Epitrochleoanconeus muscle

The Epitrochleoanconeus muscle (anconeous epitrochlearis muscle, anconeus-epitrochlearis or anconeus sextus) is a small accessory muscle of the arm which runs from the back of the inner condyle of the humerus over the ulnar nerve to the olecranon.

Structure

The epitrochleoanconeus is a short striated muscle which originates on the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The muscle runs over the ulnar nerve, forms an arch over the cubital tunnel and inserts on the olecranon. It is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Variation

In the absence of an epitrochleoanconeus a fibrous band often occupies the same position, commonly known as Osborne's band or Osborne's ligament, which is considered a vestigial form of the epitrochleoanconeus.^[1] There are also cases where there is no structure at all bridging the space occupied by the epitrochleoanconeus.^[2]

Function

In humans the m. epitrochleoanconeus has no known function beyond its putative role as a retaining element for the ulnar nerve. As a muscle it is considered a vestigial form with its retaining function being performed less problematically by the less bulky Osborne's ligament.^[1]

Prevalence

The prevalence of the epitrochleoanconeus in humans has been estimated to be between 1-30% from various cadaver elbow dissection studies, conversely Osbornes's ligament has a prevalence of ~77%.^[3][4]

Clinical significance

The presence of the epitrochleoanconeus muscle can lead to ulnar neuropathy, or cubital tunnel syndrome, due to compression of the ulnar nerve.^[4][5][6] The absence of epitrochleoanconeus muscle or Osborne's ligament can increase the chances of ulnar nerve dislocation.^[2]

History

While there were previous identifications of the epitrochleoanconeus in animal studies, under a variety of names, Gruber (1866) seems to offer the first extensive comparative study involving the epitrochleoanconeus in man.^[7] This was shortly followed by several accounts by Wood describing his identification of the muscle during a series of dissections in humans along with comparative studies in other animals.^[8][9]

Other animals

In animals with a discrete developed epitrochleoanconeus the muscle acts as an adductor of the olecranon and a supinator of the forearm.^[10] A variety of names have been given to this muscle in different species including flexor antebrachii ulnaris, epitrochleo-cubitalis and entepicondylo-ulnaris. The epitrochleoanconius is common amongst tetrapods being found in reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds.^[11]

The epitrochleoanconeus is found widely amongst mammals having been characterised in the mid 19th century in a variety of species including two-toed sloth, duck billed platypus and echidna. Galton (1874) gave an overview of the several species characterised at that point and noted that at least 15 species had been figured with the muscle in Cuvier's "Anatomie comparée" of 1855 but that the muscle was given a wide variety of aliases and was not shown in many species where it should have been seen.^[10] The muscle is common in lower primates but has been lost as a discrete muscle in apes, although it has reoccurred in chimpanzees.^[10][12]

External links

• Epitrochleoanconeus at radiopedia
• Cubital tunnel syndrome associated with epitrochleoanconeus at radiopedia

See also

List of anatomical variations

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)