Death of Starr Faithfull

Starr Faithfull
Born	Marian Starr Wyman January 27, 1906 Evanston, Illinois
Died	c. June 6, 1931 (age 25) Long Beach, New York
Cause of death	Drowning; undetermined whether homicide, suicide or accident
Parent(s)	Frank Wyman (father) Helen Pierce MacGregor Wyman Faithfull (mother) Stanley E. Faithfull (stepfather)

Starr Faithfull (born Marian Starr Wyman, January 27, 1906 — c. June 6, 1931) was an American socialite notable for her mysterious drowning death at age 25 in 1931. After her death, a scandal resulted when newspapers published allegations that she had been sexually abused as a child by Andrew James Peters, a wealthy, prominent politician and former Mayor of Boston, and that he was suspected of murdering her. Investigators unsuccessfully attempted to determine whether her death was a homicide or a suicide. Her death remains unsolved.^[1]

Faithfull was found dead on the beach at Long Beach, New York on the morning of June 8, 1931.^[2] An autopsy found that she died by drowning, but she also had many bruises apparently caused by beating or rough handling, and a large dose of a sedative in her system. Investigators initially thought her death was a homicide, and that she had either been pushed into deep water or forcibly held under shallow water.^[1] Her stepfather accused Peters of having her killed to prevent her from revealing the sexual abuse.^[1] However, the homicide theory was called into question by letters that Faithfull had written shortly before her death, expressing her intentions to commit suicide.^[1] A grand jury convened to hear evidence returned an open verdict, and the case was closed with no definitive conclusion as to whether her death was homicide, suicide, or an accident.^[2][3]

Faithfull's death made national and international news due to its many sensational aspects, including her youth, beauty, promiscuity, and flapper lifestyle, as well as the allegations about Peters. The evidence included her diary containing explicit descriptions of her sexual liaisons with 19 different men, including one she called "AJP" who was thought to be Peters.^[1] Time magazine called the story a "sexy death mystery" with a "perfect front-page name".^[4] Her story has inspired several fictional works, the best known of which is John O'Hara's 1935 novel BUtterfield 8.^[1][3][5] The case has also been discussed in a number of non-fiction books, including British crime historian Jonathan Goodman's 1990 true crime book The Passing of Starr Faithfull,^[6] which won a Gold Dagger award.

Background

Starr Faithfull was descended from an impoverished branch of an old money Massachusetts family. Her wealthy relatives, including former Mayor of Boston Andrew J. Peters, provided financial assistance and frequent social invitations to her mother, her sister and herself. At age 20, Faithfull told her mother that Peters had been sexually abusing her for years, starting when she was only 11 years old. Her mother and stepfather, who had very little money, used the situation to force Peters to pay them large sums of money, part of which was used to send Faithfull on repeated cruises to Great Britain and other destinations. In her twenties, she adopted a party lifestyle including substance abuse and ill-fated affairs with men, who were often ship's officers she met during her cruise travels or at shipboard parties.

Family

Starr Faithfull was born Marian Starr Wyman (nicknamed "Bamby") on January 27, 1906 in Evanston, Illinois, to Frank Wyman II, an investment banker, and his wife Helen MacGregor Pierce of Andover, Massachusetts. In 1907 the Wymans moved to Montclair, New Jersey. A second child, Elizabeth Tucker "Sylvia" Wyman, was born in 1911.^[7]

Helen Wyman came from a wealthy, socially established family, although her father lost his fortune before she was married, leaving her relatively poor.^[8][9] Helen's cousin Martha had married Andrew J. Peters,^[10] a career politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate; a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts; an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under President Woodrow Wilson; and Mayor of Boston from 1918 to 1922.^[11] Peters was known for his actions during the 1919 Boston Police Strike that raised Calvin Coolidge, then Governor of Massachusetts, to national prominence, leading to Coolidge becoming Vice President and later President of the United States.^[12] Peters was also a friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was Governor of New York at the time of Starr Faithfull's 1931 death and later became President.^[13]

Helen Wyman and her daughters frequently visited Helen's wealthy Massachusetts relatives, including Martha and Andrew Peters. The Peterses were among the relatives who helped support the Wymans by giving Helen gifts of money and paying for her daughters' private school educations.^[14] Starr Wyman spent summers with the Peterses and their children at their family home. Andrew Peters often took the young girl on trips alone with him, during which the two stayed in hotels.^[1]

