Francis Wharton
.jpg)
Francis Wharton (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1820 – February 21, 1889) was an American legal writer and educationalist.
Life
He graduated at Yale in 1839, was admitted to the bar in 1843, became prominent in Pennsylvania politics as a Democrat, served as assistant attorney-general in 1845. In Philadelphia, he edited the North American and United States Gazette. He was professor of English history and literature at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, in 1856-1863.
He took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1862 and in 1863-1869 was rector of St. Paul's Church, Brookline, Massachusetts. In 1871-1881 he taught ecclesiastical polity and canon law in the Protestant Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and at this time he lectured on the conflict of laws at Boston University.
For two years he traveled in Europe, and after two years in Philadelphia he went to Washington, DC, where he was lecturer on criminal law (1885–1886) and then professor of criminal law (1886–1888) at Columbian (now George Washington) University; in 1885-1888 he was solicitor (or examiner of claims) of the Department of State, and from 1888 until his death was employed on an edition (authorized by Congress) of the Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (6 vols, 1889, ed. by John Bassett Moore), which superseded Jared Sparks's compilation.
Wharton was a "broad churchman" and was deeply interested in the hymnology of his church. Wharton was also interested in Christian apologetics, and he wrote an essay on the relationship between apologetics and jurisprudence that was published in The Princeton Review in 1878. He received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1883, and was the foremost American authority on international law. He authored the doctrine in criminal law (Wharton's Rule of Concert of Action) that to form a conspiracy takes one more person than is necessary to commit the crime. (It takes two people to gamble. Therefore, two people gambling cannot be guilty of conspiracy to gamble. Three can.)
Publications
- A Treatise on the Criminal Law of the United States (1846; many times reprinted)
- State Trials of the United States during the Administrations of Washington and Adams (1849)
- A Treatise on the Law of Homicide in the United States (1855)
- with Moreton Stillé, A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence (1855)
- A Treatise on Theism and Modern Skeptical Theories (1859), in which he applied rules of legal evidence to modern sceptical theories
- A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws (1872; 3rd ed. 1905)
- A Treatise on the Law of Negligence (1874)
- A Commentary on the Law of Agency and Agents (1876)
- A Commentary on the Law of Evidence in Civil Issues (1877; 3rd ed. 1888)
- a companion work on Criminal Evidence
- "Recent Changes in Jurisprudence and Christian Apologetics," The Princeton Review, Vol. 2, no. 1 (July–December 1878) pp. 149–168. (This is accessible via http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/m/moajrnl).
- Commentary on the Law of Contracts (1882)
- Commentaries on Law (1884)
- Digest of the International Law of the United States (3 vols 1886).
See the Memoir (Philadelphia, 1891) by his daughter, Mrs Viele, and several friends; and J. B. Moore's "Brief Sketch of the Life of Francis Wharton," prefaced to the first volume of the Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wharton, Francis". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
- Works by or about Francis Wharton at Internet Archive
- Biography at virtualology.com under his ancestor Thomas Wharton Jr.