Battle of Elsenborn Ridge
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The Battle of Elsenborn Ridge was the only sector of the American front lines during the Battle of the Bulge where the Germans failed to advance.[1]:33 The battle centered on the Elsenborn Ridge east of Elsenborn, Belgium in the Ardennes forest. West of Elsenborn Ridge, near the cities of Liège and Spa, Belgium, was a vast array of Allied supplies and the well-developed road network leading to the Meuse River and Antwerp. The Germans planned on using two key rollbahns or routes through the area to seize Antwerp and force a separate peace with the United States and Britain.[2]:259–271 Capturing Monschau and the nearby village of Höfen, and the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt just east of Elsenborn Ridge, were key to the success of the German plans, and Hitler committed his best armored units and infantry troops to the area, including the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend.
The green, untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division had been placed in the sector during mid-November because the Allies thought it was an area unlikely to see battle. Their soldiers were stretched thin over a 22-mile front, and all three regiments were on line, with no reserve. In early December, the 2nd Infantry Division was assigned to capture a vital crossroads marked by a customs house and a forester’s lodge named Wahlerscheid, at the southern tip of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. They transitioned through the 99th division's lines and after a deadly, costly battle, captured the crossroads. But the Germans counterattacked in what the Americans initially thought was a localized spoiling action, but was actually a leading element of the Battle of the Bulge. The 2nd ID consolidated their lines, pulling back into Hünningen, and then to the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt, and finally at the dug-in positions held by the 99th ID at Elsenborn Ridge.
In a fierce battle lasting 10 days, the American and German lines were often confused. During the first three days, the battle was for the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt, during which American G.I.s were at times isolated in individual buildings surrounded by German armor. Attacking Elsenborn Ridge itself, the Germans, although superior in numbers, were stopped by the Americans' well-prepared and deeply dug-in defensive positions. The German attack plans were not well coordinated and frustrated by the rugged terrain, built-up areas around the twin villages, and massed American artillery firepower positioned behind Elsenborn ridge. U.S. artillery batteries repeatedly pounded the German advance. While the Germans employed an effective combined arms tactic and penetrated the U.S. lines several times, the Americans called in indirect fire on their own positions, pushing the Germans back. U.S. reserve forces consisting of clerks and headquarters personnel were rushed in at one point to reinforce the 395th Infantry Regiment's lines. Although the Germans possessed superior armor, they were held in check by the innovative American tactics including better communication, coordinated time on target artillery strikes, new proximity fuses for artillery shells, and superior air power.
The Sixth Panzer Army was unable to break through and advance to its immediate objectives on the Meuse River. The stubborn American resistance forced Kampfgruppe Peiper to choose an alternative route well south of Monschau and Elsenborn Ridge. As a result, the German forces were strung out over miles of winding, single-track roads, unable to concentrate their armored units. Peiper's units were repeatedly stymied by U.S. Army Engineers, who blew essential bridges along their route of advance. One column of roughly 40 tanks and support vehicles was destroyed on 17 December when they were discovered by an L4 air observer of the 62nd AFA Bn, assigned to the 102nd Cavalry Group. They were attacked by the 62nd's 105 howitzers mounted on M7 SP's, Corps 155's and Army 240's.[3]:410–411 The Panzers finally reached the Ambleve River, only about halfway to the Meuse River, but could not advance when they ran out of fuel. Food and ammunition also ran low. After 10 days, the German forces had been reduced to an ineffective strength and withdrew. The Americans had about 5,000 casualties; while exact German losses are not known, they included significant amounts of armor. While the Americans had considerable supplies and enough troops to re-equip their forces, German losses couldn't be replaced.
Background
Monschau lay on the very northernmost sector of the German offensive. Capturing it, the nearby town of Höfen, and the twin villages of Krinkelt-Rocherath were critical to the success of the German offensive because of the road network that lay to their west. The Germans had planned a seven-day campaign to seize Antwerp, and they were counting on the good quality road system to the west of Monschau and Elsenborn Ridge to help them achieve that objective.[4]
From Monschau highways led north and south, and east and west. A key road led directly northwest 27 kilometres (17 mi) to Eupen where the V Corps headquarters was located. That same road continued on 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) further to Liège where General Courtney Hodges maintained the First Army Headquarters. This included the vast supply depots positioned in the Namur-Liège areas.
On 16 December the only combat unit guarding the highway to Eupen was the 38th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron.[4]
German units and plans in the north
"We gamble everything!" were the words used by Gerd von Rundstedt, commander-in-chief of the German Western Front,[3]:97 to describe Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ("Watch on the Rhine"). Adolf Hitler first officially outlined his surprise counter-offensive to his astonished generals on September 16, 1944. The assault's ambitious goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Army Group B (Model) by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the Meuse between Liège and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Schelde estuary by the fourth day.[2]:1–64[5] The Germans had designated five rollbahns or routes through the sector near Elsenborn which would give them direct access to the road network leading to the valuable port of Antwerp, splitting the allied American and British armies. Hitler believed the attack would inflame rivalries between the Americans and the British.[3]:19–20 He felt certain the two countries would negotiate a peace as a result. His generals tried to persuade him to set a less ambitious goal, but he was adamant.[6]:216 As they had done in 1914 and 1940, they planned to attack through the Losheim Gap in Belgium.
Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to Sepp Dietrich’s 6th Panzer Army, while the 5th Panzer Army was to attack to their south, covering their flank.The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and were assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp.[2]:1–64 The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps.[7]:8[8]:69 Hitler personally designated a group of 70 short tons (64 t), 128mm Jagdtiger tank destroyers from the 653rd Heavy Panzerjäger Battalion to assist with the attack, although their rail transport was held up by American air attacks.[8]:73
The German troops holding the region around Monschau were part of the LXVII Armeekorps led by General der Infanterie Otto Hitzfeld. They had been placed under the command of the Sixth Panzer Army in preparation for Wacht Am Rhein. The LXVII Armeekorps sector covered about 32 kilometres (20 mi), from a point just south of Vossenack 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Monschau, to a point southeast of Camp d’Elsenborn in the south. Although it occupied a critical junction, Field Marshal Walter Model forbid German artillery from firing on the resort village of Monschau, known for its ancient timbered buildings and as a site for honeymooners and artists.[8]:73
The Sixth Panzer Army was set to attack in two waves. The first wave included the LXVII Corps and the newly organized 272nd Volksgrenadier and 326th Volksgrenadier Divisions. Also part of the attack the I SS Panzer Corps, with the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and 12th SS Panzer Division, the 12th Volksgrenadier Division and 277th Volksgrenadier Division, and the 3rd Fallschirmjäger Division.
The plan also included Operation Stößer, a paratrooper drop deep behind the American lines in the High Fens at the Baraque Michel crossroads 7 miles (11 km) north of Malmedy. Their objective was to seize terrain and bridges ahead of the main body after the two corps broke through the American defenses The drop was set for 03:00 on 17 December and they were to hold the crossroads for 24 hours until the arrival of the 12th SS Panzer Division.
The Sixth Panzer Army's 1,000-plus artillery pieces and 90 Tiger tanks made it the strongest force deployed. Although Dietrich's initial sector frontage was only 23 miles, his assault concentrated on less than half that ground. Relying on at least a 6:1 troop superiority at the breakthrough points, he expected to overwhelm the Americans and reach the Meuse River by nightfall of the third day.[9]
According to Dietrich's plan, the LXVII Corps would secure the Sixth Panzer Army's northern flank. By sidestepping Monschau to seize the area of poor roads, forested hills, and upland moors of the Hohe Venn, the LXVII's two divisions would block the main roads leading into the breakthrough area from the north and east. Simultaneously, the I SS Panzer Corps to the south would use its three infantry divisions to punch holes in the American line and swing northwesterly to join the left flank of the LXVII Corps. Together, the five divisions would form a solid shoulder, behind which the panzers of the I and II SS Panzer Corps would advance along the Sixth Panzer Army's routes leading west and northwest.[9]
The LXVII Armeekorps was composed of the 326th and the 246th Volksgrenadier Division. The 326th was designated to take the area north and south of Monschau, which Field Marshal Walter Model had directed should be spared destruction. The 246th was tasked with taking Höfen and Monschau and nearby villages and then driving northwest to seize the Eupen road.[6]
The I SS Panzer Korps included the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte and the 12th SS Panzer Division. The 1st had been formed from Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard regiment. It had the primary responsibility for breaking through the Allied lines and reaching the Meuse River and then Antwerp, Belgium. Major General Engel’s 12th SS Panzer Division was composed of junior officers and enlisted men who had been drawn from members of the Hitler Youth, while its senior NCOs and officers were generally veterans of the Eastern Front. The I SS Panzer Korp was given the critical role of breaking through two east-west roads in the northern sector of the Ardennes, code-named Rollbahn C and D.[6]:216
The Germans hoped to preserve their armor by attacking the American lines with infantry, followed up by the armor. The 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division and the 277th Volksgrenadier division was given the vital role of pushing the Americans out of the twin villages of Krinkelt-Rocherath in the north. This would allow the Deitrich’s Sixth Army to attack west over Rollbahn C.[10] To the south, the 3rd Fallschirmjäger Division and the 12th Volksgrenadier Division were in charge of opening the way to Rollbahn D for Kampfgruppe SS Standartenführer Joachim Peiper's 1st SS Division Leibstandarte.[6]:216
Dietrich planned to commit his third corps, the II SS Panzer Corps, with the II SS Panzer Division and 9th SS Panzer Divisions, in the second wave. Once I SS Panzer had broken the American lines, the 2nd Panzer Division would exploit the opening. Among the thirty-eight Waffen-SS divisions, it was an elite Waffen-SS unit. The 9th Panzer Division was an armored division formed of 18-year-old German conscripts led by a cadre of experienced staff from the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte. Only minor units of the II SS Panzer Corps were involved in the initial assault and the rest of the corps was committed to major action near St. Vith on 21 December 1944. When the northern assault stalled, the corps was transferred south to help take Bastogne, where it suffered heavy losses.[6]:216
von Rundstedt believed the operation would decide the outcome of the war. A German document captured by the 394th Inf. Regt. on Dec. 16 contained his orders:[11]
Soldiers of the West Front: Your great hour has struck. Strong attacking armies are advancing today against the Anglo-Americans. I don't need to say more to you. You all feel it. Everything is at stake. You bear in yourselves a holy duty to give everything and to achieve the superhuman for our fatherland and our Fuhrer!