Frank and Helen Wyman divorced in 1924, and the following year Helen married Stanley Faithfull, with her daughters also taking his name. Stanley Faithfull, a widower who was previously married to the governess of Leverett Saltonstall,^[1] was a self-employed inventor and entrepreneur who failed at numerous business ventures and earned little or no money.^[15][16] He had a history of bringing lawsuits for money. The Faithfulls initially settled in West Orange, New Jersey, but lost their heavily mortgaged house to foreclosure and moved to an apartment at 12 St. Luke's Place, Greenwich Village, Manhattan, where they were still living at the time of Starr Faithfull's death in 1931. Jimmy Walker, who was then the Mayor of New York City (from 1926 to 1932), lived a few houses away at 6 St. Luke's Place.^[3][15]

Alleged abuse by Peters

During Starr Faithfull's teenage years, she began to show signs of emotional disturbance. She eventually received psychiatric treatment, including a short voluntary stay in the Channing Sanitarium, a mental hospital in Wellesley, Massachusetts.^[17] In June 1926, she told her mother that Peters had been sexually abusing her for years, beginning when she was 11. She said that Peters read her sex instructions written by Havelock Ellis and drugged her with ether before sexually abusing her.^[1]

Stanley Faithfull engaged an attorney and negotiated a 1927 written settlement agreement with Peters whereby Peters paid the Faithfulls $20,000 — supposedly to cover Starr Faithfull's medical care and rehabilitation^[18] — in return for keeping the abuse secret.^[19][20][21] Although the settlement document presented this as a one-time payment,^[19] the Faithfulls received several additional large payments from Peters, and may have been extorting money from him. The total amount paid by Peters to the Faithfulls has been estimated at around $80,000, with Peters' payments being the sole apparent source of income for the family.^{[22][23][24][25]} It was later discovered that Stanley and Helen Faithfull had contacted Peters and others close to him just before Starr Faithfull's disappearance and sent Peters a letter on June 7 while she was missing, asking Peters for more money.

According to Goodman, the police evidence file indicated that by 1931, gangsters unrelated to the family had also learned about the abuse and had used the knowledge to extort money from Peters in Boston shortly before Starr Faithfull's death.^[26] Russel Crouse, who wrote an early true crime account of the case, also said that the investigators "did come upon some evidence that someone other than the Faithfull family had heard the story and had attempted to make use of it in Boston."^[27]

Lifestyle

Investigators learned after Starr Faithfull's death that her mother and stepfather, acting on doctors' advice, had paid artist Edwin Megargee to be her "sex tutor" and teach her how to have normal sexual relations after her traumatic experiences with Peters.^[28] Money received from Peters was also used to send her away on cruises to the Mediterranean, the West Indies and five or six times to Great Britain, where she stayed for extended periods in London.^[29] When not going on cruises, she regularly attended the bon voyage parties held on ocean liners in port before their departures from New York, and socialized with the ships' officers.^[19][29] At one point she claimed to be engaged to an officer, who denied it and left her stranded in London without funds.^[20][30][31] She regularly visited nightclubs and speakeasies, drank and used drugs, once nearly overdosing on sleeping pills in London.^[29][32] In March 1931, she was briefly committed to Bellevue Hospital after being found drunk, naked and beaten in a New York City hotel room; she had checked into the hotel with a man she had apparently just met as "Joseph Collins and wife".^[27][33]

On May 29, 1931, a few days before her death, she attended a party on the Cunard liner Franconia to see the ship's doctor, Dr. George Jameson-Carr. She had been infatuated with Carr for some time and considered him the love of her life, although he did not return her affections.^[20][31] After Carr made her leave his sitting room because the ship was departing, she remained on deck when the ship left the dock, despite having no ticket (which at that point she could not afford). Upon being discovered, she was forcibly removed from the ship and sent back to the pier on a tugboat, screaming "Kill me! Throw me overboard!"^{[19][29][31][34]} Newspapers and her friends later reported that she had attempted to stow away in order to be with Carr and return to London.^[35][36] However, in a letter to Carr, she said that she did not intend to stow away and had simply become too drunk to disembark,^[37] although this explanation may have been intended to protect Carr from getting into trouble with his employer Cunard over the incident.^[20]

Death

In the days leading up to Starr Faithfull's disappearance and death, she kept a busy social schedule and was seen by numerous witnesses, including her friends and family as well as taxicab drivers and other strangers. Her family last saw her on the morning of Friday, June 5, 1931, leaving the house in the same dress she was wearing when found. Investigators discovered that after she left the house that day, she made multiple trips to ocean liners docked in Manhattan, where she visited ship's officers. After spending the evening with one of them, she got into a taxicab late on Friday night and seemingly vanished, only to be found dead on a Long Island beach the following Monday morning, June 8, 1931.

