Family Movement

The Family Movement,^[1] also known in the past as the Parent Movement, is an arm of the disability rights movement, a larger social movement. The Family Movement advocates for the economic and social rights of family members with a disability. Key elements include: social inclusion; active participation; a life of meaning; safety; economic security; accessibility and self-determination. The family movement has been critical in closing institutions and other segregated facilities; promoting inclusive education; reforming adult guardianship to the current supported decisionmaking; increasing access to health care; developing real jobs; fighting stereotypes and reducing discrimination.

The Parent/Family Arm of the Disability Movement

In the late 1940s and early 1950s families spontaneously across Canada, the US,^[2] England, France, Scandinavia, Australia and New Zealand began asserting a different vision, a different lifestyle and a different future for their sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities, mental handicaps and developmental disabilities. These isolated, independent developments eventually coalesced into the first wave of the 'parent movement'. They organized and demanded services for their sons and daughters. Their efforts eventually resulted in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, December 9, 1975.^[3] (Note: while this terminology is not used today it was the commonly accepted terminology 6 or 7 decades ago.) This has subsequently been eclipsed by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities which was equally influenced by the emerging and now very strong consumer 'independent living' arm of the disability movement.

In those early formative days families around the world began to question the accepted wisdom that they should institutionalize their son or daughter with a disability.^[4]^[5] But parents were isolated from each other. They had no way of knowing who else felt the same way. It was not easy for parents to get to know each other. Some resorted to placing ads in newspapers. Even here they faced challenges as some newspapers felt it was inappropriate to advertise the fact you had a child with a disability. It is hard to understand today but this was the accepted wisdom of the time.

As they started coming together families began to create opportunities, programs and supports for their sons and daughters. They created programs with few resources. Taking over church basements to set up schools; borrowing chalk, discarded books from school boards who would not accept educational responsibility for educating their sons and daughters.

These parents and their community supporters formed the Associations for Retarded Children. These organizations are now called Associations for Community Living in Canada.^[6] Following their example organizations for people with cerebral palsy (concurrent time period of the Arc), hearing and visual impairments, autism and other handicapping conditions were started.

Parents were also involved as parent-professional partners at university centers, and were given additional funds to begin cross-disability offices, and even family support agencies with preferential hiring practices.

Three famous Americans (two parents and one brother) who had a major impact on public perceptions of disability in the 1950s and 1960s were:

One was Nobel Prize winner Pearl Buck who wrote about her daughter Carol in the book The Child Who Never Grew. The other was Dale Evans who starred with her husband Roy Rogers in a popular television western wrote Angel Unaware about her daughter with Down Syndrome.

The third was President John F. Kennedy, whose sister Rosemary had a mental handicap. In 1961 he launched the President's Panel on Mental Retardation which became the President's Committee on Mental Retardation. These three combined with the work of parents and family members brought the issue out of the closet, eased the stigma of having a child with a disability and became a major source of hope for families.^[2]

In 1961 the International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped was formed. This organization is now called Inclusion International.

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1975.

One of the most important contributions to the parent/family movement was the introduction of the concept of Normalization (people with disabilities). Originating in Denmark with Erik Bank-Mikkelsen and Bengt Nirjeit normalization principles were adapted in North America by Wolf Wolfensberger. Dr. Wolfensberger fully supported families, and to some extent, parental control in decisionmaking.

Wolfensberger wrote his seminal work in Toronto in the early 1970s as a visiting scholar to the Canadian Association for the Mentally Retarded and the National Institute on Mental Retardation – the national bodies for the local parent founded organizations. Wolfensberger's theory is now called Social Role Valorisation.

Eventually with persistence, patience and ingenuity the government funded system of social, educational and health programs and services took shape.

By the 1980s the parent/family movement had successfully established a comprehensive program and service infrastructure which was court-mandated in some states and developed through major state and regional governmental offices. It was natural for them to support their sons and daughters who were creating their own movements, including the Independent Living movement which had strong roots in the 1970s laws (e.g., Rehabilitation Act of 1973) and self-advocacy movement which obtained university parent-professional support in its inception.

Regional impacts

British Columbia, Canada

Closure of all 3 major institutions^[7] Tranquille Institution in Tranquille, Kamloops, British Columbia^[8] Glendale Institution Woodlands Institution
Closure of all segregated schools
Creation of innovative organizations BC Association for Community Living (BCACL) Family Support Institute Vela Microboard Association Planned Lifetime Advocacy Network (PLAN) Community Living Society BC Self Advocacy Foundation Vancouver Adaptive Snow Sports Tetra Society of North America Kickstart Society for Disability Arts and Culture Can Assist Communitas Supportive Care Society BC Initiative for Inclusive Post-Secondary Education (STEPS Forward)
Creating a unique alternative to legal guardianship: which includes establishing a test of legal capacity that recognizes caring trusting relationships
Pioneering individualized funding and service brokerage

