Farah Province

For other uses, see Farah (disambiguation).
Farah
فراه
Province

ISAF forces pull security for the safety of the pilots and team of an Mil Mi-17 helicopter as it leaves the Gulistan district in 2009.

Map of Afghanistan with Farah highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 32°30′N 63°30′E / 32.5°N 63.5°E / 32.5; 63.5Coordinates: 32°30′N 63°30′E / 32.5°N 63.5°E / 32.5; 63.5
Country  Afghanistan
Capital Farah
Government
 • Governor Mohammad Asif Nang
Area
 • Total 48,470.9 km2 (18,714.7 sq mi)
Population (2015)[1]
 • Total 507,405
 • Density 10/km2 (27/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+4:30
ISO 3166 code AF-FRA
Main languages Pashto
Dari

Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the western part of the country next to Iran. It is a spacious and sparsely populated province, divided into eleven districts and contains hundreds of villages. It has a population of about 925,016,[2] which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural tribal society. The Farah Airport is located near the city of Farah, which serves as the capital of the province.

Geographically the province is approximately 48,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi), making it (comparatively) more than twice the size of Maryland, or half the size of South Korea. The province is bounded on the north by Herat, on the northeast by Ghor, the southeast by Helmand, the south by Nimroz, and on the west by Iran. It is the fourth largest province in Afghanistan. The province is home to a great many ruined castles including the "Castle of the Infidel" just south of Farah City.

History

Further information: History of Afghanistan
The ancient Drangiana, between Ariana and Arachosia, during 500 BC.

Shahr-e Kohn-e ("Old City") or Fereydun Shahr ("City of Fereydoon") is located in Farah city. This ancient city is more than 3000 years old. It was one of the ancient places of the Persian kings, as Farah belonged historically to the Sistan empire. The name "Fereydun" here refers to a hero of the Persian epic Shahnameh.

The territory was known around 500 BC as Drangiana, with Arachosia being to the east and Ariana to the north. It was part of the Median Empire followed by the Achaemenids. In 330 BC Alexander the Great took possession of the land and made it part of his empire. Upon Alexander's untimely death in 323 BC the region, along with the rest of his vast empire, was fought over by his generals all vying to be his successor. Eventually several of these were successful in carving out parts of Alexander's empire for themselves thereby becoming his official successors or Diadochi. One of these generals, Seleucus, made this region part of his domain giving it his name as the Seleucid Empire. They were replaced by other rulers and the area eventually fell to the Sassanids, then to the Arab Muslims. The Saffarids rose to power in 867 AD in Zaranj and made Farah part of their empire. By the 10th century the province became part of the Ghaznavid Empire, whose capital was located in Ghazni. They were replaced by the Ghurids and then after a century later the area saw the Mongol invasion.

The province was taken by Timur and eventually fell to the Safavid dynasty. It had been lost by the Safavids to the Uzbeks of Transoxiana, but was regained following a Safavid counter-offensive around 1600 CE, along with Herat and Sabzavar.[3] In 1709, the Afghans gained independence from the Safavids and Farah became part of the Hotaki Empire. By 1747, it became part of Ahmad Shah Durrani's last Afghan empire. During the 19th century, the British army passed through the province to support Afghan forces in Herat Province against the invading Persians.

Following the Marxist revolution in 1978, Farah was one of the cities in which civilian massacres were carried out by the now-dominant Khalqi communists against their political, ethnic, and religious opponents.[4] At the start of the 1980s, the majority of Farah was allied with the Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami movement, but after 1981 the province split along linguistic lines, with Pashtun-speaking opponents of the communist government remaining with Harakat, and Dari speakers moving to the Jamiat-e Islami.[5]

Following the 1992 collapse of the communist-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Farah Province, unlike many other provinces was relatively peaceful. Most of the Farah Mujahideen belonged to Harakat Islami of Malavi Khalas, Group-e-Malema (Teacher Group), Hizb-e-Islami and Jamiat Islami.

