramatically, "becoming more relaxed, sexier, and less reliant on thudding clichés". "One Sweet Day", "Melt Away", "Always Be My Baby", and "Underneath the Stars" were singled out as highlights, while "Fantasy" featured what Holden described as "some of the most gorgeously spun choral music to be found on a contemporary album".[21] Los Angeles Times journalist Cheo H. Coker said Daydream boasted material that would silence Carey's critics—especially "Fantasy" and "Underneath the Stars"—and offered "something for everybody while somehow remaining true to her essence".[18] People deemed it Carey's best record, benefiting from "funkier and mellower" songs and the singer's improved control over her voice, "evincing greater muscularity and agility".[22] According to Encyclopedia of Popular Music writer Colin Larkin, "some critics questioned whether Daydream was a controlled exercise in vacuous formula writing, with little emotion or heart."[16] Reviewing the record for Entertainment Weekly, Ken Tucker preferred the "less dignified tunes"—particularly "Daydream Interlude (Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix)"—over the "monuments to assiduous good taste" in "When I Saw You" and "I Am Free", which he panned as overwrought ballads. Tucker nonetheless called the album Carey's best since her 1990 self-titled debut.[17]

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called Daydream Carey's "best record to date, featuring a consistently strong selection of songs and a remarkably impassioned performance by Carey." In Erlewine's opinion, the album appealed to both urban R&B and adult contemporary audiences while showing that "Carey continues to perfect her craft, and that she has earned her status as an R&B/pop diva."[15] In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Arion Berger said the album "adheres to the classic radio-friendly diva format, alternating between frisky dance tunes and overscaled ballads". He highlighted the songs contributed by Afanasieff while lamenting Carey's cover of "Open Arms".[19]

Commercial performance

Daydream entered the Billboard 200 at number one, with 224,000 copies sold, staying at the top spot the following week with 216,000 copies sold, for a third consecutive week, it topped the charts with 170,000 copies sold. It gained power again in the upcoming weeks of holiday sales where it peaked in the year's last weeks with 486,000 and 760,000 units sold at the pinnacle.[23] The album moved 760,000 copies during the Christmas week of 1995, the album's highest sales week.[23] It also reached number one on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Daydream was the second best-selling album of 1996, and the eighteenth best-selling album on the 1990s decade in the US.[24][25] In the United States, Daydream became Carey's best-selling album, being certified diamond by the RIAA (RIAA), denoting shipments of ten million copies.[26][27]

In Canada, Daydream peaked at number two on the charts, and was certified seven-times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).[28] The album experienced success in Europe, where it reached number one in Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[29] In France, Daydream peaked at number two and was certified double-platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP).[30] Sales in France are estimated at 800,000 copies.[31] Daydream was certified triple-platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), denoting shipments of three million copies throughout Europe in 1996.[32]

In Australia, Daydream was certified five-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 350,000 copies.[33] The album finished ninth on the ARIA End of Year Charts in both 1995 and 1996.[34][35] In Japan, the album debuted at number one on the Oricon charts.[36] According to the Oricon, Daydream made the top five of the best-selling albums in Japan by a non-Asian artist, with 2.5 million copies sold.[37][38] Daydream remains one of the best-selling albums of all time, with sales of 25 million copies worldwide.[39]

Singles

Carey and her dancers performing the lead single "Fantasy" during the Adventures of Mimi Tour in 2006.

Six singles were released from Daydream. "Fantasy" was released as the album's lead single on September 12, 1995. The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, making Carey the first female artist, and the second performer ever to accomplish the feat.[40] The song spent eight consecutive weeks atop the chart, as well as topping the charts in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.[8][41] In Europe, "Fantasy" performed well, peaking within the top five in Belgium, Finland, France, and the United Kingdom.[41] "Fantasy" was the second best-selling single of 1995 in the US, with sales of 1.5 million in 95' alone.[42] "One Sweet Day" was chosen as the follow-up single, achieving similar success. The song once again debuted at the top of the US charts, and became the longest running number one single in US history, spending sixteen consecutive weeks atop the Billboard charts.[40] The song became a success in other regions around the world as well, topping the charts in Canada and New Zealand and peaked within the top five in Australia, France, Ireland, and The Netherlands.[43] Serving as the album's third single in select European countries, "Open Arms" was released on December 5, 1995. The song achieved success in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand, where it peaked at number four, seven and eight.[44][45] However, "Open Arms" charted weakly in other European countries, such as Belgium, France, and Germany, where it charted outside the top-thirty.[46][47]

