Diyu

Diyu
Illustration from the Jade Record: Tortures being meted out in the Sixth Court of Hell: hammering metal spikes into the body; skinning alive; sawing body in half; kneeling on metal filings.
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	地獄
Simplified Chinese	地狱
Literal meaning	earth prison
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dìyù Wade–Giles Ti4-yü4 Gan Romanization thì ngo̍k Yue: Cantonese Jyutping dei6 juk6 Southern Min Hokkien POJ tē-ga̍k, tōe-ga̍k
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	địa ngục
Korean name
Hangul	지옥
Literal meaning	hell, underworld
Transcriptions Revised Romanization jiok
Japanese name
Kanji	地獄
Transcriptions Romanization Jigoku

Diyu (Chinese: 地獄; Cantonese: [deih yuhk]; Sanskrit: Naraka) is the realm of the dead or "hell" in Chinese mythology. It is loosely based on a combination of the Buddhist concept of Naraka, traditional Chinese beliefs about the afterlife and a variety of popular expansions and reinterpretations of these two traditions.

Diyu is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers, to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive. The exact number of levels in Diyu and their associated deities differ between Buddhist and Taoist interpretations. Some speak of three to four "courts"; others mention "Ten Courts of Hell", each of which is ruled by a judge (collectively known as the Ten Yama Kings); other Chinese legends speak of the "Eighteen Levels of Hell". Each court deals with a different aspect of atonement and different punishments; most legends claim that sinners are subjected to gruesome tortures until their "deaths", after which they are restored to their original state for the torture to be repeated.

Conceptions

According to ideas from Taoism, Buddhism^[1][2][3] and traditional Chinese folk religion, Diyu is a purgatory that serves to punish and renew spirits in preparation for reincarnation. Many deities, whose names and purposes are the subject of conflicting accounts, are associated with Diyu.

Some early Chinese societies speak of people going to Mount Tai, Jiuyuan, Jiuquan or Fengdu after death.^[4][5] At present, Fengdu and the temples on Mount Tai have been rebuilt into tourist attractions, incorporating artistic depictions of hell and the afterlife. Some Chinese folk religion planchette writings, such as the Taiwanese novel Journeys to the Under-World, say that new hells with new punishments are created as the world changes and that there is a City of Innocent Deaths (Chinese: 枉死城; pinyin: Wǎng Sǐ Chéng) designed to house those who died with grievances that have yet to be redressed.^[6]

Ten Courts of Hell

Ming dynasty (16th century) glazed earthenware figurines representing three of the ten Yama Kings.

Entrance to the "Ten Courts of Hell" attraction in Haw Par Villa, Singapore. The Ox-Headed (right) and Horse-Faced (left) Hell Guards stand guard at the entrance.

The concept of the "Ten Courts of Hell" (Chinese: 十殿閻羅; pinyin: Shídiàn Yánluó) began after Chinese folk religion was influenced by Buddhism. In Chinese mythology, the Jade Emperor put Yama in charge of overseeing the affairs of Diyu. There are 12,800 hells located under the earth – eight dark hells, eight cold hells and 84,000 miscellaneous hells located at the edge of the universe. All will go to Diyu after death but the period of time one spends in Diyu is not indefinite – it depends on the severity of the sins one committed. After receiving due punishment, one will eventually be sent for reincarnation. In the meantime, souls pass from stage to stage at Yama's decision. Yama also reduced the number of hells to ten. He divided Diyu into ten courts, each overseen by a "Yama King", while he remained as the sovereign ruler of Diyu.

Capital

Among the various other geographic features believed of Diyu, the capital city has been thought to be named Youdu. It is generally conceived as being similar to a typical Chinese capital city, such as Chang'an, but surrounded with and pervaded with darkness.

Eighteen Levels of Hell

The headless ghost of Yue Fei confronting the recently deceased spirit of Qin Hui in the Sixth Court. The plaque held by the attendant on the left reads: "Qin Hui's ten wicked crimes." From a 19th-century Chinese Hell Scroll.