Initial Allied positions
The American defenders around Elsenborn had six weeks to prepare their defensive positions, but they were covering a very large area closely following the International Highway from near Monschau, Germany, south nearly 19 miles (31 km) to Losheimergraben, Belgium, with meager forces. There were insufficient troops to prepare defensive positions, and the Americans could only maintain a series of strongpoints, with unoccupied and undefended gaps along the entire line, and some gaps in the line were only patrolled. Except for their positions around Höfen, the 99th ID's lines lay within a thick coniferous forest carpeted with a blanket of snow.[12]
The 99th Division and its three regiments, the 393rd, 394th, and the 395th, had not yet fired their weapons in battle. They were arrayed in towns and villages to the east and south of Elsenborn Ridge.[13]
- Monschau to Höfen
In early November, the 102d Cavalry Group and the 38th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, about 900 troops each, attached to the 102nd Cavalry Group, were assigned to defend the front lines to the north of Elsenborn Ridge from Monschau to Höfen, Germany. The 38th Cavalry was responsible for about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the front lines from Monschau to Höfen. Some of the 38th Cavalry Squadron's positions lay within about 200 yards (180 m) from the German bunkers on the Siegfried Line.
Next to the 38th Cavalry Squadron, the similarly-sized 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry, 99th Infantry Division, occupied a 1,000 yards (910 m) front on the eastern side of the village of Hofen. To the southeast of the 38th Cavalery, the 99th ID held a line dug into the forest along a line about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Krinkelt-Rocherath, roughly following the International Highway, stretching from Höfen, Germany, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) to Losheimergraben, Belgium, in the south.
Stretched thin, the lines of the 394th were more than 800 metres (2,600 ft) from the German lines. Each regiment was responsible for protecting approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) of front, roughly equivalent to one front-line infantry man every 91 metres (299 ft).[14] They had no reserves. There were many gaps in the line. Lt. Col. McClernand Butler, commanding officer of the 395th, later wrote:
| “ | That is three to four times wider than recommended by Army textbooks. I never dreamed that we would have a defensive position of this size without any backup or help from our division or regiment. When I got to Höfen, I found the area too big to cover in one afternoon. So I stayed in the village overnight."[15]:79 | ” |
Butler held a single platoon of 40 men from Company L in reserve. In the event of an emergency, the battalion headquarters and company administrative personnel, including clerks and motor-pool staff, were to join the platoon, creating a small reserve force of about 100 men. If the Germans penetrated Höfen, the U.S. soldiers would have to withdraw several miles to the next defensible position.[16]
On December 14, the veteran soldiers of Company A, 612th Tank Destroyer Battalion, dispersed its twelve towed 3-inch guns throughout the defensive system of Butler's Regiment around Höfen. They prepared firing positions against any forces approaching the road network and the village of Rohren, northeast of Höfen, which lay in the path of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division's planned line of attack towards the crossroads near Wahlerscheid and from which they anticipated a counterattack. The guns were sited well forward and covered in sheets as camouflage and for protection against the falling snow. The cannons could fire both high-explosive anti-personnel and armor-piercing shells.[13]
- Hofen to Büllingen
With such a long front to watch over, Maj. Gen. Walter E. Lauer found it necessary to place all three regiments on line. The 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 395th Infantry Regiment in the north, about 600 front-line infantry men, held a position about 6,000 yards (5,500 m) long and had no units in reserve.[14]
The infantry at Höfen lay in a long line of foxholes along 910 metres (2,990 ft) of the front on the eastern side of the village, backed up by dug-in support positions. These would later prove instrumental in defending themselves from the attacking Germans and in protecting themselves when their own artillery fired on or just in front of their own positions, which happened at least six times over the next few weeks.[14]
The 99th ID used the relative quiet of the front to prepare an extensive defensive system, including redundant lines of communication, precise positioning of weapons to provide interlocking grazing fire, and aggressive patrols that kept the Germans off guard. They also carefully integrated artillery support that was planned and registered on likely targets based on the squadron's obstacles and likely enemy approaches.[4] The 393rd Regiment held the center and the 394th watched over the south.
- Büllingen to Lanzerath
The American's defensive line in the Ardennes had a gap south of Losheimergraben. General Leonard T. Gerow, in command of V Corps, recognized this area as a possible avenue of attack by the Germans.[17] This area, which lay between V Corps and Troy H. Middleton's VIII Corps, was undefended; just patrolled by jeep. The patrols in the northern part of the area were conducted by the 99th Infantry Division's 394th Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon, whereas those in the south were conducted by the 18th Cavalry Squadron, 14th Cavalry Group, which was attached to the 106th Infantry Division of the VIII Corps.
On December 10, an 18-man reconnaissance platoon led by 20-year-old Lt. Lyle Bouck, the second youngest man in the unit,[18]:84 was ordered by Major Robert Kriz, the 394/99 commanding officer, to a new position, about 6 miles (9.7 km) south east of Hünningen, near Lanzerath, Belgium, a village of about 15 homes. The village lay at a critical road junction in the northern part of the Losheim Gap. The 18-man unit was charged by Kriz with plugging a 5 miles (8.0 km) gap in the front line between the 106th Division to the south and the 99th Division to the north. The only reserve was the 394th Infantry Regiment's 3rd Battalion, which was at Bucholz Station. Behind them lay roads that would give the enemy rapid access to the Army's rear and allow them to easily flank the thinly placed 99th Division.[19]:58 They were accompanied by four U.S. Forward Artillery Observers,
The reconnaissance platoon was reinforced by Task Force X, made up of four towed three-inch guns from the 2nd Platoon, Company A, 820th Tank Destroyer Battalion, which was attached to the 14th Cavalry Group, 106th Infantry Division. They were reinforced by the 22 men of the 820th's 2nd Recon Platoon, commanded by Lieutenant John Arculeer, who were mounted on an armored half-track and two jeeps.[7]:25
By mid-December, the troops were well dug in and had wired their positions with trip flares and barbed wire. The weather was unusually calm and bone-chilling cold. Between 19 December 1944 and 31 January 1945, the average maximum temperature on the front lines in Europe was 33.5 °F. (0.83 °C.), and the average minimum temperature 22.6 °F. (−5.2 °C.).[20]
Battle of Heartbreak Crossroads
The Battle of Heartbreak Crossroads, part of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest and the attempt to capture the Roer River dams, was fought at a vital crossroads near a forester's cabin named Wahlerscheid, astride the West Wall that ran along the Hoefen-Alzen and Dreiborn ridges, about 5.6 miles (9.0 km) north of Krinkelt-Rocherath.[21]:610 In early December, the U.S. V Corps trucked the experienced 2nd Infantry Division from positions it had held in the south to Krinkelt-Rocherath, twin villages near the southern tip of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. On the eastern side of the West Wall was an excellent road network leading to the Roer River dams a few miles to the northeast and the Allies' next goal. The Americans were assigned with capturing the crossroads with the goal of destroying the dams, or failing that, force the Germans to blow them up.[22]
After attacking for two days without any results, on 14 December two U.S. squads crawling on their stomachs found a way through the well-emplaced German guns on the south side of the road. They cut the barbed wire and forged a path between the German defenses. They penetrated a trench line behind the pill boxes and held off German patrols for five hours, but when darkness fell they returned to the American lines. On 15 December, an American patrol advanced once more through the breach in the barbed wire and captured a portion of the trench line. They alerted the regimental command post, and Colonel Higgens, commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, led two companies of GIs into the trenches behind the pill boxes. By the early morning of December 16, the 9th Infantry Regiment pressed the attack another 1,500 yards (1,400 m) against stubborn resistance and captured the crossroads and the road network around it.[22] They gained control of the crossroads, but didn't have sufficient TNT on hand to destroy the pillboxes.[22]
During the night of the 16th and dawn of the 17th, the Germans attacked to the east of Rocherath and Krinkelt and made a deep penetration. They were liable at any moment to come bursting out of the forest. Robertson ordered the 2nd ID with its heavy weapons and vehicles to withdraw to the twin villages. The 99th Division had already put its last reserve into the battle. The 2nd ID with the attached 395th were the only units in line defend the endangered sector of the corridor south of Wahlerscheid.[2]
The 9th Infantry Regiment pulled back to another crossroads in the forest at Baracken, about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the south of the cross roads at Wahlerscheid.[23] The other 2nd ID units moved south through the area near the twin villages. Robertson moved his headquarters from Wirtzfeld, south and west of the twin villages, to Elsenborn, just west of the ridge line. Robertson also informed General Leonard T. Gerow, commander of V Corps, that he intended to hold the twin villages until troops east of the villages had retreated through them to the ridge line, which then would become the next line of defense. This defensive line was intended to safeguard the key high ground on Elsenborn Ridge from the German advance.
German attack
The spearhead of the attack, SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich’s 6th Panzer Army, was led by 1st SS Panzer Division consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, including 35 Panthers, 45 Panzer IVs, 45 Tiger IIs, 149 half-tracks, 18 105mm artillery, 6 150mm artillery, and 30 anti-aircraft weapons.
The German's initial position was east of the German-Belgium border and the Siegfried Line near Losheim. Peiper's unit was assigned responsibility for the key route on the northern part of the offensive, attacking roughly along the line of the Albert Canal from Aachen to Antwerp. Dietrich's plan was for the Sixth Panzer Division to follow 12th Volksgrenadier Division infantry who were tasked with capturing the villages and towns immediately west of the International Highway along the Lanzerath-Losheimergraben road and to advance northwest on Losheimergraben. From there they would capture Bucholz Station and then drive 72 miles (116 km) through Honsfeld, Büllingen, and a group of villages named Trois-Ponts, to connect to Belgian Route Nationale N-23, and cross the River Meuse.[19]:70 They planned to reach the Meuse in three days.
