Franz Kline

Franz Kline

Painting Number 2, 1954,
The Museum of Modern Art
Born Franz Kline
(1910-05-23)May 23, 1910
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Died May 13, 1962(1962-05-13) (aged 51)
New York City, New York
Nationality American
Education Boston University
Known for Abstract painting
Movement Abstract expressionism, action painting

Franz Kline (May 23, 1910 – May 13, 1962) was an American painter born in Pennsylvania. He is mainly associated with the Abstract Expressionist movement of the 1940s and 1950s. Kline, along with other action painters like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell and Lee Krasner, as well as local poets, dancers, and musicians came to be known as the informal group, the New York School. Although he explored the same innovations to painting as the other artists in this group, Kline's work is distinct in itself and has been revered since the 1950s.[1]

Biography

Kline was born in Wilkes-Barre, a small coal-mining community in Eastern Pennsylvania. When he was seven years old, Kline's father committed suicide. His mother later remarried and sent him to Girard College, an academy in Philadelphia for fatherless boys. After graduation from high school, Kline studied art at Boston University from 1931 to 1935, then spent a year in England attending the Heatherley School of Fine Art in London. During this time, he met his future wife, Elizabeth V. Parsons, a British ballet dancer. She returned to the United States with Kline in 1938.[2]

Upon his return to the country, Kline worked as a designer for a department store in New York state. He then moved to New York City in 1939 and worked for a scenic designer. It was during this time in New York that Kline developed his artistic techniques and gained recognition as a significant artist.[3]

He later taught at a number of institutions including Black Mountain College in North Carolina and the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn.[4] He spent summers from 1956 to 1962 painting in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and died in 1962 in New York City of a rheumatic heart disease.[5]

Artistic development

Early work

Kline's artistic training focused on traditional illustrating and drafting. During the late 1930s and early 1940s Kline worked figuratively, painting landscapes and cityscapes in addition to commissioned portraits and murals. His individual style can be first seen in the mural series Hot Jazz, which he painted for a New York bar in 1940.

Untitled, 1955, Private Collection

The series revealed his interest in breaking down representative forms into quick, rudimentary brushstrokes.

The personal style he developed during this time, using simplified forms, became increasingly more abstract. Many of the figures he depicted are based on the locomotives, stark landscapes, and large mechanical shapes of his native, coal-mining community in Pennsylvania. This is sometimes only apparent to viewers because the pieces are named after those places and objects, not because they actually look like the subject.[6] With the influence of the contemporary New York art scene, Kline worked further into abstraction and eventually abandoned representationalism. From the late 1940s onward, Kline began generalizing his figurative subjects into lines and planes which fit together much like the works of Cubism of the time.[7]

Later work

It is widely believed that Kline's most recognizable style derived from a suggestion made to him by his friend and creative influence, Willem de Kooning. Elaine de Kooning gave a romanticized account of the event, claiming that, in 1948, Willem de Kooning advised an artistically frustrated Kline to project a sketch onto the wall of his studio, using a Bell-Opticon projector.[8] Kline described the projection as such:

"A four by five inch black drawing of a rocking chair...loomed in gigantic black strokes which eradicated any image, the strokes expanding as entities in themselves, unrelated to any entity but that of their own existence."[9]

As Elaine de Kooning suggests, it was then that Kline dedicated himself to large-scale, abstract works. However, even though Willem de Kooning recalls that Kline delved into abstraction "all of a sudden, he plunged into it", he also concedes that it took considerable time, stating that "Franz had a vision of something and sometimes it takes quite a while to work it out." [10] Over the next two years, Kline's brushstrokes became completely non-representative, fluid, and dynamic. It was also at this time that Kline began only painting in black and white. He explains how his monochrome palette is meant to depict negative and positive space by saying, "I paint the white as well as the black, and the white is just as important."[11] His use of black and white is very similar to paintings made by de Kooning and Pollock during the 1940s.[12] There also seem to be references to Japanese calligraphy in Kline's black and white paintings, although he always denied that connection.[13]