The concept of the eighteen hells started in the Tang dynasty. The Buddhist text Wen Diyu Jing (問地獄經) mentioned 134 worlds of hell, but was simplified to the Eighteen Levels of Hell for convenience. Sinners feel pain and agony just like living humans when they are subjected to the tortures listed below. They cannot "die" from the torture because when the ordeal is over, their bodies will be restored to their original states for the torture to be repeated. The following is a list of common punishments and tortures in the hells:

• Mountain of Knives: Sinners are thrown off cliffs and land on mountainous terrain with sharp blades sticking out. Some depictions show offenders climbing trees with knives or sharp thorns sticking out of trunks and branches.
• Cauldron torture: Sinners are fried in cauldrons of oil.
• Dismemberment: Sinners are dismembered by various means, including sawing, slicing into half, mashing/pounding into pulp, being crushed by rocks/boulders, being run over by vehicles, etc.
• Grinding torture: Sinners are put into a grinding machine and ground into a bloody pulp.
• Burning: Sinners are set aflame or cast into infernos.
• Paolao torture: Sinners are stripped naked and tied to a large hollow metal cylinder with a fire lit at its base.
• Boiling liquid torture: Boiling liquids are forced down sinners' throats or poured on parts of their bodies.
• Tortures involving removal of body parts or organs: Tongue ripping, eye gouging, teeth extraction, heart digging, disembowelment, skinning, etc.
• Ice World: Sinners are frozen in ice. Some depictions show unclothed sinners suffering frostbite in an icy world. Their bodies eventually fall apart or break into pieces.
• Scales and hooks torture: Sinners are pierced with hooks and hung upside-down. Some depictions show sinners having nails hammered into their bodies.
• Pool of Blood: Sinners are cast into a pool of filthy blood, where they drown. Blood spills from all bodily orifices.
• Tortures involving animals: Sinners are trampled by cattle, gored by animals with horns or tusks, mauled or eaten by predators, stung or bitten by poisonous species, etc.
• Avīci: The period of suffering in this chamber is the longest. It is reserved for sinners who have committed heinous crimes, including the Five Grave Offences.

Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment. Some religious or literature books say that wrongdoers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death.^{[7][8][9][10][11][12]}

Alternate names

Among the more common Chinese names for the Underworld are:

• Difu (Chinese: 地府; pinyin: Dìfǔ; Wade–Giles: Ti⁴-fu³), "Earth Mansion".
• Huangquan (simplified Chinese: 黄泉; traditional Chinese: 黃泉; pinyin: Huángquán; Wade–Giles: Huang²-ch'üan²), "Yellow Springs", called yomi in Japanese.
• Yinjian (simplified Chinese: 阴间; traditional Chinese: 陰間; pinyin: Yīnjiān; Wade–Giles: Yin¹-chien¹; literally: "Yin dimension"), "Land of Shade".
• Yinfu (simplified Chinese: 阴府; traditional Chinese: 陰府; pinyin: Yīnfǔ; Wade–Giles: Yin¹-fu³), "Shady Mansion".
• Yinsi (simplified Chinese: 阴司; traditional Chinese: 陰司; pinyin: Yīnsī; Wade–Giles: Yin¹-szu¹), "Shady Office".
• Senluo Dian (simplified Chinese: 森罗殿; traditional Chinese: 森羅殿; pinyin: Sēnluódiàn; Wade–Giles: Sen¹-lo² Tien⁴), "Court of Senluo".
• Yanluo Dian (simplified Chinese: 阎罗殿; traditional Chinese: 閻羅殿; pinyin: Yánluódiàn; Wade–Giles: Yan²-lo² Tien⁴), "Court of Yanluo".
• Jiuquan (Chinese: 九泉; pinyin: Jiǔquán; Wade–Giles: Chiu³-ch'üan²), "Nine Springs".
• Zhongquan (Chinese: 重泉; pinyin: Zhòngquán; Wade–Giles: Chung⁴-ch'üan²), "Heavy Spring".
• Quanlu (Chinese: 泉路; pinyin: Quánlù; Wade–Giles: Ch'üan²-lu⁴), "Road to the Spring".
• Youming (Chinese: 幽冥; pinyin: Yōumíng; Wade–Giles: Yu¹-ming²), "Serene Darkness".
• Yourang (Chinese: 幽壤; pinyin: Yōurǎng; Wade–Giles: Yu¹-jang³), "Serene Land".
• Huokang (Chinese: 火炕; pinyin: Huǒkàng; Wade–Giles: Huo³-kang⁴), "Fire Pit".
• Jiuyou (Chinese: 九幽; pinyin: Jiǔyōu; Wade–Giles: Chiu³-yu¹), "Nine Serenities".
• Jiuyuan (Chinese: 九原; pinyin: Jiǔyuán; Wade–Giles: Chiu³-yüan²), "Nine Origins".
• Mingfu (Chinese: 冥府; pinyin: Míngfǔ; Wade–Giles: Ming²-fu³), "Dark Mansion".
• Mingjie (Chinese: 冥界; pinyin: Míngjiè; Wade–Giles: Ming²-chieh⁴), "Dark Realm", "Underworld".
• Kujing (Chinese: 苦境; pinyin: Kǔjìng; Wade–Giles: K`u³-ching⁴), "Dire Straits", "(Place of) Grievance".
• Abi (Chinese: 阿鼻; pinyin: Ābí; Wade–Giles: A¹-pi²), "Avīci", the hell of uninterrupted torture, last and deepest of the Eight Hot Narakas.
• Zugen (Chinese: 足跟; pinyin: Zúgēn; Wade–Giles: Tsu²-ken¹), "Heel".
• Fengdu Cheng (simplified Chinese: 丰都城; traditional Chinese: 酆都城; pinyin: Fēngdū Chéng; Wade–Giles: Feng¹-tu¹ Ch'eng²), a reference to the Fengdu Ghost City.