German main line of advance
On the morning of Saturday, 16 December, a snowstorm blanketed the forests and the temperature dropped to 10 °F (−12 °C). The attack opened with a massive artillery bombardment along a 100 miles (160 km) wide front just before 5:30 AM. When the Germans began their barrage that morning, U.S. commanders initially believed that the German attack was a retaliatory assault in response to the American advance at the Wahlerscheid crossroads. Large numbers of German infantry from the 12th Volksgrenadier Division followed the barrage and attacked, beginning the ground offensive from the International Highway 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the twin villages.[2]:75–106
The northern assault was led by the I SS Panzer Corps, composed of two SS Panzer divisions, and supporting units. The cutting edge of this powerful armored strike force was the 12th SS Panzer Division, which was allotted three of the five Rollbahns allocated to the 1st SS Panzer Corps through the Ardennes forest, the major choke point of the entire drive west.[3]:161–162 Unfortunately for the Germans, during their retreat earlier that autumn they had destroyed the Losheim-Losheimergraben road bridge over the railway. German engineers were slow to repair the Losheim-Losheimergraben road bridge on 16 December, which prevented the Germans from using this route. A railroad overpass they had planned to use could not bear the weight of the German armor, so Peiper directed his lead tank to cross the embankment, but as soon as it reached the top on the far side, Peiper received new orders directing him west along the road through Lanzerath to Bucholz Station.[7]:34 He pulled back and headed for Lanzerath instead.
The infantry advance was also supported by an array of searchlights that lit up the clouds like moonlight allowing the inexperienced German infantry to find their way, but in some locations the German troops, backlit by the searchlights, became easy targets for American forces. These clouds and the snowstorms to follow prevented the superior Allied air forces from attacking German forces and temporarily tipped the operation in the German's favor.[2]:75–106 The American troops in the forward positions near the International Highway were quickly overrun and killed, captured, or even ignored by the Germans, intent on keeping to their time table for a rapid advance towards their eventual goal of Antwerp.[2]:75–106
Elsenborn Ridge became a collection point for ragtag groups of men whose units been broken and scattered at the start of the enemy offensive. With so many troops from different units arriving in every kind of condition, organizing a coherent defense was a huge task, but one that occurred with surprising speed under the circumstances. Intelligence about the attack that reached the Americans was spotty and contradictory. General Lauer, commanding officer of the 99th, ordered Col. Robertson at Wahlerscheid to stay put until at least the next morning when more orders would be forthcoming. Robertson told his men to hold and he also prepared them for an orderly withdrawal in the morning.[2]:75–106
Fighting for Monschau and Höfen
The U.S. 3rd Battalion, 395th IR was positioned about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the north of Elsenborn Ridge near the towns of Monschau and Höfen. From 0525 to 0530 on 16 December, the battalion's positions "in and around Höfen received a heavy barrage of artillery and rockets covering our entire front line."[15]:173 The enemy artillery, Werfers, and mortars fire cut all land-line communication channels between the front-line units and headquarters. Only some radio communications between front line and the heavy weapons company remained intact.
Twenty minutes after the barrage was lifted, at 0555, German infantry from the 753rd Volksgrenadier Regiment, Heeresgruppe B, attacked the 395th in the dark in strength along five different points. The Volksgrenadier were new units formed within the German army in the fall of 1944. They were formed by conscripting boys and elderly men, men previously rejected as physically unfit for service, wounded soldiers returning from hospitals, and transfers from the "jobless" personnel of the quickly shrinking Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe, usually organized around small cadres of hardened veterans.
The German attack concentrated in the battalion's center, between I and K Companies. Another German force attempted to penetrate the Monschau area, immediately north of the Battalion's extreme left flank. Without radio communications between the front-line artillery liaison officer and 196th Field Artillery, their guns could not be brought to bear on the German assault until communication was restored in the midst of the battle at 0650. The 395th was outnumbered five to one and was at times surrounded.[24] They initially pushed the Germans back with machine guns, small arms, mortar fire, and hand-to-hand combat. Without any significant armor support, the 395th stopped the German advance cold. U.S. artillery had registered the forward positions of the U.S. infantry and rained fire on the exposed advancing Germans while the U.S. soldiers remained in their covered foxholes. It was the only sector of the American front line on the Battle of the Bulge where the Germans failed to advance.[1]:33
By 07:45, the Germans withdrew, except for a group of the 753rd Volksgrenadier Regiment who penetrated the Battalion's center. They were soon repulsed. The northern shoulder of the counterattack was the key to three of the German Sixth Panzer Army, commanded by Oberstgruppenführer der Waffen-SS Sepp Dietrich. His Army had been allocated the bulk of the German Army's armored strength for the attack. The German plan was to conserve armor by penetrating the American lines with infantry, followed up by the armored regiments. Dietrich had planned five Rollbahnen, battle routes, through the sector to Antwerp.
Just after noon, at 1235, the Germans launched their attack again, and they were pushed back by artillery and mortar fire. The result of the first day of what would become known as the Battle of the Bulge were 104 Germans dead "in an area 50 yards (46 m) yards in front of our lines to 100 yards (91 m) behind the line, and another 160 wounded counted in front of battalion lines."[15]:173 The 3rd Battalion lost four killed, seven wounded, and four missing. "We learned from a German Lieutenant prisoner of war that the enemy's mission was to take Höfen at all costs."[15]:173
By the afternoon of 17 December, the 395th Regiment realized that the day's action was part of a much larger offensive. At one point in the middle of the next night, a German company commander marched his company of about 200 men up to a house that he thought was unoccupied, and next to a ditch in which an infantryman with a BAR was dug in.
| “ | Once the German officer got there, he called for a meeting of his noncoms—at a spot right in front of this BAR man's foxhole. That was a long night. The BAR man stood it just as long as he could and then he cut loose. The Germans pulled back to organize, and he pulled back to another foxhole. They attacked and he cut them down again. Then he moved back to his original foxhole and the Germans attacked where he’d been. He cut them down again. Then the rest of the men in the eight-man squad got into the act. Come daylight, there was one lieutenant and about eight Germans left.[25] | ” |
During the day of 19 December, a group of about 100 Germans opened a wedge in the American lines about 100 yards (91 m) by 400 yards (370 m) and seized four stone buildings in the village of Höfen. The American's direct rifle and mortar fire failed to dislodge them from the buildings they occupied. The 612th Tank Destroyer Battalion brought their 57mm anti-tank guns to bear directly on them. Follow up attacks with white phosphorus grenades finally caused the remaining 25 Germans to surrender, while 75 were found dead within the buildings. The German attack on the U.S. extreme left flank was repulsed by artillery and rifle fire. Despite the fierce onslaught, the battalion was able to hold onto its reserves, which in any case only consisted of one platoon of forty men from L Company.[15]:173
Withdrawal from Heartbreak Crossroads
By the late evening of 16 December General Leonard T. Gerow, commander of US V Corps, recognized the magnitude of the attack. He first ordered General Walter Robertson, Commander of the 2nd Division, to hold in place and await further orders. Early the next morning he told Robertson to withdraw to a crossroads just north of the twin villages and establish a road block.[26]:221 Robertson's troops were heavily engaged and withdrawal was complicated, but the forces peeled backward from the vital crossroads at Wahlerscheid that had been captured only the day before.
The 9th Infantry Regiment pulled back to the Baracken crossroads in the forest about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the south of the cross roads at Wahlerscheid.[23] The other units moved south through the area near the twin villages. Robertson moved his headquarters from Wirtzfeld, south and west of the twin villages, to Elsenborn, just west of the ridge line. Robertson also informed General Gerow that he intended to hold the twin villages until troops east of the villages had retreated through them to the ridge line, which then would become the next line of defense. This defensive line was intended to safeguard the key high ground on Elsenborn Ridge from the German advance.
To the east of Rocherath and Krinkelt, the Germans had made a deep penetration and were liable at any moment to come bursting out of the forest. The U.S. had to hold the twin villages to allow the 2nd ID with its heavy weapons and vehicles to reach positions around Elsenborn intact. The 99th Division had already put its last reserve into the battle. The 2nd ID with the attached 395th were left to defend the endangered sector of the corridor south.[2]
Attack on Krinkelt-Rocherath
The German 277th Volksgrenadier Division responsible for capturing Krinkelt-Rocherath was composed for the most part of recent, inexperienced and poorly trained infantry conscripts. They were the first German infantry force to advance on the twin villages of Krinkelt-Rocherath, just southeast of Elsenborn Ridge. Rocherath to the north and Krinkelt to the south share the same main street.
To maximize the speed of the operation, and to avoid potential bottlenecks and logistical confusion, the two armored divisions of the 1st SS-Panzer Corps were assigned separate routes west. The 12th SS Hitlerjugend was to utilize three routes (Rollbahn A, B and C) to the north through Elsenborn, Bütgenbach, Malmedy, Spa, and Liège. The 1st SS Leibstandarte was given two routes in the south (Rollbahn D and E) through Losheim, Lieugneville, Vielsalm, Werbomont, and Huy.