Events before discovery of body

Thursday, June 4, 1931

After Starr Faithfull's death, a taxicab driver and other witnesses reported that on the afternoon of Thursday, June 4, 1931, an intoxicated woman that they later recognized as Faithfull was helped into a cab in front of the Chanin Building on 42nd Street in Manhattan. The taxi driver testified that she stopped to buy additional liquor during her ride and that he drove her to Flushing, Queens in search of a certain house, but she could not locate it, and exited his cab at a drugstore located at 33rd Avenue and 163rd Street.^[35][38]

The evening of June 4, she told her mother and sister that she attended a party given by publisher Bennett Cerf for actress Miriam Hopkins (whom she confused with actress Peggy Hopkins Joyce)^[39] in Cerf's office at 20 E. 57th Street in Manhattan. According to her mother, she mentioned seeing two friends of hers, actors named "Bruce Winston" and "Jack Greenaway" at the party, and said she would be meeting up with them the next night as well.^[25][40] However, another friend of Starr Faithfull, Dr. Charles Young Roberts, later said that she had actually spent the evening of June 4 with him at The Roosevelt Hotel, visiting a speakeasy and going for a taxi ride.^[41]

Friday, June 5, 1931

Starr Faithfull's family reported seeing her for the last time leaving the family apartment on St. Luke's Place at 9:30 am on the morning of Friday, June 5, 1931, wearing an expensive silk dress, hat, gloves, shoes and stockings, and carrying a purse and coat. She had three dollars and was planning to have her hair waved. According to her family, she never came home.^[42]

A newsstand vendor located near the 9th Street subway station in Greenwich Village, of whom Faithfull was a regular customer, said that he sold her a newspaper at 11:30 am.^[24] At 1 pm, taxicab driver Murray Edelman said that Faithfull, whom he recognized from the Franconia incident several days earlier, had gotten into his cab near the Chelsea Piers (from which the Cunard ships and other passenger liners departed) with a man in a Cunard uniform, whom she called "Brucie". She told the man she would see him on the wharf at 4 pm, but the man told her not to come back. Edelman said he drove her to her home at 12 St. Luke's Place, although he did not see her enter the house (and her family said she had not returned home), and then took the man back to the piers. Around 2 pm, Faithfull, having apparently returned to the Chelsea Piers and now appearing intoxicated, again was put into Edelman's waiting cab by the same man, who told Edelman to take her back to St. Luke's Place and not let her return to the piers again. However, she got out after a few blocks because she had only 10 cents, which was not sufficient for the fare. She had then walked back in the direction of the piers.^[21][43]

A beauty shop employee in Grand Central Terminal said that a "Miss Faithfull" had visited the shop on June 5 between 2:30 and 3 pm and spoken to her about an appointment.^[44] A female acquaintance of Faithfull also reported seeing her at Grand Central around the same time.^[45] Later, she was seen on board the Cunard liner Mauretania, but was also seen leaving the ship before its 5 pm departure for the Bahamas.^[46][47]

Carr and Roberts later said that, after visiting the Mauretania, she had visited another Cunard liner in port, the Carmania, to which Roberts was then assigned. Roberts confirmed that on June 5 he entertained Starr Faithfull aboard the Carmania from about 5:30 pm until after 10 pm, including having a light meal at 8:30 pm. She had said she wanted to travel to Calcutta and Paris, where she said she had a woman friend who had willed her some money. Roberts said that shortly after 10 pm, he gave her a dollar for cab fare and put her into a cab near Pier 56, supposedly to drive her to another ocean liner, the Île de France, on which she planned to attend a party.^[41] A police officer who recognized Faithfull from the Franconia incident saw her getting into the cab.^[48]

Saturday, June 6 and Sunday, June 7, 1931

Police informants later told investigators that on Saturday, June 6, a woman fitting Starr Faithfull's description had been seen with a male companion at Tappe's Hotel in Island Park near Long Beach, and may have had an argument with her companion or have left with a group of other men. The hotel was a favorite rendezvous for New York City mobsters and bootleggers including Bill Dwyer, Vannie Higgins, and Dutch Schultz.^[49]

After Starr Faithfull's family had failed to locate her by the evening of Saturday, June 6, her stepfather reported her missing to the NYPD Missing Persons Bureau. Stanley and Helen Faithfull also sent a letter to Peters on June 7 informing him that Starr Faithfull was missing and seeking money.

