Economy of Beijing

Beijing's economy ranks among the most developed and prosperous in China. In 2013, the municipality's nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was CN￥1.95 trillion (US$314 billion). It was about 3.43% of the country's total output, and ranked 13th among province-level administrative units.[1] Per capita GDP, at CN￥93,213 (US$15,051) in nominal terms and Int$21,948 at purchasing power parity, was 2.2 times the national average and ranked second among province-level administrative units.[2] The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominated by the tertiary sector (services), which generated 76.9% of output, followed by the secondary sector (manufacturing, construction) at 22.2% and the primary sector (agriculture, mining) at 0.8%. The economy, which tripled in size from 2004 to 2012,[3] grew at an annual rate of 7.7% in 2013.[4] Owing to the concentration of state owned enterprises in the national capital, Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world.[3] The city also ranked No. 4 in the number of billionaire residents after Moscow, New York and Hong Kong.[3] In 2012, PricewaterhouseCoopers rated Beijing's overall economic influence as No. 1 in China.[5]

Beijing is home to 52 Fortune Global 500 companies, the most in the world,[6] and over 100 of the largest companies in China.[7]

Finance is one of the most important industries.[8] By the end of 2007, there were 751 financial organizations in Beijing generating revenue of 128.6 billion RMB, 11.6% of the total financial industry revenue of the entire country. That also accounts for 13.8% of Beijing's GDP, the highest percentage of any Chinese city.[9]

In 2010, Beijing's nominal GDP reached 1.37 trillion RMB. Its per capita GDP was 78,194 RMB. In 2009, Beijing's nominal GDP was 1.19 trillion RMB (US$174 billion), a growth of 10.1% over the previous year. Its GDP per capita was 68,788 RMB (US$10,070), an increase of 6.2% over 2008. In 2009, Beijing's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 11.83 billion RMB, 274.31 billion RMB, and 900.45 billion RMB respectively. Urban disposable income per capita was 26,738 yuan, a real increase of 8.1% from the previous year. Per capita pure income of rural residents was 11,986 RMB, a real increase of 11.5%.[10] The Engel's coefficient of Beijing's urban residents reached 31.8% in 2005, while that of the rural residents was 32.8%, declining 4.5 and 3.9 percentage points respectively compared to 2000.

Beijing's real estate and automobile sectors have continued to boom in recent years. In 2005, a total of 28,032,000 square metres (301,730,000 sq ft) of housing real estate was sold, for a total of 175.88 billion RMB. The total number of cars registered in Beijing in 2004 was 2,146,000, of which 1,540,000 were privately owned (a yearly increase of 18.7%).[11]

The Beijing central business district (CBD), centered on the Guomao area, has been identified as the city's new central business district, and is home to a variety of corporate regional headquarters, shopping precincts, and high-end housing. Beijing Financial Street, in the Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen area, is a traditional financial center. The Wangfujing and Xidan areas are major shopping districts. Zhongguancun, dubbed "China's Silicon Valley", continues to be a major center in electronics and computer-related industries, as well as pharmaceuticals-related research. Meanwhile, Yizhuang, located to the southeast of the urban area, is becoming a new center in pharmaceuticals, information technology, and materials engineering.[12] Shijingshan, on the western outskirts of the city, is among the major industrial areas.[13] Specially designated industrial parks include Zhongguancun Science Park, Yongle Economic Development Zone, Beijing Economic-technological Development Area, and Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone.

Agriculture is carried on outside the urban area, with wheat and maize (corn) being the main crops. Vegetables are also grown closer to the urban area in order to supply the city.

Beijing is increasingly becoming known for its innovative entrepreneurs and high-growth startup companies. This culture is backed by a large community of both Chinese and foreign venture capital firms, such as Sequoia Capital, whose head office in China is in Chaoyang, Beijing. Though Shanghai is seen as the economic center of China, this is typically based on the numerous large corporations based there, rather than for being a center for entrepreneurship.

Less legitimate enterprises also exist. Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates and international visitors.[14]

The development of Beijing continues at a rapid pace, and the vast expansion has created a multitude of problems for the city. Beijing is known for its smog as well as the frequent "power-saving" programmes instituted by the government. To reduce air pollution, a number of major industries have been ordered to reduce emissions or leave the city. Beijing Capital Steel, once one of the city's largest employers and its single biggest polluter, has been relocating most of its operations to Tangshan, in nearby Hebei Province.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ GDP-2013 are quarterly figures according to provisional data of China NBS (China NBS National DATA - quarterly figures (中文) or China Statistical database - Quarterly Data (English)); the comparable data of the world economies sources materials from IMF - WEO - Database April 2014; the annual average exchange rate CN￥6.1932 to USD 1 in 2013; for purchasing power parity, CNY 4.247 is equal to intl$.1 in 2013 according to IMF - WEO - Database April 2014.
  2. ↑ GDP per capita figures are according to the 2013 Statistical Communiqué of the provinces on National Economic and Social Development, The annual average exchange rate is CNY 6.1932 per US dollar; purchasing power parity (PPP) figures are according to April 2014 IMF data. CNY 4.247 is equivalent to Intl. $ 1.
  3. 1 2 3 "Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued, what to expect next?" August 2013
  4. ↑ (Chinese) 国家统计局北京调查总队, "北京市2013年国民经济和社会发展统计公报", 北京市统计局 2014-02-13
  5. ↑ "Beijing tops PwC's list of cities' economic clout". China Daily. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  6. ↑ "Global 500 2009: Cities". Fortune. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  7. ↑ "Beijing @ The China Perspective". Thechinaperspective.com. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  8. ↑ "Beijing's Bankosphere". bankosphere.com. 11 August 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  9. ↑ 北京市金融业发展新闻发布会. zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn (in Chinese). 27 July 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  10. ↑ "Beijing annual GDP per capita hit $6,000". Beijing2008.cn. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  11. ↑ "Urban Construction". Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  12. ↑ "Statistical Communique on the 2003 National Economic and Social Development of the City of Beijing". Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. 12 February 2004. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  13. ↑ "ShiJingShan". Beijing Economic Information Center. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  14. ↑ "Pirates weave tangled web on 'Spidey'". The Hollywood Reporter. Reuters. 27 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  15. ↑ "Capital Steel opens new branch to step up eastward relocation". People's Daily Online. 23 October 2005.
  16. ↑ Spencer, Richard (18 July 2008). "Beijing abandons Mao's dream of workers' paradise". The Daily Telegraph. London.
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