"Always Be My Baby" was released as the fourth single. The song debuted at number two on the Hot 100, failing to become Carey's third number one debut (a feat she would accomplish with "Honey" in 1997).[10] The song eventually reached and stayed atop the charts for two weeks, and then kept steady at number two for nine weeks.[10] "Always Be My Baby" performed moderately in other major markets. The song peaked within the top five in Canada, New Zealand and the UK, but charted outside the top-ten elsewhere.[48][49] "Forever" was chosen as the fifth single from Daydream.[6] The song was ineligible to chart in the Hot 100, but managed to crack the top-ten on the Hot 100 airplay chart.[6] "Forever" charted well in Canada, where it peaked at number thirteen. "Underneath the Stars" was chosen as the sixth and final single from the album.[11] Described by Carey as one of her favorite songs, "Underneath the Stars" received a limited number of pressings in the US, where it charted weakly on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[11]

Promotion

For more details on this topic, see Daydream World Tour.
Carey and Boyz II Men performing "One Sweet Day" at Madison Square Garden

In order to promote the album, Carey embarked on her second head-lining tour. Originally, she had not planned to tour, due to the long travel times and hassle; however, after many requests from fans, Carey agreed to tour.[50] The tour reached Japan and select European countries, not visiting the United States. This was possibly due to the mixed reception Carey's 1993 North American Music Box Tour received three years prior.[50] The shows were all spaced apart, giving Carey time to rest her vocals, "It's very strenuous to sing all my songs back to back, but I'm actually really looking forward to it."[50] Many musicians joined Carey for the tour, including Randy Jackson who served as the musical director and played the bass, Dan Shea on the keyboards, Vernon Black playing the guitar, Gigi Conway on the drums, and percussion and music sequencing by Peter Michael and Gary Cirimelli.[51] All of the musicians and background vocalists were under the supervision of Walter Afanasieff, who played the piano and guided the production.[51] Before embarking on her world tour in 1996, Carey performed a sold-out show at Madison Square Garden in 1995.[50] The performance was filmed, and released as a DVD titled Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden. It became Carey's fourth video release.[50]

When the three Japanese shows at the Tokyo Dome went on sale, Carey set a record after all 150,000 tickets sold out under three hours.[50] The shows became the fastest sellout in the stadium's history, breaking the previous record held by The Rolling Stones.[50] The shows in Japan were a critical and commercial success, with critics and fans raving about the show and Carey's vocals.[51] Carey's presence in Asia in the 90s was unparalleled to any other international artist.[52] Her international success and anticipation was even compared to the "Beatlemania" in the 1960s.[52] In an interview with MTV, Carey spoke of how she felt performing in Asia:

"First of all, you're in front of so many people that basically don't speak your language. It took a little getting used to, but I think by the end of the show, you know, everybody started to kind of relax."[51]

For the show, Carey sang fourteen original songs, including many of her biggest hits up until that point, as well as many songs from Daydream.[53] They included "Fantasy," "One Sweet Day," "Open Arms," "Always Be My Baby," "Forever" and "Underneath the Stars" as well as hits from her previous studio efforts.[53] Carey's following shows in France, Germany, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were all sold-out as well, receiving warm critical response.[53] During the span of the tour's seven short dates, Carey had already begun working on concepts for her new album Butterfly.[53] According to author Marc Shapiro, Carey's European tour was truly a success, in many aspects:

"The European tour mirrored the success of her shows in Japan. Mariah's appearances overseas were heartening experiences for the singer. The popularity – indeed, mania – surrounding her shows in these countries reached massive proportions. The reception the concerts received reflected the fact that Mariah's music cut through race and language barriers and had struck at a universal, emotional core with fans. The tour cemented the fact that Mariah Carey had arrived as the performing centerpiece on the world stage."[54]

In addition to touring the world, Carey performed on a variety of television programs and award shows.[55] After "Fantasy" was released in September throughout Europe, Carey performed the song on the popular British chart show Top of the Pops, which aired live via satellite on Asian television.[55] Carey performed "Fantasy" in France and at the 23rd Annual American Music Awards on January 29, 1996.[55] "One Sweet Day" was performed at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards, Princess Diana's memorial service in September 1997, and at Carey's Black Entertainment Television Christmas special in 2001.[55] During her European promotional tour for the album, Carey performed "Open Arms" on various television programs, including Wetten, dass..? in Germany, Top of the Pops and Des O'Connor in the United Kingdom and on Swedish television.[53]