Kline's first one-man show took place in October 16-November 4, 1950, at the Egan Gallery, 63 East 57th Street. The Show consisted of eleven abstract paintings; color was a rare sighing in the paintings: brown underpainting near the bottom of Nijinsky and fleeting hints of green in Leda. The paintings displayed a variety of compositions and moods, but they all had one defining trait: they all were in Kline's signature style of black on white.[14] Thirteen years earlier in London, Kline had called himself a "black and white man" but not until this show had the accuracy of this phase become clear to others. Because of Kline's impact and his concrete style, Kline was dubbed the "black and white artist", a label which stuck with the artists, and he would occasionally feel restricted by.[15] Kline's first one-man show was a pivotal event in Kline's career as it marked the virtually simultaneous beginning and end of Kline's major invention as an abstract artist. At the age of forty, Kline had secured a personal style which he had already mastered. There were no real vessels for which Kline could further his investigation, he only had the potential to replicate the style he had already mastered. To move on, there was only one logical direction for Kline to go, which was back to color, which was the direction he was headed at the time of his premature death from heart failure.[16]

In the later 1950s, Kline began experimenting with more complex chiaroscuro instead of focusing on a strict, monochromatic palette in such paintings as Requiem (1958). Then in 1958, he reintroduced the use of color in his work through colorful accents in his black and white paintings. This exploration back to color-use was still in development when Kline died in 1962.[17]

Interpretation and influence

Kline is recognized as one of the most important yet problematic artists of the Abstract Expressionist movement in New York. His style is difficult for critics to interpret in relation to his contemporaries.[18] As with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and other Abstract Expressionists, Kline was said to be an action painter because of his seemingly spontaneous and intense style, focusing not at all on figures or imagery, but on the expression of his brushstrokes and use of canvas. However, Kline's paintings are deceptively subtle. While generally his paintings have a spontaneous, and dramatic impact, Kline often closely referred to his compositional drawings. Kline carefully rendered many of his most complex pictures from extensive studies, commonly created on refuse telephone book pages. Unlike his fellow Abstract Expressionists, Kline's works were only meant to look like they were done in a moment of inspiration; however, each painting was extensively explored before his housepainter's brush touched the canvas.[19]

Kline was also known for avoiding giving meaning to his paintings, unlike his colleagues who would give mystical descriptions of their works.[20] In a catalog of Kline's works, art historian Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev writes that "his art both suggests and denies significance and meaning."[21] Many of his works have been viewed by art historians as indications of a progression towards minimalist painting. They believe that his works hold an objective opacity and frankness that differs from the subjectivity involved with the New York School's style. This would make his work more similar to the avant-garde platforms like minimalism that replaced the Abstract Expressionist movement in the 1960s.[22]

Art historian David Anfam notes that artists working during Kline's life and after—such as Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly, Mark di Suvero, and Brice Marden—have all called Kline an inspiration.[23]

Art market

In 2012 San Francisco financier George R. Roberts sold a nearly ten-foot wide, untitled black-and-white work from 1957 at Christie's, New York. The painting went to a telephone bidder for $36 million, or $40.4 million with fees (Christie’s guaranteed the seller Robert Mnuchin an undisclosed minimum),[24] a record price for the artist at auction and more than six times the previous record, which was set in 2005 when Christie’s sold Crow Dancer (1958) for $6.4 million.[25]

An early work, UNTITLED, from 1940 (of an interior room) was purchased from Sotheby's in 1995 by a private collector for $21,850.[26] This early piece helps to define his early phase, before his transformation from a realist painter to a groundbreaking abstract expressionist. The painting's bold brushstrokes prefigure the epic black abstraction of his breakthrough style.