Discovery of body on Monday, June 8, 1931

On the morning of Monday, June 8, 1931, around 6:30 am, Starr Faithfull's dead body was found by a beachcomber at Long Beach, Nassau County, New York, on the beach near Minnesota Avenue.^[19][29] When found, she was wearing only her dress, silk stockings, and a suspender girdle that held up the stockings, with no other underwear, and the rest of her outer clothing and accessories missing. Neither her dress nor her manicured nails were damaged, although her body showed a large number of bruises that the medical examiner said had been inflicted before death, apparently by another person.^[20] Her body was identified by her stepfather, Stanley Faithfull, on the evening of June 8.

An autopsy determined that she had died of drowning and that her body had been in the water for at least 48 hours, thus suggesting that she died on the night of Friday, June 5 or the early morning of Saturday, June 6.^[29] The time spent in the water and her estimated time of death would later be questioned by another expert who had been handling drowning cases in the Long Beach area for many years and believed that Faithfull had been in the water for less than 10 hours, meaning that she had died late on Sunday, June 7 or in the early morning of June 8, and probably drowned close to the beach where she was found.^[50] Her lungs contained a large quantity of sand,^[29] which was later interpreted as indicating that she drowned in shallow water near shore, rather than further out to sea. The autopsy further found that she had eaten a large meal of meat, potatoes, mushrooms and fruit three to four hours before her death, but had not drunk alcohol for 36 hours before her death. Her liver contained a high level of a drug initially identified as the barbiturate Veronal^[39] — a sedative that she frequently purchased and used — indicating that before her death she had taken a dose large enough to cause stupor or semi-stupor, but not large enough to kill her.^[25] A later letter from the toxicologist and other evidence suggested that she might have actually taken a similar but stronger drug such as Luminal or Allonal, which would have increased her stupor. The medical report initially said that she had been raped; a second report ruled out rape, but said she had sexual intercourse shortly before her death.

Investigation

Starr Faithfull's death was initially investigated as a homicide, until new evidence came to light suggesting that her death was a suicide or accident caused by her jumping or falling overboard from a ship. The Faithfulls insisted her death was a homicide and accused Peters of having her murdered, finally going so far as to publicly identify him by name to the media. In so doing, the Faithfulls came under suspicion themselves for not cooperating fully with investigators and for having a monetary motive to accuse Peters, whose money they had been living on for years. The case was finally closed with no conclusion being reached as to whether Starr Faithfull's death was a homicide, suicide or accident. Several true crime writers have offered their own alternative theories about her death.

Homicide investigation

The investigation into Starr Faithfull's death was led by Nassau County Police Inspector Harold King, Nassau County District Attorney (DA) Elvin Edwards, and Assistant DA Martin Littleton Jr. After identifying his stepdaughter's body, Stanley Faithfull told King and Littleton that he believed Andrew J. Peters had ordered her murder in order to prevent her from revealing her past sexual abuse by Peters. Faithfull also told the press that he believed his stepdaughter had been murdered, but initially did not give them Peters' name, although he did eventually tell them she had been "corrupted" as a child by an unnamed older, wealthy male friend of the family who had later paid a settlement.^[51] London artist Rudolph Haybrook, a close friend of Starr Faithfull, also was quoted in the press as saying she was murdered to prevent her from testifying in an upcoming $25,000 lawsuit.^[18]

Although Inspector King thought the death was probably a suicide even after hearing Stanley Faithfull's story, DA Edwards was convinced that it was murder.^[52] At Edwards' direction, the investigators began to examine the death as a homicide, with Edwards traveling to Boston and announcing that he expected to indict two unnamed men in her death, one of whom he said "played an important role in New York political circles". At that time, Peters was helping to organize the first Presidential election campaign for his friend, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. Starr Faithfull's body was due to be cremated on June 11, but Edwards dramatically ordered the cremation stopped at the last minute so he could convene a grand jury to look into her death.^[18][19][24]

A police search of the Faithfulls' apartment found Starr Faithfull's diary,^[18] despite Stanley Faithfull's claims that no diary existed and/or that it had been destroyed. Her diary, which she called her "Memory Book"^[21] or "Mem Book",^[16] contained explicit details of her affairs with 19 men identified by initials.^[1] Although much of the diary was considered too risque to print,^[53] some of its material was featured in newspapers.^[21] The initials "AJP" in some diary entries were thought to refer to Peters.^[1] When newspapers began to connect Peters to the case, he issued a statement via his lawyer denying that he had ever had "improper relations" with Starr Faithfull, and further stating that he had no evidence relating to her death and had not seen any member of the Faithfull family for five years.^[25] He was later formally questioned by investigators in the fall of 1931, but continued to deny any involvement.^[19]