Awards and accolades

The music industry took note of Carey's success. She won two awards at the 1996 American Music Awards for her solo efforts: Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist.[56] Throughout 1995 & 1996, Carey was awarded various prestigious awards at the World Music Awards, including "World's Best Selling Female R&B Artist", "World's Best Selling Overall Female Recording Artist," "World's Best Selling Pop Artist" and "World's Best Selling Overall Recording Artist."[56] Additionally, "Fantasy" was named "Song of the Year" at the BMI Awards and "Favorite Song" at the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, where Carey also won the award for "Top Pop Female."[56] In 1996, Carey won many awards at the Billboard Music Awards, including "Hot 100 Singles Artist of the Year", "Hot 100 Airplay (Always Be My Baby)," "Hot Adult Contemporary Artist of the Year" and "Special Award for 16 weeks at #1 for 'One Sweet Day.'"[56]

Grammy controversy

What can you do? Let me put it this way. I will never be disappointed again. After sitting through that whole show and not winning once, I can so far handle anything. But-and I know everyone always says this-I wasn't expecting to win.

—Carey, on her disappointment with the 1996 Grammy award outcome.[57]

Daydream was proven to be one of the best-selling and most acclaimed albums of 1995.[57] When the Grammy Award nominees were announced, and Daydream was nominated for six different awards, critics began raving how it would be "cleaning up" that year.[51] The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28, 1996 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. Carey, being a multiple award nominee, was one of the headlining performers.[57] Together with Boyz II Men, she sang a live rendition of "One Sweet Day," to a very positive response.[54] However, as the award winners were announced one by one, Carey watched as her name was not called up even once.[57] Daydream had lost all of its six nominations, shocking most critics who branded it the "album of the year".[54] With every passing loss, the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey's face, who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile.[54] By the end of the night, Carey had not won a single award. The disappointment on her face was painfully obvious.[54] While Carey was nominated again the following year, she did not perform again until the 2006 ceremony, when she was nominated for eight awards (winning three) for The Emancipation of Mimi.[58]

Music videos

Carey directed the music video for "Fantasy".[55] Additionally, she chose the concept and created the idea.[55] The video featured Carey in roller-blades, blading through a theme-park, while enjoying different rides and roller coasters.[55] The video then cut into scenes of Carey dancing on top of a car, celebrating an event with many friends.[55] Carey said her inspiration for the video was to give off a "free and open feeling," trying to portray the freedom she had finally achieved in being allowed to direct her first video.[55] The video for "Fantasy" debuted on September 7, at the "MTV Video Music Awards." Carey expressed how much she enjoyed the video's filming, speaking about the "roller-coaster scenes":

"They did not expect me to get that shot! They were saying, 'How's she going to sing on a roller coaster?...We put a little speaker on the bottom of the car, where my feet where. We built the rig in front of the roller coaster and the lens kept falling off!"[8][55]

When Carey and Boyz II Men got together to record "One Sweet Day," they didn't have enough time to re-unite and film a video.[9] For this reason, a filming crew was present during the song's recording, and filmed bits of Carey and Boyz recording the song.[9] In an interview with Fred Bronson, Walter Afanasieff made the following statements regarding the video for "One Sweet Day":

"It was crazy! They had film crews and video guys, while I'm at the board trying to produce. And these guys were running around having a ball, because Mariah and them are laughing and screaming and they're being interviewed. And I'm tapping people on the shoulder. "We've got to get to the microphone!" They're gone in a couple of hours, so I recorded everything they did, praying that it was enough."[9]

The video for "Always Be My Baby" was once again filmed by Carey.[6] It featured Carey swinging on a swing in the middle of a dark meadow, showing her frolicking through the woodlands.[11] The video was set as a "peaceful and relaxing" setting, in order to try to reflect the sweet and mellow song's message.[11] "Forever", the album's fifth single, was the final song to be accompanied by a music video. Carey's label used footage from her live performances of the song in New York City and Japan and compiled them into a video.[6] On February 11, 2012, Carey revealed through her Twitter account that a music video for "Underneath the Stars" was actually recorded. Filming sessions occurred in England and France; Carey commented, however, that it "never got released and I don't know where it is!"[59]