Other terminology related to hell includes:

• Naihe Qiao (simplified Chinese: 奈何桥; traditional Chinese: 奈何橋; pinyin: Nàihé Qiáo; Wade–Giles: Nai⁴-ho² Ch'iao²), "Bridge of Helplessness", a bridge every soul has to cross before entering the Underworld, just like the Styx in Greek mythology.
• Wang Xiang Tai (simplified Chinese: 望乡台; traditional Chinese: 望鄉臺; pinyin: Wàng Xiāng Tái; Wade–Giles: Wang⁴ Hsiang¹ T'ai²), "Home-Viewing Pavilion", a pavilion every soul passes by on his/her journey to the Underworld. From there, they can see their families and loved ones in the world of the living.
• Youguo (simplified Chinese: 油锅; traditional Chinese: 油鍋; pinyin: Yóu Guō; Wade–Giles: Yu²-kuo¹), "Oil Cauldron", one of the tortures in hell.
• Santu (simplified Chinese: 三涂; traditional Chinese: 三塗; pinyin: Sān Tú; Wade–Giles: San¹-t'u²), the "Three Tortures": Fire Torture (simplified Chinese: 火涂; traditional Chinese: 火塗; pinyin: Huǒ Tú; Wade–Giles: Huo³-t'u²), Blade Torture (simplified Chinese: 刀涂; traditional Chinese: 刀塗; pinyin: Dāo Tú; Wade–Giles: Tao¹-t'u²), Blood Torture (simplified Chinese: 血涂; traditional Chinese: 血塗; pinyin: Xuě Tú; Wade–Giles: Hsüeh³-t'u²; literally: "spilling of blood").

See also

• Naraka (Buddhism), the Buddhist concept of Hell which is related to the Chinese concept of Diyu
• Yama (East Asia), the wrathful deity who rules Hell in East Asian mythology
• Ksitigarbha, a bodhisattva who vowed never to achieve buddhahood until the hells are emptied
• Maudgalyayana, one of the Buddha's disciples and the protagonist of the Chinese tale Mulian Rescues His Mother
• Meng Po, a deity who serves souls a potion that makes them forget their past lives before they go for reincarnation
• Ox-Head and Horse-Face, hell guards in Chinese mythology
• Heibai Wuchang, hell guards in Chinese mythology
• Ghost Festival, a traditional Buddhist and Taoist festival celebrated in some Asian countries
• Hell money, joss paper designed to resemble banknotes and meant to be burnt as offerings to the dead
• Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum), a Japanese scroll depicting hells, kept at the Nara National Museum
• Journeys to the Under-World, a Taiwanese novel narrating a journey through Diyu

References

External links

• 18層地獄：看看你會進幾層 (18 Levels of Hell: See which level you will end up in). xinhuanet.com (in Chinese). 12 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
• 佛說十八泥犁經 (The Buddha speaks about the eighteen hells). Digital Library & Museum of Buddhist Studies (in Chinese). College of Liberal Arts,

Underworlds/Hells
	Aztec mythology Mictlan Buddhism Naraka Chinese mythology Diyu Persian mythology Duzakh Christianity Lake of fire Outer darkness Purgatory Limbo Hades Hell Ancient Egyptian religion Duat Germanic and Norse paganism Hel(heim) Náströnd Niflheim Niflhel Greek and Roman mythology Asphodel Meadows Elysium Erebus Fortunate Isles Hades Orcus Tartarus Hinduism Naraka Patala Islam Barzakh Jahannam Irish mythology Tech Duinn Tír na nÓg Jainism Naraka Judaism Abaddon Azazel Dudael Gehenna Sheol Tehom Tophet Tzoah Rotachat Maya mythology Xibalba Mesopotamian mythology Irkalla Slavic mythology Nav Shinto Yomi Turkic-Mongolian Erlik Welsh mythology Annwn