Initially, investigators thought Starr Faithfull had either been pushed from the Mauretania or abducted from that ship into a boat, from which she was then pushed into the water. Later, the large amount of sand found in her lungs coupled with the bruises to her upper body caused them to believe that she had been drowned in the sandy water close to shore by being forcibly held under water,^[18] perhaps near the spot where she was found, rather than having been pushed from a ship several miles offshore and having her body wash up on shore.^[19] They gathered information from the Coast Guard about the tides and currents near Long Beach in an effort to determine how Faithfull's body might have arrived on the beach, but results of this query were never published.^[54][55]

The man named "Brucie" mentioned by the cab driver was first thought to be the actor "Bruce Winston" that Starr Faithfull had said she met at Cerf's party. Attempts to locate the "Bruce Winston" and "Jack Greenaway" supposedly mentioned by Faithfull proved fruitless; an elderly British actor named Bruce Winston was found, but he had not been in the United States since February and had spent the past several weeks appearing in a play in London.^[21][40] Investigators then sought a Chicago gangster named Ernest Blue, alias Richard Bruce.^[23] An acquaintance of Starr Faithfull named David "Bruce" Blue was finally located in London, who said he had been with her on the Mauretania on June 5.^[39]

Efforts were made to locate the taxicab driver who picked up Starr Faithfull near Pier 56 after 10 pm on June 5. Despite substantial reward money being offered for information about Faithfull's route and destination that night, no cab driver ever came forward, causing speculation about whether Faithfull was actually abducted by a cab driver, or by someone else posing as a cab driver, possibly under the control of mobsters.^[56]

Although Edwards and Littleton continued to investigate the death as a possible homicide until December 1931, including questioning Peters, they were unable to gather sufficient evidence to obtain indictments or otherwise prove the homicide theory.

Suicide and accident investigation

While investigators were pursuing the homicide theory, Dr. Carr, having arrived in London on the Franconia, received three letters that Starr Faithfull had written him on May 30, June 2, and June 4, 1931. Carr personally hand-carried the letters back to the United States and provided them to the investigators around June 23, also being interviewed by police at that time.^[19][32] The New York Times published the full text of the letters on June 22 and June 24.^[31][37]

In the first letter, dated May 30, Faithfull wrote,

I am going (definitely now — I've been thinking of it for a long time) to end my worthless, disorderly bore of an existence — before I ruin any one else's life as well. I certainly have made a sordid, futureless mess of it all...I hate everything so — life is horrible. ...I am mad and insane over you. ...I have, strangely enough, more of a feeling of peace or whatever you call it now that I know it will soon be over. The half hour before I die will, I imagine, be quite blissful.

^[31] However, the letter ended by asking if Carr would come and see her when he was next in New York,^[37] causing some to question Faithfull's true intentions.^[31][57] The second letter apologized for the May 29 incident aboard the Franconia in New York.^[37]

In the third letter, written the day before she disappeared, Faithfull expressed in detail her intent and plans to commit suicide because she could not cope with her unrequited love for Carr. The letter began,

It's all up with me now. This is something I am going to put through. The only thing that bothers me about it—the only thing I dread—is being outwitted and prevented from doing this, which is the only possible thing for me to do. If one wants to get away with murder one has to jolly well keep one's wits about one. It's the same way with suicide. If I don’t watch out I will wake up in a psychopathic ward, but I intend to watch out and accomplish my end this time.

^[31] The letter went on to talk about how she would carry out her suicide, with "[n]o ether, no allonal, or window jumping", and how she would spend her last hours, including having "one delicious meal", hearing some "good music", drinking "slowly, keeping aware every second", enjoying a "last cigarette", and "encourag[ing]" men who flirted with her on the street — "I don't care who they are".^[31] She wrote, "It's a great life when one has twenty-four hours to live."^[20][31][58] (An earlier Associated Press story that ran before Carr delivered the letters said that one letter contained the statement, "When you receive this I will be dead";^[21] according to a later New York Daily News account, the statement was, "When you receive this letter, I will have committed suicide by drowning."^[19] However, this statement is not contained in any of the letters published in The New York Times in June 1931.^[31][37])