Track listing

No. TitleLyricsMusicProducer(s) Length
1. "Fantasy"  Mariah Carey, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth, Adrian Belew, Steven StanleyCarey, Dave HallCarey, Hall 4:04
2. "Underneath the Stars"  CareyCarey, Walter AfanasieffCarey, Afanasieff 3:33
3. "One Sweet Day" (with Boyz II Men)Carey, Michael McCary, Nathan Morris, Wanya Morris, Shawn StockmanCarey, AfanasieffCarey, Afanasieff 4:42
4. "Open Arms"  Steve Perry, Jonathan CainPerry, CainCarey, Afanasieff 3:30
5. "Always Be My Baby"  CareyCarey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel SealCarey, Dupri, Seal 4:18
6. "I Am Free"  CareyCarey, AfanasieffCarey, Afanasieff 3:09
7. "When I Saw You"  CareyCarey, AfanasieffCarey, Afanasieff 4:24
8. "Long Ago"  CareyCarey, Dupri, SealCarey, Dupri, Seal 4:33
9. "Melt Away"  Carey, BabyfaceCarey, BabyfaceCarey 3:42
10. "Forever"  CareyCarey, AfanasieffCarey, Afanasieff 4:00
11. "Daydream Interlude" (Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix)Carey, Frantz, Weymouth, Belew, StanleyCarey, HallCarey, David Morales 3:04
12. "Looking In"  CareyCarey, AfanasieffCarey, Afanasieff 3:35

Notes

Album credits

Personnel[63]
Production[63]
  • Mike Scott – engineer
  • Manuel Seal – producer, lead and backup vocals
  • Dan Shea – synthesizer, bass, keyboards, programming, moog synthesizer, drum programming, synthesizer bass
  • Andy Smith – engineer
  • David Sussman – engineer, mixing
  • Phil Tan – engineer
  • Steve Thornton – percussion
  • Dana Jon Chappelle – engineer
  • Terry Burrus – piano
  • Satoshi Tomiie – bass, keyboards, programming, synthesizer bass
  • Brian Vibberts – engineer
  • Gary Cirimelli – programming, digital programming
  • Randy Walker – programming
  • Acar Key – engineer
  • Frank Filipetti – engineer
  • Mark Krieg – 2nd engineer
  • Kirk Yano – additional tracking engineer
  • Mick Guzauski – mixing

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart (1995) Peak
position
Argentinian Albums (CAPIF)[64] 7
Australian Albums (ARIA)[65] 1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[66] 5
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[67] 6
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[68] 3
Canadian Albums (RPM)[69] 2
Canadian Albums (The Record)[70] 3
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[71] 2
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[72] 1
European Albums (Top 100)[73] 2
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[74] 12
French Albums (SNEP)[75] 2
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[76] 1
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[77] 13
Irish Albums (IRMA)[71] 6
Italian Albums (Hit Parade Italia)[78] 6
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[79] 1
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[80] 1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[81] 3
Portuguese Albums (AFP)[82] 1
Scottish Albums (OCC)[83] 6
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[71] 5
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[84] 6
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[85] 1
UK Albums (OCC)[86] 1
UK R&B Albums (OCC)[87] 1
US Billboard 200[88] 1
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[89] 1

Year-end charts

Chart (1995) Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[90] 9
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[91] 40
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[92] 38
Canadian Albums (RPM)[93] 84
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[94] 20
French Albums (SNEP)[95] 17
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[96] 49
Italian Albums (Hit Parade)[78] 26
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[97] 7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[98] 24
Norwegian Autumn Period Albums (VG-lista)[99] 3
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[100] 34
UK Albums (OCC)[101] 13
US Billboard 200[102] 51
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[102] 57
Chart (1996) Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[103] 9
Canadian Albums (RPM)[104] 12
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[105] 27
French Albums (SNEP)[106] 20
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[107] 38
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[108] 32
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[109] 15
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[110] 38
UK Albums (OCC)[111] 57
US Billboard 200[112] 2
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[112] 7
Chart (1997) Position
US Billboard 200[113] 190