New York, United States

Closure of major institutions Willowbrook State School, Staten Island New York (Video)^[9]
Creation of innovative organizations AHRC New York City^[10]^[11]

Timeline

British Columbia

1952 – establishment of Vancouver Association for Retarded Children
1955 – establishment of BC Association for Retarded Children by seven local parent associations. Now called the BC Association for Community Living.^[12]
1958 – Canadian Association for Retarded Children founded (now Canadian Association for Community Living –CACL)
1981 – International Year of Disabled Persons
1982 – Stephen Dawson Supreme Court case establishes right of children with disabilities to receive medical care
1984 – Tranquille blockade
1985 – closure of Tranquille Institution
1986 – Family Support Institute founded
1987 – Closure of worlds largest state-supported institution: Willowbrook State School, Staten Island New York
1988 – First Federal Election recognizing the rights of people with developmental disabilities to vote
1988 – Establishment of BC Self Advocacy Foundation
1992 – Barb Goode first self advocate to address the United Nations General assembly
1993 – new Adult Guardianship legislation
1996 – closure of Glendale Institution
1996 – closure of Woodlands Institution
2000 – establishment of Representation Agreement Act – first statute in the world to accept caring trusting relationships as a criterion for determining legal capability
2004 – Establishment of CLBC – Crown Corporation

New York City

The AHRC New York City was founded in 1949.^[11]

References

↑ Groce 1996, pp. 5–7.
• Hughson 2007.
• Oshima & Nakai 1993.
• Glynn et al. 2005.
• Lefley & Johnson 2002.
• Smith 1980.
1 2 MGCDD.
↑ "UN Charter of Human Rights for the Mentally Retarded". United Nations. December 9, 1975. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
↑ NPR: A Mental Ward Exposed , Credit: Photos: Charles Lord; Producers: Maggie Starbard, Kathleen Masterson, Katie Hayes; Reporter: Joseph Shapiro; Editor: Vikki Valentine – https://openlibrary.org/b/OL23079739M/Acts_of_conscience
↑ Acts of Conscience:World War II, mental institutions, and religious objectors by Steven J. Taylor Published in 2009, Syracuse University Press (Syracuse, N.Y) – https://openlibrary.org/b/OL23079739M/Acts_of_conscience
↑ Stainton 2006, pp. 135–145.
↑ Return to the community: the process of closing an institution by John Lord, Published in 1987, Centre for Research & Education in Human Services (Kitchener, Ont) – https://openlibrary.org/b/OL19901007M/Return_to_the_community
↑ Woodlands Settlement, British Columbia Supreme Court – http://www.bccpd.bc.ca/woodlandsupdate.htm
↑ Willowbrook: The Last Disgrace , The Minnesota Governors Council on Developmental Disabilities, Video – http://www.mnddc.org/parallels/five/5f/5f_html/5f_1vid.html
↑ "About Us". AHRC. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
1 2 Goode 1998, pp. 38–39.
↑ "The 1950's". British Columbia Association for Community Living. Retrieved January 3, 2012.

Citations – books

Lefley, Harriet P.; Johnson, Dale L. (2002). Family interventions in mental illness: international perspectives. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96954-7. OCLC 46908972.
Stainton, Tim (2006). "The Evolution of Community Living in Canada: A case study of Ontario: 1945–2005". In Welshman, John; Walmsley, Jan. Community Care in Perspective: Care, Control, and Citizenship. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Mcmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-9266-6.

Journals

Glynn, S. M.; Cohen, A. N.; Dixon, L. B.; Niv, N. (2005). "The Potential Impact of the Recovery Movement on Family Interventions for Schizophrenia: Opportunities and Obstacles". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 32 (3): 451–463. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj066. PMC 2632234. PMID 16525087.
Hughson, E. A. (2007). "Social Change and the Power of Families". International Journal of Disability, Community & Rehabilitation. ISSN 1703-3381. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
Oshima, I.; Nakai, K. (1993). "The japanese mental health system and family movement: History, present status, and research findings". New Directions for Mental Health Services. 1993 (60): 13. doi:10.1002/yd.23319936004.

Web pages

Goode, David (1998). "And Now Let's Build a Better World: The story of the Association for the Help of Retarded Children, New York City: 1948–1998" (PDF). AHRC. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
Groce, Nora Ellen (November 1996). "Parent Advocacy for Disabled Children and the Disability Rights Movement: Similar Movements, Different Trajectories" (PDF). PONPO Working Paper No. 237 and ISPS Working Paper No. 2237. Program on Non-Profit Organizations and Institute for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University. Retrieved Jan 3, 2012.
MGCDD. "The Reawakening 1950 – 1980". Parallels in time: A History of Developmental Difficulties. The Minnesota Governor's Council on Development Disabilities. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
Smith, Patricia McGill (1980). International Trends in the Parent Movement: Obstacles and Opportunities. 58th Annual International Convention of The Council for Exceptional Children. Education Resources Information Center. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Abstract online.

External links

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