The letters raised the possibility that Faithfull had committed suicide by stowing away aboard one of the ships in port in New York on June 5 until the ship was underway, and then, after taking a large dose of sedative, jumping overboard as the ship passed south of Long Beach late on June 5 or early on June 6, with her body eventually washing up on shore. Alternatively, it was thought that she might have stowed away and then accidentally fallen overboard while under the influence of the sedative.^[59] Following disclosure of the letters, many people, including Police Inspector King (who had taken the position early in the investigation that the death was likely suicide or an accident) thought that Starr Faithfull had committed suicide.^[60] The New York Times printed that the letters "seemed to remove all doubt that the girl...ended her own life."^[31]

Stanley Faithfull continued to insist that his stepdaughter had been murdered, contending that the letters were forgeries and presenting his own handwriting expert to the grand jury in an attempt to disprove the Nassau County expert's findings that the letters were genuine.^{[19][31][61][62]} Edwards and Littleton also still believed that Starr Faithfull had been murdered, and continued their investigation for several more months.^[63] Edwards thought that she would not have been capable of suicide while under the influence of so much Veronal.^[20][31]

Littleton eventually came to believe the suicide theory after interviewing Dr. Roberts in December 1931, near the end of the investigation. Based on Roberts' information about spending the evening with Starr Faithfull on the Carmania and then putting her into a cab to go to a party on the Île de France, Littleton concluded that she probably stowed away on the Île de France and then jumped overboard after it sailed.^[41] Littleton did issue a denial in The New York Times of an International News Service story claiming that he had located a witness who actually saw Starr Faithfull jump from a ship.^[64][65]

However, the suicide explanation has been questioned by later crime analysts. American true crime author Jay Robert Nash stated in his 1983 book Open Files: A Narrative Encyclopedia of the World's Greatest Unsolved Crimes that there was no evidence of Starr Faithfull ever having been aboard the Île de France, and little evidence that she had actually committed suicide, compared to more evidence that her death had been homicide.^[46] Goodman in his 1990 book The Passing of Starr Faithfull stated that she could not have gone aboard the Île de France because it actually sailed at 10 pm while she was still visiting Dr. Roberts, and that it was docked close to the Carmania so she would not have taken a cab. Goodman also concluded that she did not go overboard from any of the other ships leaving on June 5 or June 6 because, among other things, she would not have had time or inclination to consume her last large meal of meat, vegetables and fruit so soon after eating a light meal of different food with Roberts; her conversation with Roberts indicated that she did not have any barbiturates or any money to obtain them on June 5; she had been seen intoxicated on both June 4 and June 5, contrary to the autopsy which found she had consumed no alcohol for 36 hours before death, suggesting that she did not die until June 7 or early on June 8; and her silk dress and silk stockings were not damaged as would be expected from spending 48 hours in the water, during a time when a storm was affecting the area.^[66]

The Faithfulls' reaction to the investigation

During the course of the investigation, Edwards and Littleton became suspicious of Stanley, Helen and Tucker Faithfull, and thought they were withholding information, being less than cooperative, and may even have been involved in Starr Faithfull's murder.^[18] Newspapers also reported on the family's apparent need for money and lack of visible means of support.^[24]

After the evidence of Starr Faithfull's possible suicide came to light in late June 1931, the grand jury proceedings were closed, with no indictments issued, and the case began to fade from the headlines. Stanley Faithfull, anxious to keep the press interested in the story, continued to state that his stepdaughter was murdered by hired killers acting on behalf of a high-profile person.^[67] In July 1931, he alleged "shameful official negligence" on the part of the Nassau County investigators and further alleged that DA Edwards had been intimidated by persons "too big and influential for him to tackle".^[19] Edwards strongly denied that he had been intimidated, and said that he believed Starr Faithfull had been murdered, but did not have the evidence to prove it. He further said, "Neither Peters nor anybody else is so highly placed that I won't proceed against them."^[19]

On July 25, Stanley Faithfull for the first time publicly named Andrew J. Peters as the man alleged to have had an improper relationship with the 11-year-old Starr Faithfull, and also disclosed the original 1927 settlement agreement between the Faithfulls and Peters releasing Peters from liability for Starr's abuse, and Peters' settlement check for $20,000. As a result of being publicly connected with the case, Peters suffered several nervous breakdowns.^[19][68]

In late July and early August, the grand jury probe was reopened to consider evidence provided by Stanley Faithfull that the suicide letters to Carr were forgeries not written by Starr Faithfull.^[61][62] In early August, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt also reviewed the case to determine whether the death had been properly investigated by the Nassau County authorities.^[69]

The New York Daily News, which had been conducting its own investigation, then confirmed that the Faithfulls were in debt and in dire need of money, and that Stanley Faithfull had traveled to Boston shortly before Starr Faithfull's disappearance to seek additional payoffs from Peters. Stanley Faithfull responded by suing the Daily News publisher, the reporter who wrote the stories, and several other papers for libel, but his claims were ultimately dismissed.^[19]