End of decade charts

Chart (1990–99) Position
US Billboard 200[25] 18

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[33] 5× Platinum 350,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[114] Gold 25,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[115] 7× Platinum 700,000^
France (SNEP)[116] 2× Platinum 730,400[117]
Germany (BVMI)[118] Platinum 500,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[119] Million 2,202,730[97][108]
Netherlands (NVPI)[120] Platinum 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[121] 5× Platinum 75,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[122] Platinum 50,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[123] Gold 50,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[124] 2× Platinum 200,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[125] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[126] 2× Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[127] Diamond 7,657,000[128]
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)[129] 3× Platinum 3,000,000*
Worldwide 25,000,000[39]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Tucker, Ken. "Daydream (1995)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Erlewine Stephen, Thomas. "Mariah Carey-Daydream". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Shapiro 2001, pp. 90–91
  4. 1 2 3 4 Shapiro 2001, pp. 92
  5. 1 2 3 4 Shapiro 2001, pp. 93–94
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Nickson 1998, pp. 147
  7. ↑ Farley, Christopher John (2001-06-24). "Pop's Princess Grows Up". Time. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nickson 1998, pp. 140–141
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nickson 1998, pp. 144
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nickson 1998, pp. 145
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nickson 1998, pp. 148
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nickson 1998, pp. 149
  13. ↑ "All Music Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  14. 1 2 Nickson 1998, pp. 150
  15. 1 2 Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Mariah Carey: Daydream". AllMusic. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  16. 1 2 Larkin, Colin (2011). "Mariah Carey". Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 0857125958.
  17. 1 2 Tucker, Ken (1995-10-13). "Daydream (1995)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  18. 1 2 Coker, Cheo H. (October 1, 1995). "Carey's 'Daydream' Has the Goods to Silence Detractors". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  19. 1 2 Berger, Arion (2004). "Mariah Carey". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon and Schuster. pp. 138–39. ISBN 0743201698.
  20. ↑ Gardner, Elysa (April 1996). "Cinderella Story". Vibe. p. 57.
  21. ↑ Holden, Stephen (1995-10-08). "Pop Music; Mariah Carey Glides Into New Territory". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  22. ↑ "Picks and Pans Main: Song". People. 1995-10-16. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  23. 1 2 Mayfield, Geoff (2002-12-21). "Attack Of The Divas, Part One:". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  24. ↑ "The Year in Music - Top Billboard 200 Albums". Billboard. 108 (52). 1996-12-28. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
  25. 1 2 Mayfield, Geoff (1999-12-25). "1999: The Year In Music". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-10-21.
  26. ↑ "Search Results". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  27. ↑ "Metallica, Boyz II Men, Backstreet Boys, Green Day, No Doubt Among Top-Selling Artists Honored At Diamond Awards". MTV News. 1999-03-17. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  28. ↑ "CRIA: Certification Results – Mariah Carey". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
  29. ↑ "Mariah Carey: Daydream". Ultratop (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  30. ↑ "Certifications Singles Argent – année 1996" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  31. ↑ "The Double Platinum Albums:" (in French). InfoDisc.fr. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  32. ↑ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  33. 1 2 Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
  34. ↑ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Albums 1995". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  35. ↑ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Albums 1996". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  36. ↑ "Profile of Mariah Carey" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  37. ↑ Carey's Ubiquitous Japanese Success (Page 86). Billboard. January 27, 1996. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  38. ↑ Mariah Carey "#1's". Billboard. Recording Industry Association of Japan. 1999-01-23. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
  39. 1 2 Jacobs, Matthew (2013-08-31). "Mariah Carey's 'Music Box' Celebrates 20th Anniversary: A Look Back At The Singer's Biggest-Selling Album". The Huffington Post. Arianna Huffington. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  40. 1 2 Ankeny, Jason. "Mariah Carey > Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
  41. 1 2 "Mariah Carey – Fantasy". Ultratop (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  42. ↑ Christman, Ed (1996-01-26). "Best-Selling Records of 1995". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  43. ↑ "Mariah Carey – Fantasy". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  44. ↑ "Mariah Carey Singles Discography". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
  45. ↑ Scapolo, Dean (2007). The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966–2006. ISBN 978-1-877443-00-8.
  46. ↑ "lescharts.com – Discographie Mariah Carey" (in French). lescharts.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  47. ↑ "Chartverfolgung/Carey, Mariah/Single" (in German). musicline.de PhonoNet. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  48. ↑ "Top Singles – Volume 63, No. 14, May 20, 1996". RPM. 1996-05-20. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  49. ↑ "Mariah Carey – Always Be My Baby". Ultratop (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nickson 1998, pp. 153
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 Nickson 1998, pp. 154
  52. 1 2 Shapiro 2001, pp. 97
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Nickson 1998, pp. 155
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 Shapiro 2001, pp. 98
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nickson 1998, pp. 142
  56. 1 2 3 4 "Mariah Carey Career Achievement Awards". Mariahcarey.com. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Nickson 1998, pp. 152
  58. ↑ "Complete list of Grammy Award nominations and winners". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  59. ↑ Carey, Mariah (2012-02-11). "Mariah Carey on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  60. ↑ Daydream (Booklet). Mariah Carey. Columbia (Cat no. CK 66700). 1995.