The German plan of advance included Rollbahn A passing through a crossroad in the center of Rocherath and Rollbahn B skirting the southern edge of Krinkelt and continuing on toward Wirtzfeld. The German's first objective was to break through the defending line of the inexperienced U.S. 99th Infantry Division and positions of battle-hardened 2nd Infantry Division. Once they cleared the Americans from the twin villages, they needed to seize Elsenborn Ridge so they could control the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to the German troops.[12]
The main drive against Elsenborn Ridge was launched in the forests east of the twin villages on the early morning of 17 December. This attack was begun by tank and Panzergrenadier units of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. The 989th Infantry Regiment of the 277th succeeded, after heavy and costly combat in the woods, in overrunning the forward U.S. positions guarding the trails to the villages, capturing a large number of prisoners and leaving many small units isolated behind the front lines. By 11:00, this attack had driven units of the U.S. 99th Infantry Division back into the area of the twin villages. These units were joined by forces of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division moving into the villages from the north. The German attack swiftly bogged down against the heavy small arms and machine gun fire from prepared positions of the American 99th Infantry Division on their flanks. The 990/277 and 991/277 Infantry Regiments had less success, struggling to get through the dense woods and heavy brush in their path.
At Krinkelt, T/5 Sgt Vernon McGarity was wounded by the early morning artillery barrage. After he was treated, he refused to be evacuated and returned to his squad. He and his squad repulsed four German tanks and their supporting infantry, and McGarity repeatedly braved direct fire to secure ammunition and rescue wounded soldiers. McGarity and his squad held the German forces back for a full day and were only captured on the morning of 17 December when they ran out of ammunition.[27] The German forces also drew a rapid response from U.S. artillery, who had registered the forward positions of their infantry. The artillery rained fire on the exposed advancing Germans while the U.S. troops remained in their covered foxholes.
In another example of the fierce, close fighting, a single soldier was responsible for disabling several tanks during a 24-hour period. On the evening of 17 December in nearby Rocherath, Pfc William A. Soderman of Company K, 9th Infantry, 2nd Infantry Division, heard enemy tanks approaching his position in the early evening. Armed with a bazooka, he calmly waited until five Panthers were within pointblank range. He stood up in the road and fired a rocket into the lead tank, setting it on fire. The other tanks passed him by, but the next morning he repeated his actions. When five more German tanks approached, he jumped onto the road in front of the tanks and disabled the lead tank. The remaining tanks were unable to bypass the lead tank and withdrew. Soderman was severely wounded and received the Medal of Honor for his actions.[28]
The troops around the villages were assisted by tanks from the U.S. 741st Tank Battalion, assisted by a company of the 644th Tank Destroyer Battalion equipped with the M10 tank destroyer, a company of the 612th Tank Destroyer Battalion, and a few towed 3 inch guns from the 801st Tank Destroyer Battalion. They were instrumental in helping hold back the German advance in the hard fighting in and around Rocherath-Krinkelt.[2]
During the night of 17–18 December, the German attack was not well coordinated, carried out as it was by the advance guards of two divisions attacking piecemeal in the dark over unknown terrain against U.S. resistance which completely surprised the Germans.[2]
Fighting over twin villages
Orders from Field Marshal Walter Model and Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt that Elsenborn ridge be captured and the advance of Sixth Panzer Army resume had been pouring down the chain of command into 12th SS Panzer Headquarters.[3]:394–395 General Hermann Priess, commander of the 1st SS Panzer Corps, ordered Waffen-SS Obersturmbannführer Hugo Kraas, Commander of the 12th SS Panzer Division, to take command of all forces facing Elsenborn ridge and capture it.[3]:181–182
The battle-seasoned veteran American tankers resisted repeated attacks by lead elements of the Sixth Panzer Army from 16–19 December. Fighting against the superior German Panther and Tiger tanks, supported by infantry, the battalion fought many small unit engagements. Using their size and mobility to their advantage, they stalked the German tanks in twos and threes until they could destroy or immobilize them with shots from the flanks or rear.
The U.S. withdrawal was hastened by an increasing shortage of ammunition. Fortunately for the defense, three tank destroyers of the U.S. 644th Tank Destroyer Battalion arrived with a good supply of bazookas and anti-tank mines. These reinforcements were put to good use when the 12th SS Panzer Division launched a powerful tank and infantry attack on the twin villages.[3]:166–167 The U.S. forces responded with a powerful artillery barrage supported by mortar fire, bazooka rockets, and anti-tank mines that repelled the German attack around midnight of 18 December.[3]:376–390 The German attack failed to clear a line of advance for the 12th SS.
On 18 December, German infantry and armor resumed their attack on the twin villages. They were supported by the German 560th Heavy Antitank Battalion equipped with the state-of-the-art Jagdpanther tank destroyer.[3]:395,649 The Jagdpanther was armed with the 88mm cannon and the German leadership expected it to be the decisive element of the battle. The battle opened on the morning of the 18th with both sides targeting the village area with repeated artillery strikes, and German armored vehicles advanced into the twin villages. All that day and night, the battle raged, with SS tank and assault guns hitting the villages from the east, supported by a barrage of Nebelwerfer rockets. These forces were met in turn by a hailstorm of U.S. heavy artillery shells with proximity fuses and about 20 Sherman tanks belonging to the U.S. 741st Tank Battalion, and several M10 tank destroyers.
The narrow streets of the town made effective maneuver difficult. Bazooka rounds fired from rooftops and artillery air bursts caused by proximity fuses created a lethal rain of splinters. The Sherman tanks, hiding in alleyways and behind buildings, quickly knocked out six Panzers. Eight more SS Panzers were also hit and destroyed by 57mm anti-tank guns, anti-tank rockets, bazookas, and mines, leaving them unable to swiftly plow through the rubble and gain the open country of the ridge line. In this maelstrom of death neither side was inclined to take prisoners, and the losses on both sides were catastrophic.[3]:396–401 During the German attack, Sgt. Jose M. Lopez, single-handedly manned a heavy machine gun. Falling back several times, he ignored enemy tank fire and falling artillery rounds, and killed more than 100 enemy infantry attempting to flank his unit, allowing them to successfully withdraw.[29]
U.S. withdrawal to Elsenborn Ridge
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Works related to The Sixth Panzer Army Attack at Wikisource)
At dawn on 19 December, on the third day of the offensive, the Germans decided to shift the main axis of the attack to the south. A new armored attack led by the 12th SS Panzer Division, and supported by infantry of the 12th Volksgrenadier Division, was launched on the position of Domäne Bütgenbach, south east of Bütgenbach, to expose the right, or south end, of the Elsenborn Ridge defense line. The 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division, supported by elements of the 12th and 277th Volksgrenadier Division to their left and right, made a frontal attack on the Elsenborn Ridge, with the objective of seizing the high feature called Roderhohe. But the soft ground in front of the ridge was almost impassible. One Sturmgeschütz assault gun after another got stuck, and the Pz Abt 103 of the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division lost 15 tanks that day to American artillery.[3]:401–404
While the fight for the twin villages raged, troops from two battle-hardened American divisions, the U.S. 1st Infantry Division and 9th Infantry Divisions, moved into position to fortify Elsenborn Ridge and complete the defense. The 9th Division held positions on the northern portion of the ridge, in the vicinity of Kalterherberg. During the day on 19 December all forces abandoned the rubble of the twin villages, and General Robertson ordered the remnants of the 2nd Division to withdraw to defensive positions in the open terrain along the ridge. Troops from the remaining elements of the 99th Infantry Division also used this time to withdraw to Elsenborn ridge and fortify positions on it. They found it required dynamite to blow holes in the frozen ground.[30]:258 The 1st Division closed the southern end of the Elsenborn ridge between Büllingen and Bütgenbach.
On 19 December, elements of the U.S. 741st Tank Battalion formed the rear guard to allow the Americans an orderly withdrawal from the twin villages to positions behind Wirtzfeld to the west and northwest.[2] By that afternoon the tankers had reported 27 Panzers, two Jagdpanzer IV, two armored cars, and two half-tracks while losing 8 of their own tanks. At the Battalion level, they claimed to have killed 16 tanks, regimental 57mm guns claimed 19, and bazooka teams reported to have killed 17 tanks. While the numbers didn't line up, they indicated the ferocity of the fighting. The German Panther companies were rendered ineffective and didn't play a significant role in later fighting.[1]:51
At 17:30 that evening, the remaining troops of the 393rd and 394th Infantry Regiments of the 99th ID withdrew from their positions around the Baracken crossroads, just north of the twin towns of Krinkelt and Rocherath, and retreated along a boggy trail about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) toward Elsenborn Ridge. American lines collapsed on either side of the Regiment. "We were sticking out like a finger there", Butler said.[25] Increasingly isolated, the unit was running low on ammunition. A resourceful platoon leader found an abandoned German ammo dump. "We stopped the tail end of that push with guns and ammunition taken off the German dead", Butler said.[25]
By the time the fight for the villages ended, five U.S. troops had earned the Medal of Honor: Sgt. Lopez, Sgt. Richard Cowan, Pvt. Truman Kimbro, Sgt. Vernon McGarity, and Sgt William Soderman. Another Medal of Honor was posthumously awarded to Henry F. Warner of the 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. Near Bütgenbach, Belgium, he single-handidly disabled several German tanks during a running battle through the night and into the day of December 20, 1944 before he was killed.
Defense of Elsenborn Ridge
In an effort to bolster command and control of the northern shoulder, Eisenhower appointed Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, commander of all troops north of the German advance on 20 December. This was done in part because Montgomery controlled an uncommitted reserve, the British XXX Corps.[31]: 416–22, 478–9
This made little difference to the American troops defending Elsenborn Ridge, however. On the same day, the Sixth Panzer Army made several all-out attacks trying to smash U.S.lines. They committed artillery, tanks, infantry, self-propelled guns, supported by an attached Jagdpanther Battalion, remnants of the PzKpfw IV tanks, and Jagdpanzer IV tank destroyers. They unsuccessfully attacked at 0900, 1100 and 1730 that day. The 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division, supported by elements of the 12th and 277th Volksgrenadier Division to left and right, made a frontal attack on the Elsenborn Ridge, with the objective of seizing the high feature called Roderhohe. But the German attack on Domäne Bütgenbach to break through the American lines foundered in face of strong American resistance.[1]:51 They were met by a deluge of American artillery and anti-tank gun fire from units of the American 1st Infantry Division.