Conclusion of the investigation

By October 1931, the Starr Faithfull case was reported to be "virtually closed", although Roberts' statements about being with her on the Carmania were not obtained until the planned last days of the investigation in early December. Later in December, a final inquest was held into her death. It lasted only 15 minutes, and reached no conclusion. Nassau County Coroner Edward Neu was quoted as saying, "Whatever I decide, it will only be a matter of opinion."^[19]

Alternative theories

Goodman theorized that Faithfull was killed by Long Island mobster Vannie Higgins and his associates. According to Goodman's research, Higgins had learned that the Faithfulls were extorting money from Peters due to his past improper sexual relationship with Starr Faithfull. Based on this information, Goodman suggested that Higgins, wishing to blackmail Peters or extort more money from him, had Faithfull kidnapped and driven to Island Park, where he provided her with a meal and barbiturates and questioned her in an effort to get more information that he could use against Peters. Unsatisfied with her answers, he beat her, causing the many bruises on her body. When she appeared to have died from the beating, he ordered her body dumped into the ocean near Long Beach. However, she was still alive when she entered the water, and died by drowning.^[70]

Nash and reporter Morris Markey, who covered the case in 1931 for The New Yorker magazine, both theorized that based on the evidence and Faithfull's past behavior, including the hotel incident that resulted in her being taken to Bellevue Hospital, she had likely been killed on the beach at Long Beach by an unknown man after a sexual encounter had gone wrong. According to this theory, Faithfull went to the beach with a man she had picked up, ostensibly to have sexual relations. Once there, she removed most of her clothing, but then teased or refused sex until the man became enraged, beat her, and drowned her in the shallow water and sand near the shoreline, possibly after sexually assaulting her.^[32][71] Goodman also wrote that this theory was supported by some facts.^[72]

Aftermath

Peters was never prosecuted for any crime in connection with Starr Faithfull's death.^[73] Although his personal reputation was harmed by the scandal, he still maintained some political status.^[73] He served as treasurer of a Massachusetts state campaign against money-hoarding organized at the request of President Herbert Hoover in 1932,^[74] and was named to the Massachusetts Advisory Committee of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation in 1933.^[73] He died in 1938.^[1][73]

Starr Faithfull's 19-year-old sister Tucker (aka Sylvia) Faithfull was quoted after Starr's death as saying, "I'm not sorry Starr's dead. She's happier. Everyone is happier."^[25] According to Tucker Faithfull, her sister had dominated the family, even to the point of deciding where they would live, and physically slapped and pinched other family members if she did not get her own way.^[25] Tucker Faithfull later changed her name back to Wyman before marrying.^[75] Newspaper columnist Dorothy Kilgallen reported Stanley Faithfull's death in 1949.^[76][77]

A 1946 Associated Press story on the death of former District Attorney Edwards discussed the Starr Faithfull case as one of two high-profile unsolved cases handled by Edwards.^[2] Edwards' records on the case were later said to have vanished.^[53][78] The police file survived and was reviewed by Jonathan Goodman in writing his 1990 book about the case.^[52]

According to John O'Hara biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, O'Hara had Starr Faithfull's diary in his possession for some time and used it as research material in writing his 1935 novel BUtterfield 8.^[79] Some sources have written that police lost or destroyed the diary after the case was closed.^[16][53] A 2002 Baltimore Sun article said that the diary may have eventually been given to Peters, who locked it in a box hidden in the library paneling of his Boston home, where it was later found by the new owners of the house, but its whereabouts as of 2002 were unknown.^[53]

In popular culture

Starr Faithfull's life and death inspired several fictional novels, most notably John O'Hara's Butterfield 8. She has also been discussed in a number of non-fiction books and anthologies, as well as some other works.

Fiction

Several novels have been based on Starr Faithfull's story. The first and best known is John O'Hara's second novel, BUtterfield 8 (Harcourt, Brace, 1935).^[5] O'Hara's fictional protagonist Gloria Wandrous was based on Faithfull, whose diary O'Hara had read and whom he had seen in New York City speakeasies when she was alive, although he did not know her well.^[80] Contemporary readers recognized that the book was based on the Starr Faithfull case.^[81][82]