Exhibitions

Kline had his breakthrough show at the Charles Egan Gallery in 1950, and he participated in the 9th Street Art Exhibition the following year. In 1958 he was included in the Museum of Modern Art’s major exhibition, "The New American Painting", which toured eight European cities.[27] In the decade before his death, his work was included in numerous international exhibitions, including the Venice Biennale (1956, 1960); Documenta, Kassel, West Germany (1959); São Paulo Biennial (1957); and Whitney Annuals and Biennials (1952, 1953, 1955, 1961). The Washington Gallery of Modern Art, Washington, D.C., organized a memorial exhibition (1962). Major monographic exhibitions have also been held at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (1968); Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. (1979); Cincinnati Art Museum, traveling to San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (1985); Menil Collection, Houston (1994); Fundació Antoni Tàpies, Barcelona (1994); and Castello di Rivoli, Museo d’arte contemporanea, Italy (2004).[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ART VIEW; FRANZ KLINE- A LEGACY IN BLACK AND WHITE". The New York Times Company. The New York Times. January 19, 1986. p. A. 29. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Savvine, Ivan. "Franz Kline". TheArtStory.org. The Art Story Foundation. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  3. ↑ "Franz Kline". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  4. ↑ Franz Kline Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
  5. ↑ "Franz Kline". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Christov-Bakargiev, Carolyn; Anfam, David; Ashton, Dore (2004). Franz Kline, 1910-1962. Italy: Skira Editore. p. 356. ISBN 88-8491-866-9.
  7. ↑ Anfam, David. [<http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T046894> "Kline, Franz"] Check |url= value (help). Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
  8. ↑ Messinger, Lisa Mintz (1992). Abstract Expressionism: Works on Paper. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. p. 56. ISBN 0-87099-656-8.
  9. ↑ "Franz Kline, Chief, 1950". MOMA Learning. Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  10. ↑ Gaugh, Harry (1985). Franz Kline. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-55859-770-9.
  11. ↑ "Franz Kline, Chief, 1950". MOMA Learning. Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Messinger, Lisa Mintz (1992). Abstract Expressionism: Works on Paper. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. p. 56. ISBN 0-87099-656-8.
  13. ↑ F. Kline, quoted in S. Rodman, "Revolution in Paint: Franz Kline," Franz Kline: 1910-1962, exh. cat., Milan, 2004, p. 110.
  14. ↑ Gaugh, Harry (1985). Franz Kline. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-55859-770-9.
  15. ↑ Gaugh, Harry (1985). Franz Kline. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-55859-770-9.
  16. ↑ Gaugh, Harry (1985). Franz Kline. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-55859-770-9.
  17. ↑ Anfam, David (16 Oct 2013). [<http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T046894 "Kline, Franz"] Check |url= value (help). Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
  18. ↑ Siedell, Daniel (2003). "Art Criticism as Narrative Strategy: Clement Greenberg's Critical Encounter with Franz Kline". Journal of Modern Literature. Indiana University Press. 26 (3/4): 47–61. JSTOR 30053229.
  19. ↑ Anfam, David. [<http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T046894> "Kline, Franz"] Check |url= value (help). Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
  20. ↑ Solomon, Deborah (16 Dec 1994). "Franz Kline: Hot Brush in a Harsh Place". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company Inc: A12. ISSN 0099-9660.
  21. ↑ Christov-Bakargiev, Carolyn (2004). Franz Kline, 1910-1962. Italy: Skira Editore. p. 57. ISBN 8876241418.
  22. ↑ Anfam, David (2004). Franz Kline, 1910-1962. Italy: Skira Editore. p. 42. ISBN 8876241418.
  23. ↑ Michael Kimmelman (December 16, 1994), The Kline Puzzle: A Definite Classic Long Neglected New York Times.
  24. ↑ Katya Kazakina (November 15, 2012), Jeff Koons, Franz Kline Set Records at Christie’s Sale Bloomberg.
  25. ↑ Carol Vogel (November 14, 2012), Relentless Bidding, and Record Prices, for Contemporary Art at Christie’s Auction New York Times.
  26. ↑ (Sotheby's receipt retained)
  27. ↑ Franz Kline Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
  28. ↑ "Franz Kline". Guggenheim.org. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 14 April 2015.

Further reading

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