The American lines were backed up by an impressive artillery support. The 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division hit the left or north side of Elsenborn ridge from the Schwalm Creek valley against 99th Infantry Division. But their tanks found the soft ground almost impassible, and one after another the assault guns (StuG IIIs) bogged down, making them easy prey for the American artillery. On 20 December, the Pz Abt 103 lost a total of fifteen StuG III. Twelve of them bogged down in front of the Elsenborn Ridge, the others ran onto mines inside Krinkelt and Rocherath. The Germans attacked for a second time on the 20th. All these attacks were repelled with heavy losses.[3]:409
On 21 December, the 12th SS Division made an even heavier attack, but the U.S. 613th Tank Destroyer Battalion equipped with the new M36 tank destroyer stopped the attack. On 22 December the Germans attacked on the right of Elsenborn ridge for the last time which was also smothered by heavy American artillery fire from M1 howitzers. The Americans fired 10,000 rounds in one day. The 26th Infantry Regiment and a company of Sherman tanks from the 745th Tank Battalion played key roles. Fortunately for the Americans, the weather came to their assistance for the first time in the campaign. A “Russian High” began blowing on 23 December. A cold wind from the northeast brought clear weather and froze the ground, allowing free movement of tracked vehicles and the return of U.S. Army Air Forces to the skies. The U.S. defenders cheered wildly at the return of clearer weather and much heavier support. The air attacks played an instrumental role in defeating the German attack.[30]:323[31]: 478–87
On 26 December, the 246th Volksgrenadier Division made a final, forlorn, attack on the Elsenborn ridge against units of the U.S. 99th Infantry Division. This attack by more infantry conscripts was mowed down by artillery fire virtually at the moment of its start. The vast artillery concentration of an entire American army corps made the Elsenborn Ridge position virtually unassailable.[3]:404–411
Fighting near St. Vith
To Peiper's south, the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled. SS Oberführer Mohnke ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.[32]:108
The American cavalry was now en route: also attacked by Kampfgruppe Hansen, reinforced by paratroopers and Tiger II tanks, advancing south of Peiper (along Rollbahn E) to Amel (which fell on 0230 on 17 December, and then to Recht, overtaken in Kaiserbaracke, where the same Colonel Devine risked being killed or captured, and near Poteau, where Task Force Myers, organized with the remains of the 14th Group, was surprised and destroyed on the morning of 18 December.
Devine suffered a nervous breakdown near Recht, and was relieved by General Jones, while their position was dangerously close to the advancing Kampfgruppe Hansen. They were hastily reinforced by Combat Command R of the 7th Armored Division which was diverted from recapturing Saint-Vith. On the morning of 18 December, Kampfgruppe Hansen, strengthened by some tank destroyers, successfully pressed the attack on the road from Recht to Poteau, and Combat Command R suffered heavy losses. On that same afternoon, the Americans were reinforced by Combat Command A of the 7th Armored Division, enabling the Americans to retake the intersection near Poteau and block the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen. The Germans were temporarily locked down on the Rollbahn and unable to support Peiper, already ahead to the west several miles.[33]
Operation Stößer fails
The Germans planned Operation Stößer to drop paratroopers behind the American lines 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of Malmédy and to seize a key crossroads leading to Antwerp. The operation led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte turned into a complete failure. To conceal the plans from the Allies and preserve secrecy, von der Heydte wasn't allowed to use his own, experienced troops. Most of the new paratroops had little training.[34]
The Lutfwaffe somehow managed to assemble 112 Ju 52 transport planes, but the pilots were very inexperienced. The pilots took off into strong winds, snow, and limited visibility.[35] It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. While the aircraft took off with around 1,300 Fallschirmjäger, the pilots dropped some behind the German front lines, others over Bonn, and only a few hundred in widely scattered locations behind the American lines. Some aircraft landed with their troops still on board. Only a fraction of the force landed near the intended drop zone.[34]:161 The planes that were relatively close to the intended drop zone were buffeted by strong winds that deflected many paratroopers and made their landings far rougher. Since many of the German paratroopers were very inexperienced, some were crippled upon impact and died where they fell. Some of their bodies were found the following spring as the snow melted.[36]:218
The mis-drops led to considerable confusion among the Americans, as Fallschirmjäger were reported all over the Ardennes, and the Allies believed a major division-sized jump had taken place. The Americans allocated men to secure the rear instead of facing the main German thrust at the front.[37]:88 By noon on 17 December, von der Heydte's unit had scouted the woods and rounded up a total of around 300 troops. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, the force was too small to take the crossroads on its own.[37]:89
Kampfgruppe Peiper advance
On the morning of 16 December, immediately southeast of Elsenborn, the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte, spearhead of the entire German 6th Panzer Army, a critical element in the German offensive, was assigned to advance through the Losheim Gap and Losheimergraben. During their earlier retreat that fall, German engineers had destroyed a key road bridge over the railroad and they failed to repair it on 16 December. Peiper sent his tanks down the railroad embankment, up the other side, and was about to continue his advance when he received new orders to advance towards Lanzerath. He was preceded by the 12th and 277th Volksgrenadier Divisions, but they failed to gain control of Lanzerath on the first day as planned.[12][38]:113–114 But before even reaching Lanzerath, Peiper lost three tanks to German mines and was slowed by mine-clearing operations.
Battle of Lanzerath Ridge
Lanzerath was at a key intersection southeast of Krinkelt-Rocherath. It was held by a single Intelligence and Reconnaissance platoon of the 394th Infantry Regiment, who were dug into a ridge near the village of about 15 homes. They were initially supported by Task Force X, made up of 2nd Platoon, Company A, 820th Tank Destroyer Battalion and 22 men of the 820th's 2nd Recon Platoon, commanded by Lieutenant John Arculeer, who were mounted on an armored half-track and two jeeps. But shortly after the early morning German bombardment ended, Task Force X pulled out without a word and headed south. That left the 18 men of the reconnaissance platoon alone, along with four forward artillery observers, to fill in the gap.
The U.S. troops were positioned on a slight ridge overlooking the village. During a 20-hour-long battle, the18 man platoon, led by a 20-year old lieutenant Lyle Bouck Jr., inflicted 93 casualties on the Germans. The U.S. troops seriously disrupted the entire German German Sixth Panzer Army schedule of attack along the northern edge of the offensive.[39] The entire platoon was captured, and only many years later were they recognized with a Presidential Unit Citation. Every member of the platoon was decorated, making it the most highly decorated platoon of World War II.[39]
Capture Honsfeld and Büllingen
In the early morning of 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper quickly captured Honsfeld and shortly afterward, Büllingen. The King Tigers consumed about .5 miles per US gallon (470 L/100 km; 0.60 mpg-imp)[38]:108 Piper's unit seized 50,000 US gallons (190,000 l; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles. The Germans paused to refuel before continuing westward. They had been assigned Rollbahn B which would take them through Spa, Belgium.
At 0930 on 17 December, Peiper sent a section of the Kampfgruppe in reconnaissance to the north, but they quickly encountered strong American resistance improvised by a barrage of tank-destroyers of the 644th Destroyer Tank Battalion and lost two Panzer IV. Two days into the offensive, the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge and two of the three routes the Germans planned to use remained solidly within American fortified defense zones.[3]:410[26]
Believing the way north to Rollbahn B was blocked, and knowing that the 12th Panzer was well behind him, unable to dislodge the Americans from Elsenborn Ridge, Kampfgruppe Peiper and the 1st SS Panzer Division were forced to choose the more difficult rollbahn D to the south in its drive west to the Meuse River.[3]:371 The road was narrow, in many places single-track, at times unpaved. When Peiper reviewed his newly assigned alternative route on a map, he exclaimed that the road was "suitable not for tanks but for bicycles!"[8]:70[38][38]:108 The route forced vehicles to tail each other, creating a column of infantry and armor up to 25 kilometres (16 mi) long, and prevented them from concentrating their force which was their most effective use.[40]
Malmedy Massacre
At 12:30 on 17 December, near Baugnez on the hill halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, Peiper's Kampfgruppe encountered a convoy of lightly armed vehicles from Battery B, 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, U.S. 7th Armoured Division.[2]:75[3]: After a brief skirmish the Americans surrendered. After the war, survivors said German soldiers immediately began shooting prisoners. When one American protested as a German stole his watch, he was killed. Another who failed to hold his hands high enough was shot.[41]
Along with some other Americans captured earlier (127 men total), they were gathered by the Germans in a field near the crossroads. Peiper was at the head of the column and continued west to capture Ligneuville, which he learned was the headquarters of the 49th Anti-aircraft Brigade. Responsibility for the prisoners was transferred to the 2nd Platoon, 3rd Pioneer Company, and the Penal Section of the 9th Panzer Pioneer Company. It was later reported that Maj Werner Poetschke said to a Sgt Beutner, "You know what to do with the prisoners."[41]
Germans guarding the Americans mowed them down with machine gun fire, and then dispatched the wounded with a shot to the head.[8]:123, 271 Of the 84 men killed, 41 were killed by a pistol shot to the head at close range and six were killed by blunt force trauma to their skulls, likely from a rifle butt.[8]:271 Some soldiers feigned death while the Germans moved among them shooting survivors. A group of about 30 men escaped or survived.[8]:162, 173 News of the killings raced through the Allied lines.[3]: Some U.S. units retaliated, killing German POWs.[42][43]
The Baugnez crossroads lay behind German lines until the American counter-attack in January, when the Americans recaptured the area and recovered the bodies.