In the novel, Gloria is molested as a child by a prominent older man, becomes a heavy-drinking call girl, and dies by being swept under the paddlewheel of a boat.^[5] O'Hara later wrote that "[t]he story of Gloria Wandrous had appeared as fact in the newspapers, along with her excerpted diary that could not all be printed either in a newspaper or a novel. If anything, I toned the story down[.]"^[83] However, Sandra Scoppettone, who wrote a later novel about Faithfull, quoted the Faithfulls' landlady as saying that O'Hara visited her to research his novel, "asked a lot of questions" and "wrote a book, but he got it all wrong."^[3][84]

BUtterfield 8 sold well when first published,^[85] and was later adapted into a 1960 film starring Elizabeth Taylor, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.^[1][80] O'Hara was not involved in writing the film adaptation, which bore little resemblance to his novel and ended with Gloria's death in an automobile accident, rather than a suicide or homicide by drowning.^[80]

Other works of fiction based on Starr Faithfull's life and death are listed below.

• The Love Thieves by Peter Packer (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962) tells the story of Virginia Fuller, a character based on Starr Faithfull, in the context of a libel suit brought by her parents against a newspaper after her death, similar to the real-life lawsuits brought by Stanley Faithfull.^[86][87][88]
• Some Unknown Person by Sandra Scoppettone (Putnam, 1977) is a novel based on the Starr Faithfull story in which she commits suicide with the involvement of a fictional character, Orlando Antolini, whose life story is told in flashbacks alongside Faithfull's.^[3][89][90] Scoppettone said that she used her own Italian-American family background to create the Antolini family.^[84][91] Florence King wrote in National Review that "[the novel's] confrontational scene between the pedophilic Mayor Peters and Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge at the height of the [Boston] police strike makes a persuasive argument that Starr Faithfull put Coolidge in the White House."^[92]
• The Memory Book of Starr Faithfull: A Novel by Gloria Vanderbilt (Knopf, 1994) is a novel in diary form based on Faithfull's life and her real "Mem Book" diary. It recounts her story from age 11 through the time of her death, focusing on her sexual abuse by Peters and her relationships with men. Although it contains some factual material, most of the book is Vanderbilt's fictional imagined concept of the contents of the real diary.^{[16][93][94][95]}
• The Contract by William Palmer (Jonathan Cape, 1995) is a novel about Starr Faithfull's death and the subsequent revelations about her life, family and past, narrated by the fictionalized Starr Faithfull and her mother, Helen.^[96][97]

Non-fiction

A non-fiction essay, "The Mysterious Death of Starr Faithfull", was written by Morris Markey, who covered the story and interviewed the Faithfull family in 1931 as the original "reporter at large" for The New Yorker magazine.^[32][98] The essay was included in the collection The Aspirin Age (ed. Isabel Leighton, Simon and Schuster, 1949), a selection of pieces about the essential events of American life in the years between World War I and World War II.^[71]

Two non-fiction true crime books have been written about the Starr Faithfull case. The first, The Girl on the Lonely Beach by Fred J. Cook (Red Seal Books, 1956) discusses her family background, based on newspaper reports, court transcripts and Cook's own interviews.^[99]

The second, The Passing of Starr Faithfull by Jonathan Goodman (Piatkus, 1990),^[6] also included material from the original police files and the remaining fragments of Faithfull's diary.^[99] Reviewer Paul Nigol of the University of Calgary called The Passing of Starr Faithfull "the most complete account" of the case because Goodman was the only author to have been granted full access to the police dossier.^[52] Goodman won the 1990 Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger Award for Non-Fiction for his book.

Starr Faithfull's case has also been frequently discussed in social histories focusing on New York City or Boston, as well as true crime anthologies. The following is a selective list of books containing substantial discussions of the case.

• Murder Won't Out by Russel Crouse (Doubleday, Doran, 1932)^{[27][100][101]}
• Woman in the Case by Charles Franklin (Corgi, 1964)
• Open Files: A Narrative Encyclopedia of the World's Greatest Unsolved Crimes by Jay Robert Nash (Rowman & Littlefield, 1983)^[32]
• The Knave of Boston and Other Ambiguous Massachusetts Characters by Francis Russell (Quinlan Press, 1987)
• Big Town, Big Time: A New York Epic, 1898–1998, New York Daily News, edited by Jay Maeder (Sports Publishing, Inc., 1999)^[19]

Other

Starr Faithfull's unsolved death was the subject of a 1993 episode of the Granada Television true crime series In Suspicious Circumstances, entitled "Falling Starr" (Season 3, Episode 5).

Linda Ann Loschiavo's 2004 play Courting Mae West, about actress Mae West's 1927 trial on morals charges in New York City, includes a character named "Sara Starr" who is based on Starr Faithfull.^{[102][103][104]}

References