A 1995 Oxfam report lists Farah as "severely mined", and indicated that Farah was particularly problematic due to the wide variety of mine devices employed there, as well as usage of mines to deny access to irrigation systems.[6] By late 1995, the stalemate broke as the Taliban counterattacked after Ismail Khan's failed drive to Kandahar, and all of Farah fell as the Taliban swept to take Herat on 5 September 1995.[7]

Recent history

U.S. forces outside the Citadel of Alexander the Great near the city of Farah in 2004.
The Togj bridge in Farah Afghanistan was rebuilt by the Provincial Reconstruction Team in 2010

Due to its isolation from the Taliban's area of focus, Farah exerted some small level of local control during Taliban rule. By the end of the Taliban period, there were eight United Nations Development Program (UNDP) schools, for both boys and girls, recognized and supported by the Taliban in Kandahar and Farah. UNDP noted that the local authorities in Farah were "particularly cooperative" on the subject.[8]

Following the Coalition entry and union with the Northern Alliance after September 11, 2001, the Taliban withdrew from Farah due to the heavy Coalition aerial campaign, though ground troops were not sent to the province until some time later.[9][10]

Village elders attend the graduation ceremony for the first Afghan local police unit in the Bala Baluk district.

Farah has not seen much fighting since the US backed overthrow of the Taliban in 2001, and is peaceful, relative to many parts of the country. Although there has been sporadic heavy combat in the Bala Baluk, and Gulestan districts. However, mountainous Eastern Farah has seen at least one US offensive against Taliban forces. In February 2005, the Taliban killed an aid worker in northern Farah and there was a failed Taliban assassination attempt on the governor. Due to its proximity to the restive Helmand and Uruzgan provinces, Farah has experienced problems with roaming insurgent gangs moving through the province and occupying parts of the province for brief periods of time. Incidents of this type have increased as Taliban fighters face heavy pressure from the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) offensives in the south.

The roads in Farah province have seen massive improvement since May 2005 and are still being improved to date April 2006. The education system has been greatly improved and a great number of illegal weapons have been collected and destroyed in the province as testimony to the Provincial Reconstruction Team. The United States built a base at Farah Airport, which is being expanded and also houses the Afghan National Security Forces (ANFS).

In May 2009, an American airstrike in the village of Granai in Bala Buluk District occurred that killed a large number of civilians. According to the New York Times, the villagers said that 147 were killed, an independent Afghan human rights group put the number of killed at 117. The Americans claimed the airstrike was targeting Taliban militants, but villagers said that the Taliban had left by the time the airstrike occurred.[11] On May 19, the U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan Karl Eikenberry visited Farah town to talk with the survivors. He promised that "the United States will work tirelessly with your government, army and police to find ways to reduce the price paid by civilians, and avoid tragedies like what occurred in Bala Baluk."[12]

Politics and governance

The current governor of the province is Mohammad Asif Nang. He replaced Omar Shirzad in January 2015. All law enforcement activities throughout the province are managed by the Afghan National Police (ANP). The border with neighboring Iran is monitored by the Afghan Border Police (ABP). A provincial police chief is assigned to lead both the ANP and the ABP. The Police Chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabull. The ANP and ABP are backed by the military, including the NATO-led forces.

Economy

Further information: Economy of Afghanistan

Farah's economy is overwhelmingly agricultural. The province has minerals such as gypsum, lime and construction stones, gold’s coal and uranium. 1300 worker were employed by manufacturing firms in the province.[13] 74% of rural households reported either agriculture or livestock to be their main source of income and 24% reported that trade and service (including non-farm labor) to their main source of income.[14]

Transportation

Further information: Transport in Afghanistan

The Farah Airport is located next to the city of Farah and as of May 2014 had regularly scheduled flights to Herat.

The major road is Route 515 which connects Farah to the Ring Road between Herat and Kandahar. Both roads were improved in 2009 in coordination with several ISAF countries.

Healthcare

Further information: Health in Afghanistan

The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 3% in 2005 to 14% in 2011.[15] 6% of births were attended to by a skilled birth attendant in 2011.[15]

Education

Further information: Education in Afghanistan

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 28% in 2005 to 18% in 2011.[15] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 50% in 2005 to 68% in 2011.[15]

Demographics

Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan
Ethnolinguisticgroups in Afghanistan, 2001

The total population of Farah province is about 925,016,[16] which is predominately tribal and a rural society. About 482,400 are settled[2] while the remaining are the Kuchi and other nomads. The ethnic Pashtuns make up 80% of the population, with Baloch being 4%, and the remaining 16% are Tajiks, Aimak and Hazara.[16] The primary Pashtun tribes in Farah province are the Alizai, Barakzai, and Nurzai.[17] However, the Kuchi nomads, a Pashtun group, make up almost 17% of the population, in winter, but only 2% in the summer.[18]

All inhabitants follow Islam, 95% are Sunni while 5% are Shias.[16] As of 2005, the languages spoken in the province were Dari (35%), Pashto (65%), and Balochi a distant third being spoken in only four villages.[18] Multilingualism is common throughout the region.