There is no record that an SS officer issued an execution order,[3]: but shooting prisoners of war by both the Germans and the Soviets were common on the Eastern Front. Researchers Michael Reynolds and Danny S. Parker believe that Peiper or one of his subordinates made the deliberate decision to kill the prisoners, as the Kampfgruppe was under orders to proceed with maximum speed towards Meuse and could not spare the manpower or the time to tend to prisoners of war.[8]:278
After the war ended, Peiper and 80 members of Kampfgruppe Peiper's command were tried at the Malmedy massacre trial for this and several other war crimes during the Battle of the Bulge. Forty-three were sentenced to death, 22 received life sentences, and eight others were sentenced to shorter prison sentences.[8] But due to irregularities in the investigation and confessions obtained, none were hanged. Their sentences were commuted to life in prison, and later to time served. Peiper was initially sentenced to death, but like the others, this was commuted to life in prison and he was later released after eleven years.[8]:278
German advance towards Meuse River
Peiper's forces crossed Ligneuville and reached the heights of Stavelot on the left bank of the Amblève River at nightfall on 17 December. While the village was defended by only a few U.S. troops and Peiper could have easily captured the city the same day, for unknown reasons Peiper held back and assaulted at dawn of 18 December. The troops may have been exhausted by the relentless push forward since the morning of 16 December. The Germans pause enabled the Americans to bring the 3rd Battalion, 119th Infantry Regiment, 30th ID into position.[38]:115–116 On 19 December, the Americans brought up the 82d Airborne Division to Werbomont as a backstop in case Kampfgruppe Peiper succeeded in crossing the Amblève and Salm Rivers.
The U.S. sent the 2d Battalion and cannon company of 119IR/30ID towards Werbomont, and the other two battalions and attached forces headed to Stoumont, where they arrived after dark. They hastily formed a perimeter line against the expected German advance. U.S. patrols located the Germans less than 2,000 yards (1,800 m) to the east in bivouac for the night, east of La Gleize. The 400th Armored Field Artillery Battalion was also brought forward during the night to prepare for the German advance.
When Kampfgrupppe Peiper entered Stavelot on 18 December, they encountered fierce resistance from the American defenders. Unable to defeat them, and believing that the 3rd Parachute Division was close behind his column and would reach him that night, Peiper left a smaller support force in town and headed for the bridge at Trois-Ponts with the bulk of his strength. While Peiper's supply officer had a map of Allied petrol installations, Peiper unknowingly missed capturing almost a million gallons of fuel near Stavelot. Fearing that it might be captured, the Americans evacuated by train about 3 million gallons of gasoline between 17 and 19 December from First Army Depots 2 and 3 in the Stavelot-Spa area. To keep the Germans from capturing the fuel, a quick-thinking American commander filled road-side ditches with 124,000 gallons of gasoline from Depot 3 near Franchorchamps and set fire to it, creating an effective road block.[34]:174
But the 3rd Parachute Division was not close on Peiper's tail. It had been slowed by a combination of jammed roads and unexpectedly fierce American resistance and did not expect to reach Peiper's forces until 19 December. When Peiper arrived at Trois-Ponts, U.S. combat engineers had already destroyed the bridge. Peiper learned of another bridge over the Ambleve in Chèneu. As his unit set out for the Chèneu bridge, it was attacked by P-47 Thunderbolts. They destroyed several vehicles and delayed Peiper again.
Kampfgruppe Sandig, approached from the south-east supported by Tiger II tanks of Schwere SS Panzer Abteilung 501. Sandig attacked Stavelot on the afternoon of 19 December 1944, yet stiff American resistance from positions overlooking the Amblève bridge drove back the Germans.
As their situation in Stoumont was becoming hopeless, Peiper pulled back and headed for the village of La Gleize where he set up his defences, waiting for German relief and resupply. One airdrop missed his unit completely when the officer commanding the flights insisted the coordinates provided by Peiper were wrong.
German advance stalls
Peiper's forces trapped
Kampfgruppe Pieper moved west along the left bank of the Ambleve to capture Stoumont and its precious bridge, but as the German troops approached, U.S. combat engineers blew it up. The American troops were entrenched and ready. The weather had also improved, permitting the Allied Air Forces to operate. Several P-47 squadrons attacked his column spread over 20 kilometres (12 mi). The air strikes destroyed or heavily damaged numerous vehicles of his Kampfgruppe and made some parts of his itinerary impracticable.[38]:115–116
The U.S. forces also blew the bridge on the River Salm, preventing Peiper yet again from crossing the Ambleve and continue on a direct road to the Meuse. On 18 December, Peiper was trapped in the deep valley of the Amblève, downstream from Trois-Ponts,[38]:115–11 cut off from the main German force and supplies and unable to defend Stavelot to their rear, which enabled American troops to recapture and destroy the bridge on the Amblève in Stavelot, cutting him off from the only possible supply road for ammunition and, above all, fuel, which he lacked.[38]: 117}
On the afternoon of 19 December, Tiger II tanks of Kampfgruppe Sandig belonging to Schwere SS Panzer Abteilung 501 attacked Stavelot from the southeast. The Americans, fixed in dug in positions overlooking the Amblève bridge, prevented the Germans from recapturing the town. In spite of these problems, Peiper continued his progress towards Stoumont before American resistance forced him to retire to La Gleize. Desperately short of fuel for his vehicles, Peiper sent a small patrol towards Cour, where local villagers had confirmed the Americans has a huge fuel dump. The 100 or so Americans guarding the fuel were only equipped with a few half-tracks and some 90mm anti-aircraft guns, but they prevented the smaller German force from advancing.[34]:174
Since reinforcements and supplies were unable to penetrate the Allied lines, Peiper was left with no choice. He decided to break through back to the German lines. Less than halfway to Antwerp, out of fuel and unable to advance over blown bridges they could not cross, on 23 December Peiper ordered the approximately 800 remaining soldiers to abandon their vehicles and infiltrate through the American lines back into Germany. Short of fuel, men and ammunition he held out during six days of US Army bombardment and counterattacks. They abandoned 39 tanks, 77 half-tracks, and 30 other vehicles.[1]:435 Peiper left on foot with the remaining 800 men[38]:118–119 and 36 hours later he reached the German lines with 770 men, having covered 20 kilometers by foot in deep snow and freezing temperatures.[44]:245
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When King Tiger 105, commanded by SS-Obersturmführer Jürgen Wessel, was struck by bazooka fire, the driver reversed into the debris of a house and got stuck. The crew abandoned the tank on Rue St. Emilion in Stavelot, Belgium. Wessell jumped on the next tank and continued west towards Trois Ponts.
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Tanks and Infantrymen of Company G, 740th Tank Battalion, 504th Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division, counter-attack through the snow towards their objective near Herresbach, Belgium on 28 January 1945.
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More than 400,000 5-gallon jerry cans of gasoline line 5 miles (8.0 km) of road between the Belgian towns of Stavelot and Francorchamps during the Battle of the Bulge. Kampfgruppe Peiper got within 1 mile (1.6 km) of the fuel dump before they were stopped.
12th Panzer attack stopped
Von Rundstedt had sacrificed most of four of the best divisions on the Western front during his repeated attempts to overrun the Elsenborn Ridge and Monschau. Unable to access the Monschau-Eupen and Malmedy-Verviers roads, he was unable to commit II Panzer Corps, which was still waiting in reserve on the east flank of I SS Panzer Corps. Von Rundstedt's hopes of reaching Liège via Verviers were stopped cold by the stubborn American resistance.[45]
At sunrise on December 27, 1944, Sepp Dietrich and his 6th Panzer Army were in a difficult situation east of Elsenborn Ridge.[3]:411 The 12th SS Panzer Division, 3rd Panzergrenadier Division, and its supporting Volksgrenadier divisions had beaten themselves into a state of uselessness against the heavily fortified American positions on Elsenborn Ridge.[3]:410 They could advance no further, and as the Americans counter-attacked, on 16 January 1945, the Sixth Panzer Army was transferred to the Eastern Front.[46]
5th Panzer advance halted
To the south of the 12th SS Panzer Division, the 5th Panzer Army led by Hasso von Manteuffel advanced over more accessible terrain and enjoyed much greater initial success.[3]:102 Despite more rapid advances, and inflicting more losses on the Americans, the 5th Panzer Army also bogged down before crossing the Meuse.[47]:340 They were isolated and encountered strong pockets of resistance, traffic jams, and supply problems. These problems and American air power eventually stopped this arm of the offensive also.[26]:463
Renewed German offensives fail
The weather improved in late December and early January, allowing Allied planes to attack the Germans from the air and further slow their advance. The Germans launched a Luftwaffe offensive in the Netherlands, destroying many Allied aircraft but sacrificing many more of their own, irreplaceable aircraft and skilled pilots. They also launched a major ground offensive in Alsace on January 1, but they failed to regain the initiative. The end of Battle of the Bulge is officially January 16, exactly one month after the Germans launched it, but fighting continued for three more weeks until early February when the front lines were reestablished to the positions held on 16 December.[48]
Impact of the battle
The organized retreat of the U.S. 2nd and 99th Divisions to the Elsenborn Ridge line and their subsequent stubborn defensive action blocked the 6th Panzer Army's access to key roads in northern Belgium that they were counting on to reach Antwerp. It was the only sector of the American front line on the Battle of the Bulge where the Germans failed to advance.[1]:33 Historian John S.D. Eisenhower noted, "...the action of the 2nd and 99th divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."[26]:224
Peiper's forces were plagued by overcrowding, flanking attacks, blown bridges, and lack of fuel.[26]:463 The Germans were unable to repeat the rapid advances they achieved in 1940, when General Heinz Guderian’s panzers swept from the Ardennes to the English Channel, virtually unopposed.[49]:115
To the west of Elsenborn at Spa, the First Army had established its headquarters surrounded on every side by service installations, ammunition dumps, supply depots, and more than 3,000,000 US gallons (11,000,000 L) of gasoline.
Liège, 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Spa, was the location of one of the largest American supply centers in Europe. Only 11 miles (18 km) from Spa lay Verviers, an important and densely stocked railhead. Had the Germans been able to capture any portion of these supplies, the outcome of the battle might have been much different.