  61. ↑ "Daydream's back cover". Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  62. ↑ "Daydream's booklet". Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  63. 1 2 Carey, Mariah (1995). Daydream (Liner Notes) (Compact Disc). Mariah Carey. New York City, New York: Columbia Records.
  64. ↑ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  65. ↑ "Australiancharts.com – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Austriancharts.at – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  67. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  68. ↑ "Ultratop.be – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  69. ↑ "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  70. ↑ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  71. 1 2 3 "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  72. ↑ "Dutchcharts.nl – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  73. ↑ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  74. ↑ "Mariah Carey: Daydream" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  75. ↑ "Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  76. ↑ "Mariah Carey - Offizielle Deutsche Charts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  77. ↑ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 1995. 44. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  78. 1 2 "Gli album più venduti del 1995". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  79. ↑ "マライア・キャリーのアルバム売り上げランキング" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  80. ↑ "Charts.org.nz – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  81. ↑ "Norwegiancharts.com – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  82. ↑ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  83. ↑ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  84. ↑ "Swedishcharts.com – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  85. ↑ "Swisscharts.com – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  86. ↑ "Mariah Carey | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  87. ↑ "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  88. ↑ "Mariah Carey – Chart history" Billboard 200 for Mariah Carey. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  89. ↑ "Mariah Carey – Chart history" Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums for Mariah Carey. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  90. ↑ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1995". ARIA. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  91. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 1995" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  92. ↑ "Rapports annueles 1995" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  93. ↑ "Top 100 Albums of 1995". RPM. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  94. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten - Album 1995" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  95. ↑ "Classement Albums - année 1995" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  96. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts 1995" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  97. 1 2 "1995年 アルバム年間TOP100" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  98. ↑ "Top Selling Albums of 1995". RIANZ. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  99. ↑ "Topp 40 Album Høst 1995" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  100. ↑ "Swiss Year-end Charts 1995". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  101. ↑ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1995". OCC. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  102. 1 2 "1995 Year-end Charts" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  103. ↑ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1996". ARIA. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  104. ↑ "Top 100 Albums of 1996". RPM. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  105. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten - Album 1996" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  106. ↑ "Classement Albums - année 1996" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  107. ↑ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts 1996" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  108. 1 2 "1996年 アルバム年間TOP100" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  109. ↑ "Top Selling Albums of 1996". RIANZ. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  110. ↑ "Swiss Year-end Charts 1996". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  111. ↑ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1996". OCC. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  112. 1 2 "1996 Year-end Charts" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  113. ↑ "1997 Year-end Charts" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  114. ↑ "Austrian album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Enter Mariah Carey in the field Interpret. Enter Daydream in the field Titel. Select album in the field Format. Click Suchen
  115. ↑ "Canadian album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Music Canada. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  116. ↑ "French album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  117. ↑ "InfoDisc". Retrieved 2013-06-27.
  118. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Mariah Carey; 'Daydream')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  119. ↑ "RIAJ: 1 Million Seller 1995" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  120. ↑ "Dutch album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  121. ↑ "New Zealand album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  122. ↑ "IFPI Norsk platebransje" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  123. ↑ "Polish album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  124. ↑ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  125. ↑ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Mariah Carey; 'Daydream')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  126. ↑ "British album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Enter Daydream in the field Keywords. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Select Platinum in the field By Award. Click Search
  127. ↑ "American album certifications – Mariah Carey – Daydream". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help) If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
  128. ↑ Paul Grein (October 16, 2013). "Miley Cyrus Twerks Her Way to ... 9th Place?". Chart Watch. Yahoo!. As of October 13rd, 2013 the album has sold 7.657M million copies in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan. But it does not count albums sales from BMG Music Club.
  129. ↑ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1996". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

References

  • Nickson, Chris (1998), Mariah Carey revisited: her story, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-19512-0 
  • Shapiro, Marc (2001), Mariah Carey: The Unauthorized Biography, ECW Press, ISBN 978-1-55022-444-3 
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