Districts

Districts of Farah province
Districts of Farah Province
District Capital Population[19] Area Number of villages and ethnic groups
Anar Dara 65,573 5,000 km2 50 villages. 60% Pashtun and 40% Tajik.[20]
Bakwa 39,871 2,424 km2 80 villages. Pashtun.[21]
Bala Buluk 72,465 km2
Farah Farah 104,300 3,500 km2 115 villages. Pashtun and Tajik.[22]
Gulistan 49,774 7,102 km2 109 villages.[23]
Khaki Safed 37,000 1,200 km2 60 villages.[24]
Lash Wa Juwayn 20,499 5,491 km2 63 villages. Pashtun, Tajik.[25]
Pur Chaman 51,626 6,694 km2 294 villages.[26]
Pusht Rod 37,000 1,200 km2 60 villages.[27]
Qala-I-Kah 30,653 3,598 km2 56 villages. Pashtun, Tajik.[28]
Shib Koh 23,013 2,738 km2 56 villages.[29]

Religious sites

The tomb of Muhammad Jaunpuri

The tomb of Muhammad Jaunpuri is believed to be in Farah.

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Afghanistan at GeoHive
  2. 1 2 "Settled Population of Farah province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13" (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  3. ↑ William Bayne Fisher. The Cambridge history of Iran. Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, ISBN 978-0-521-20094-3
  4. ↑ Olivier Roy. Islam and resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-39700-6, ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. Pg 97
  5. ↑ Olivier Roy. Islam and resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-39700-6, ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1
  6. ↑ Shawn Roberts, Jody Williams. After the guns fall silent: the enduring legacy of landmines. Oxfam, 1995. ISBN 0-85598-337-X, 9780855983376
  7. ↑ Peter Marsden. The Taliban: war, religion and the new order in Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 1-85649-522-1, ISBN 978-1-85649-522-6
  8. ↑ Susan Hawthorne, Bronwyn Winter. September 11, 2001: feminist perspectives. Spinifex Press, 2002. ISBN 1-876756-27-6, ISBN 978-1-876756-27-7
  9. ↑ Malalai Joya. A Woman Among Warlords: The Extraordinary Story of an Afghan Who Dared to Raise Her Voice. Simon and Schuster, 2009. ISBN 1-4391-0946-X, 9781439109465
  10. ↑ Harvey Langholtz, Boris Kondoch, Alan Wells. International Peacekeeping: The Yearbook of International Peace Operations. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-411-2191-9, ISBN 978-90-411-2191-2
  11. ↑ Afghan Villagers Describe Chaos of U.S. Strikes. The New York Times. Carlotta Grall and Taimoor Shah, 14 May 2009
  12. ↑ A Vow to Cut Afghan Civilian Deaths. The New York Times. Carlotta Grall, May 19, 2009
  13. ↑ National Area-Based Development Programme, Farah Provincial Profile,http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/232/Farah%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf
  14. ↑ WFP, http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/afg/country/provincial-Profile/Farah
  15. 1 2 3 4 Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/DaiKundi.aspx
  16. 1 2 3 "Province: Farah" (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). February 3, 2009. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  17. ↑ "Farah Province". Program for Conflict and Culture Studies. Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  18. 1 2 "Provincial Development Plan, Farah Provincial Profile" (PDF). Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2010.
  19. ↑ "Farah Province". Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  20. ↑ Anar Dara District (Re-elected)
  21. ↑ Bakwa District
  22. ↑ Farah Center (Re-elected)
  23. ↑ Gulistan District
  24. ↑ Khaki Safid District (Re-elected)
  25. ↑ Lash Wa Jowain District
  26. ↑ Purchaman District
  27. ↑ Poshti Rod District (Re-elected)
  28. ↑ Qalae Kah (Poshti Koh) District
  29. ↑ Sheb Koh District
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