The cost of this relentless, close-quarters, intense combat was high for both sides, but the losses for Germany were irreplaceable. An exact casualty accounting for the Elsenborn Ridge battle itself is not precise. The U.S. Army's 2nd and 99th Infantry divisions later revealed their losses, while only the German's armored fighting vehicles losses are accounted for.[3]:410
Disproportionate German casualties
The casualties inflicted by the 395th Infantry Regiment, 99th Division, on the Germans are reflected by the disproportionate numbers of dead and wounded. The 395th hit the Germans with such terrific small arms and machine gun fire that they couldn't even remove their dead and wounded in their rapid retreat.[50] The accurate fire from the twelve 3-inch guns of A Company, 612th Tank Destroyer Battalion, was instrumental in keeping German tanks from advancing. During the first day of the Battle of the Bulge, the 3rd Battalion took 19 prisoners and killed an estimated 200 Germans. Accurate estimates of German wounded were not possible, but about 20 percent of the 326th Volksgrenadier Division were lost. The 395th's casualties were extremely light: four dead, seven wounded, and four men missing.[51]:vii :51
On another day, the 3rd Battalion took 50 Germans prisoner and killed or wounded more than 800 Germans, losing only five dead and seven wounded themselves.[25] On more than one occasion, BAR gunners allowed German troops to walk within feet of their positions before opening fire, with the objective of increasing the odds of killing the attacking Germans. "In two cases, the enemy fell in the BAR gunners' foxholes."[15]:173 On at least six occasions they called in artillery strikes on or directly in front of their own positions.[52]
As the battle ensued, small units, company and less in size, often acting independently, conducted fierce local counterattacks and mounted stubborn defenses, frustrating the German's plans for a rapid advance, and badly upsetting their timetable. By 17 December, German military planners knew that their objectives along the Elsenborn Ridge would not be taken as soon as planned.[2]:75–106
The 99th as a whole, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties that devastated the attacking Volksgrenadier formations. The 99th lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern sector opposite the 99th, this included deaths on a scale that routed the attacking infantry, and included the destruction of many tanks and assault guns. This performance prevented the Sixth Panzer Army from outflanking Elsenborn Ridge, and resulted in many commendations and unit citations for the 99th.[14]
Media attention
The 2nd and the 99th Infantry Divisions defending Elsenborn Ridge, along with the 1st Division to the south and the 78th Division in the north, were the only Allied units that completely stopped the German's main axis of advance during the Battle of the Bulge. The Germans were denied access to three of five planned routes of advance across their northern sector of the battle and required to significantly alter their plans, considerably slowing their advance in the north. This success allowed the Americans to maintain the freedom to effectively maneuver across the north flank of the German's line of advance and continually limit the success of the German offensive.[12]
But despite their success, other units' actions during the Battle of the Bulge received much greater attention from the press. This was due in part because during early December 1944, Bastogne was a rest and recreation area for many war correspondents. The rapid advance by the German forces that resulted in the town being surrounded, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton’s Third U.S. Army, all captured the public's imagination and were featured in newspaper articles and on radio. But there were no correspondents in the area of Saint-Vith, Elsenborn or Monschau.[53] The static, stubborn resistance of troops in the north, who refused to yield their ground in the cold snow and freezing rain despite the heavy German attacks, didn't get a casual observer excited. The image of supply troops trying to bring and ammunition and cold food, crawling through mud and snow, to front-line troops dug into frozen foxholes around Montjoie, Elsenborn and Butgenbach was not exciting news.[54]
After the war, Baron Hasso von Manteuffel, Commanding General of the Fifth Panzer Army, wrote that the German counteroffensive " "failed because our right flank near Monschau ran its head against a wall."[7]:6
The Battle of the ‘Bulge’ was not fought solely in Bastogne. Here in the northern sector of the Ardennes, elements of tragedy, heroism and self-sacrifice exerted a great influence upon the result of German intentions. Battles are won in the hearts of men, not only by the combinations of fire and movement, but also by working together. Teamwork is decisive, as was shown in the northern part of the Ardennes.[7]:7
General Courtney Hodges, Commanding General of the First U.S. Army, wrote the commanding general of the Indianhead Division, "What the Second Infantry Division has done in the last four days will live forever in the history of the United States Army."[7]:8
Weapons and tactics
The Battle of Elsenborn Ridge was a decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge because the U.S. Army was able to stop and deflect the strongest armored units of the German advance.[3]:410 Portions of both sides' forces had little battle experience, and both employed newer, more lethal weapons and tactics. This gave the battle a brutal intensity and impact, resulting in high casualties and traumatic memories and experiences for the participants.[4]
German combined arms
The force and mobility of the attack depended on the commitment of Germany’s latest weapons and armored fighting vehicles. At the beginning of World War II, the German army had led the world in mechanized warfare tactics, overwhelming enemies repeatedly with their rapid blitzkrieg attack. Late in the war, the Germans had developed a number of advanced armored vehicles and they planned to use them to beat the Americans, despite not having won a major offensive battle against them since the Kasserine Pass in early 1943. These vehicles were armed with the most powerful weapons used in the course of the war. The Tiger II, Panther tank and Jagdpanther were armed with newer high velocity cannon, the 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71 cannon, and the 7.5 cm KwK 42.[55]:154–61
Due to their flat trajectory and greater armor penetration and the fact that thicker armor was used to shield them, German tanks enjoyed a definite superiority to any American vehicle in use. These units were supported by new Volks-Werfer Brigades, artillery units firing masses of 150 mm and 300 mm rockets. Although lacking in accuracy, a barrage from these units could cover greater areas with more high explosive. For more infantry firepower, SS panzergrenadiers were equipped with the new Sturmgewehr 44 (assault rifle model 1944). This was the world’s first assault rifle and more advanced than any other military rifle in the world. Another addition to the firepower of the German infantry was the Panzerfaust 100, an improved short range anti-tank rocket grenade that could penetrate any armor fielded by the American army.[55]:154–61 Despite their superiority, the advanced German armor were fewer in number and often experienced breakdowns.
German tactics for the offensive involved an initial intense artillery barrage, followed by an immediate infantry attack by the Volksgrenadier divisions supported with light assault guns like the Sturmgeschütz IV. This initial attack with relatively non-mobile and relatively expendable troops was intended to clear major roads for use by the SS Panzer divisions, which would then rapidly move to capture bridges on the Meuse river for the final drive to Antwerp. These armored divisions were employed in a much more organized and controlled fashion, and with better leadership, than was the standard in U.S. armies. The German concept of the armored division involved independent units that carried with them all their supporting elements, making them more mobile, flexible, and able to concentrate greater force at the point of attack. Shock and high speed would overwhelm resistance, as did the first drive from the Ardennes in 1940. These tactics made up what was referred to in the press as the blitzkrieg, or lightning war. This evolution of mechanized attack was more sophisticated than tactics used by the American army. It was expected that the allied high commands would take weeks to adjust to the impact.[47]:334, 340 But Hitler however failed to consider the constricted, winding, often unpaved roads of the northern Ardennes and vastly underrated the capabilities of the American units on the northern shoulder.[19]
American innovations and tactics
On the American side, the defense depended on field fortifications, innovative use of light anti-tank weapons like the bazooka and anti-tank mines, and most importantly the support of a formidable array of indirect fire. American tanks and anti-tank guns were considered ineffective against the newer German fighting vehicles. This was compensated to some extent by use of the 76 mm (76.2 mm) M1A1 gun, designated as the 3-inch cannon, mounted on the Sherman tank and the M18 Hellcat tank destroyer. The British had also designed high velocity anti-armor ammunition for the 57mm anti-tank cannon, which gave this gun a new lease on life against the new heavier German units. American gunners were quick to trade for whatever their allies wanted for this highly effective ammunition.[3]:404 The Americans also adapted the 90mm anti-aircraft gun as an anti-tank cannon, the 90mm cannon, and mounted it on an open turret on the Sherman tank as the M36 Jackson tank-destroyer. This was another innovation effective against German heavy tanks.[56]:167
Since the invasion of Europe, the American army had suffered greater than expected losses, and found slashing German armored counter-attacks particularly difficult.[55]:11 Learning from this, overall American tactics began to include a defense in depth, using mobile armored cavalry squadrons with light tanks and anti-tank guns to screen defensive positions behind them. When attacked, these cavalry units would delay the Germans for a short time, then retreat through stronger positions to their rear. These positions consisted of fortifications set around terrain choke points like villages, passes, and bridges. In the area of Elsenborn Ridge, the twin villages and the area of Domäne Bütgenbach proved to be the best areas for defense. Machine gun and infantry positions would be protected by barbed wire and mine fields. Anti-tank mine "daisy chains" were also prepared. These were composed of a line of mines lashed in a row. This chain of mines would be dragged across a road with a rope when a column of German tanks threatened to advance down the road. This defensive line would be backed by bazooka positions in buildings, dug-in anti-tank guns, and tank destroyers firing from covered positions further in the rear.[55]:20–1
Artillery role
As German mobile units stacked up against the American defenses, the U.S. utilized their superior communications and artillery tactics like "time on target", a sequence of firing so that all shells impacted on the target simultaneously. This allowed vast arrays of artillery pieces, distant from the battle, to concentrate unprecedented firepower on attacking German units.[57]:112
Also new to the battlefield were artillery proximity fuses. These had been under development and used during selected battles for about a year. Rather than exploding upon direct contact with the target, the shells detonated near an aircraft or before they struck the ground. Shells armed with these fuses were very effective, but the Allies limited their use in Europe. The Pentagon feared that a dud would be recovered by the Germans who would reverse engineer it and use the information to design radar countermeasures and employ it against the Allies' aircraft and troops.
Near Monschau, the 326th Volksgrenadier Division quickly overran the Americans forward positions. Colonel Oscar A. Axelson, commanding officer of the 405th Field Artillery Group, saw a need and ignored orders, and the 196th Battalion was one of the first to use the fuses.[57][58] The U.S. Army was also lavishly supplied with the self-propelled artillery, aircraft, and the ammunition it took to make these firepower-based tactics successful. When effectively employed and coordinated, these attacks negated the advantage of superior German armor and armored tactics, although at a cost paid by the U.S. infantry, for saturation indirect fire tended to destroy both friend and foe alike.[57]
The Germans had felt relatively safe from timed artillery fire because they thought that the bad weather prevented the Allies from observing their movements accurately. When the Americans employed the POZIT proximity fuse, their artillery fire was far more devastating, decimating German troops caught in the open, causing up to 20% losses. The effectiveness of the new fused shells exploding in mid-air stirred some German soldiers to refuse orders to move out of their bunkers during an artillery attack. U.S. General George S. Patton said that the introduction of the proximity fuse required a full revision of the tactics of land warfare.[57]
The U.S. defense also involved abundant tactical air support, usually by P-47 Thunderbolt fighter bombers. These "flying tanks" were armed with air to surface rockets which were very effective against the thinly armored upper decks of German armored vehicles. Snowstorms prevented the U.S. from utilizing aircraft in the battle until the weather cleared on December 23.[3]:396[57]
Legacy
Monuments were built to commemorate the battle in several locations. Along with the memorials below, monuments were built in Ligneuville, Stavelot, Stoumont, and near Cheneaux at the Neufmolin Bridge.[59][60]
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The memorial of the Malmedy massacre at Baugnez. Each black stone embedded into the wall represents one of the victims.
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Monuments to the battles in the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt.
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Memorial to the Battle of Lanzerath Ridge
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Memorial to the Wereth 11
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U.S. Army memorial in Hoscheid
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U.S. Army memorial in Hoscheid
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Monument in Werbomont
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zaloga, Steven (January 15, 2003), Battle of the Bulge 1944 (1): St Vith and the Northern Shoulder (Campaign), Howard Gerrard (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-560-0
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cole, Hugh M. (1964), "The German Northern Shoulder Is Jammed", The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge (PDF), Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 MacDonald, Charles B. (1985), A Time for Trumpets, The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ISBN 0-688-03923-5
- 1 2 3 4 Shehab, Alfred H. M. "Cavalry on the Shoulder — The 38th CRS and the Defense of Monschau" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- ↑ von Luttchau, Charles V. P. "The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes". U.S. Army Center for Military History.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Vannoy, Allyn R; Karamales, Jay (2006). Against the Panzers: United States Infantry Versus German Tanks, 1944–1945. Jefferson: Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0786426126. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cavanagh, William (2005). The Battle East of Elsenborn. City: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 1-84415-126-3.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Parker, Danny S. (August 13, 2013). "Fatal Crossroads: The Untold Story of the Malmedy Massacre at the Battle of Bulge" (paperback ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306821523.
- 1 2 Cirillo, Roger (2003), Ardennes-Alsace, Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army, archived from the original on 6 December 2008, retrieved 6 December 2008
- ↑ "The Battle at Bütgenbach" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ↑ Lone Sentry
- 1 2 3 4 Ralph E. Hersko, Jr. (November 1998). "Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenburn Ridge". HistoryNet.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
- 1 2 Fabianich, Maj. Keith P. (1947). "The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry (99th Infantry Division) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive, 10 November – 24 December 1944 (Ardennes Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations Officer)" (PDF). Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1947–1948. General Subjects Section, Academic Department, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
- 1 2 3 4 Dean, Rob. "Why the Bulge Didn't Break: Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen". American Forces in World War II. Military History Online. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Neill, George W. (2001). Infantry Soldier: Holding the Line at the Battle of the Bulge. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3380-5. Morning report to the 395th Regiment, December 15, 1944
- ↑ Canella, Charles J., Major (1948–49). Defense of Small Towns and Villages by Infantry... Defense of Hofen, Germany, by the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry, 99th Division, 10 November-18 December 1944... (PDF). Staff Department, The Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2009.
- ↑ Judge, Col. David J. (16 June 2000). "Cavalry in the Gap". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
- ↑ Rusiecki, Stephen M (1996). The Key to the Bulge. Stackpole Military History services. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3591-9.
- 1 2 3 Kershaw, Alex (October 30, 2005). The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge And the Epic Story of World War II's Most Decorated Platoon. Da Capo Press. p. 330. ISBN 0-306-81440-4.
- ↑ John Boyd Coates, Jr. (ed.). "Cold Injury, Ground Type, in World War II". Medical Department, United States Army. p. 138.
- ↑ MacDonald, Charles B. (1990). "The Siegfried Line Campaign" (CMH Pub 7-7-1 ed.). Washington, D. C.: Center of Military History. ASIN B001P4MAYO.
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- 1 2 "Ninth Infantry Regiment". Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ↑ "M/395 Invades Charlotte". 41 (2). The Checkerboard. March 1988: 7.
- 1 2 3 4 Cappellini, Matthew (June 1996). "Butler's Battlin' Blue Bastards". Military History. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
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- ↑ "Medal of Honor recipients – World War II (M-S)". Medal of Honor citations. United States Army Center of Military History. August 3, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ↑ "2ID Medal of Honor Recipients". U.S. Army. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients: Lopez, Jose M.". Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- 1 2 Astor, Gerald (1992). A Blood Dimmed Tide, The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It. Donald I. Fine, Inc. ISBN 1-55611-281-5.
- 1 2 MacDonald, Charles B. (1985). A Time for Trumpets, The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge. William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-03923-5.
- ↑ Bouwmeester, Maj. Han (2004), Beginning of the End: The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper (PDF), Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Royal Netherlands Army, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, retrieved 7 June 2012
- ↑ Arnold, James R. (1990). Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble in the West. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-0850459593.
- 1 2 3 4 Parker, Danny S. (Jun 21, 1998). To Win The Winter Sky. Da Capo Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-1-58097-006-8.
- ↑ Caddick-Adams, Peter (November 28, 2014). Snow and steel: the battle of the bulge, 1944–45. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0199335145. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (May 1, 1999). Messengers of the Lost Battalion: The Heroic 551st and the Turning of the Tide at the Battle of the Bulge. Touchstone. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-684-87109-7. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- 1 2 Goldstein, Donald M. (December 1994). Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs. J. Michael Wenger, Katherine V. Dillon. Potomac Books. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-02-881069-0.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Westemeier, Jens (2007). Joachim Peiper: A Biography of Himmler's SS Commander. Atglen, Pennysylvania: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0-7643-2659-2.
- 1 2 Della-Giustina, Captain John (January–March 1996). "The Heroic Stand of an Intelligence Platoon:". Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ↑ Quarrie, Bruce (1999). "The Ardennes Offensive: VI Panzer Armee". Osprey Order of Battle Series. Osprey Publishing.
- 1 2 Wijers, Hans (2010). The Battle of the Bulge: Vol.2, Hell at Bütgenbach/Seize the Bridges. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 177. ISBN 9780811735872.
- ↑ Schrijvers, Peter. "The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in Europe During World War II". pp. 79, 80.
- ↑ Fague, John (2006). "B Company 21st AIB". Thunderbolt Unit Histories. The 11th Armored Division Association. Retrieved 2006-06-03.
- ↑ Reynolds, Michael (2004). The Devil's Adjutant: Jochen Peiper, Panzer Leader (paperback ed.). Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. ISBN 1-86227-156-9.
- ↑ "Ardennes-Alsace". 9th Infantry Division. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
- ↑ Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1933–1945. Lanham, Maryland: Scarborough House. p. 480. ISBN 0-8128-8519-8.
- 1 2 Von Mellenthin, F.W. (1956). Panzer Battles, A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War. The University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 1-56852-578-8.
- ↑ "Battle of the Bulge". Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ↑ Guderian, Heinz (1996). Panzer Leader (First ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80689-4.
- ↑ McMullen, Tom (2001). "Bob Galloway, the Battle of the Bulge, and the 99th Infantry Division". Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ↑ Ronningen, Thor (1993). Buttler's Battlin' Blue Bastards. Lawrenceville, Virginia: Brunswick Publishing Company. p. 219. ISBN 1-55618-132-9.
- ↑ ""Battle Babies:" The Story of the 99th Infantry Division". U.S. Army Orientation Branch, Information and Education Division, ETOUSA. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- ↑ Nyssen, Léon (15 July 2007). "The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 (Part V)". Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle". Checkboard. December 22, 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 Cooper, Belton Y. (2001). Death Traps: The Survival of an American Armored Division in World War II. Presidio Press, Inc. ISBN 0-89141-722-2.
- ↑ Crismon, Fred W. (1992). U.S. Military Tracked Vehicles. Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers. ISBN 0-87938-672-X.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Bush, Vannevar (1970), Pieces of the Action, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
- ↑ Bergstrom, Christer (November 1, 2014). The Ardennes, 1944–1945: Hitler's Winter Offensive. Casemate. p. 173. ISBN 978-1612002774. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ Walden, Gregory A. On the Trail of Kampfgruppe Peiper Part 2 Retrieved September 15, 2015. Archived November 17, 2010
- ↑ Walden, Gregory A. On the Trail of Kampfgruppe Peiper Part 3 Retrieved September 15, 2015. Archived November 17, 2010
Bibliography
- Cavanagh, William. C. C. (November 1, 2004). The Battle East of Elsenborn. Pen and Sword. p. 192. ISBN 1-84415-126-3.
- Cole, Hugh M. (1964), The Ardennes:Battle of the Bulge, Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army
- MacDonald, Charles B. (1985), A Time for Trumpets, The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge, William Morrow and Company, Inc., ISBN 0-688-03923-5
- Zaloga, Steven (January 15, 2003), Battle of the Bulge 1944 (1): St Vith and the Northern Shoulder (Campaign), Howard Gerrard (Illustrator), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-560-0
- Parker, Danny S. (December 1, 2004). Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945 (First ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306813917.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document "The Siegfried Line Campaign".
External links
- European Center of Military History (Belgium)
- Battle of the Bulge : US Troops Fight along the Ridge in Elsenborn Belgium
- The German 560th Heavy Antitank Battalion
- Major General Walter Melville Robertson
- The 2nd Infantry Division Defends the Twin Villages
- The 644th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- Colonel Oscar A. Axelson and the Proximity Fuse