Frida Kahlo Museum
The Frida Kahlo Museum (Spanish: Museo Frida Kahlo), also known as the Blue House (La Casa Azul) for the structure's cobalt-blue walls, is a historic house museum and art museum dedicated to the life and work of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. It is located in the Colonia del Carmen neighborhood of Coyoacán in Mexico City. The building was the birthplace of Kahlo and is also the home where she grew up, lived with her husband Diego Rivera for a number of years, and eventually died, in one of the rooms on the upper floor. In 1958, Diego Rivera donated the home and its contents in order to turn it into a museum in Frida's honor.
The museum contains a collection of artwork by Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and other artists along with the couple’s Mexican folk art, pre-Hispanic artifacts, photographs, memorabilia, personal items, and more. The collection is displayed in the rooms of the house which remains much as it was in the 1950s. Today, it is the most popular museum in Coyoacán and one of the most visited in Mexico City.
The Blue House
The house/museum is located in Colonia del Carmen area of the Coyoacán borough of Mexico City. Coyoacán, especially the Colonia del Carmen area, has had an intellectual and vanguard reputation since the 1920s, when it was the home of Salvador Novo, Octavio Paz, Mario Moreno and Dolores del Río. Today, the area is home of a number of the borough’s museums.[1] The house itself is located on the corner of Londres and Allende Streets, and it stands out for its cobalt-blue walls, giving it the name La Casa Azul (The Blue House).[2][3] Like most of the other structures in the area, the house is built around a central courtyard with garden space, a tradition since colonial times. Originally, the house enclosed only three sides of this courtyard, but later the fourth side was added to enclose it entirely.[2][3] The house covers 800m2 and the central courtyard is another 400m2.[4] As it was built in 1904, it originally had French-style decorative features but later it was changed to the plainer facade seen today.[3][4] The building has two floors with various bedrooms, studio space, a large kitchen and dining room. The entrance hall was decorated by a mosaic in natural stone by Mardoño Magaña of the Escuela de Pintura al Aire Libre in Coyoacán, inspired by the murals done by Juan O’Gorman at the Ciudad Universitaria.[3]
The museum
Originally the house was the family home of Frida Kahlo, but since 1958, it has served as museum dedicated to her life and work. With about 25,000 visitors monthly, it is one of Mexico City’s most-visited museums, and the most-visited site in Coyoacán.[4][5][6] It is supported solely by ticket sales and donations.[4][7] The museum demonstrates the lifestyle of wealthy Mexican bohemian artists and intellectuals during the first half of the 20th century.[2] The entrance ticket to the Casa Azul allows for free entrance into the nearby Anahuacalli Museum which was also established by Diego Rivera.[4] According to records and testimony, the house today looks much as it did in 1951, decorated with Mexican folk art,[3] Kahlo’s personal art collection, a large collection of pre-Hispanic artifacts, traditional Mexican cookware, linens, personal mementos such as photographs, postcards and letters, and works by José María Velasco, Paul Klee and Diego Rivera. Much of the collection is now in display cases designed for their preservation. The museum also contains a café and a small gift shop.[5][6][7]
The museum consists of ten rooms. On the ground floor is a room that contains some of Kahlo’s mostly minor works such as "Frida y la cesárea", 1907–1954, "Retrato de familia", 1934, "Ruina 1947", "Retrato de Guillermo Kahlo", 1952 y "El marxismo dará salud", 1954 (showing Frida throwing away her crutches), with a watercolor “Diario de Frida” in the center.[3][4] This room originally was the formal living room, where Frida and Diego entertained notable Mexican and international visitors and friends such as Sergei Eisenstein, Nelson Rockefeller, George Gershwin, caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias and actresses Dolores del Río and María Félix.[2]
The second and third rooms are dedicated to personal effects and mementos and to some of Rivera’s works respectively. The second room is filled with everyday items Frida used, letters, photographs and notes. On the walls are pre-Hispanic necklaces and folk dresses, especially the Tehuana-style ones that were Frida’s trademark.[2][3] Paintings in the third room include "Retrato de Carmen Portes Gil", 1921, "Ofrenda del día de muertos", 1943, and "Mujer con cuerpo de guitarra", 1916.[3]
The fourth room contains contemporary paintings by artists such as Paul Klee, José María Velasco, Joaquín Clausel, Celia Calderón Orozco, and a sculpture by Mardonio Magaña. The fifth room contains two large Judas figures, “mujeres bonitos” figures from Tlatilco, State of Mexico and figures from the Teotihuacan culture.[3] The large papier-mâché Judas figures and other paper mache monsters were traditionally filled with firecrackers and exploded on the Saturday before Easter.[2]
The sixth and seventh rooms are the kitchen and dining room. Both are in classic Mexican style, with bright yellow tile and the floor, blue and yellow tile counters and a long yellow table, where sister Ruth stated that Frida spent much of her time. The two rooms are filled with large earthenware pots, plates, utensils, glassware and more which came from Metepec, Oaxaca, Tlaquepaque and Guanajuato, all known for their handcrafted items.[2][3] Decorative features include papier-mache Judas skeletons hanging from its ceiling, and walls with tiny pots spelling the names of Frida and Diego next to a pair of doves tying a lovers’ knot.[2]
Off the dining room was Rivera’s bedroom, with his hat, jacket and work clothes still hanging from a wall rack. Next to this is a stairwell that leads from the courtyard area to the upper floor. This area also contains a large number of folk art items includes about 2,000 votive paintings from the colonial period to the 20th centuries, other colonial era work and more Judas figures.[3][7]
The two rooms of the upper floor which are open to the public contain Frida’s final bedroom and studio area. This is located in the wing that Rivera had built. The original furniture is still there. In one corner, her ashes are on display in an urn, which is surrounded by a funeral mask, some personal items and mirrors on the ceiling.[3] On her bed is a painted plaster corset she was forced to wear to support her damaged spine, and under the canopy is a mirror facing down which she used to paint her many self-portraits. The head of the bed contains the painting of a dead child, and the foot contains photo montage of Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Mao Zedong. The pillow is embroidered with the words "Do not forget me, my love."[2] Her wheelchair is drawn up to an unfinished portrait of Stalin, on an easel which is said was given to her by Nelson Rockefeller. Stalin became a hero to Kahlo after she and Rivera had a falling out with Trotsky.[2][5][6]
The tour of the museum ends at the large courtyard garden which is completely enclosed by the four sides or wings of the structure. The courtyard area is divided by a stepped pyramid, a fountain and a reflection pool. These were built in the 1940s when Rivera first moved into the house and built the fourth wing enclosing the house. This wing’s walls which face the courtyard are decorated with marine shells and mirrors.[3] There are also sculptures by Mexican artist Mardonio Magaña.[7] One side of the courtyard is the following inscription "Frida y Diego / vivieron en / esta casa / 1929-1954" (Frida and Diego lived in this house – 1929-1954).[3]
History
The house was constructed in 1904 in Colonia Del Carmen in Coyoacán, which was established on lands that belonged to the former Hacienda del Carmen, a property of the Carmelites in the colonial period.[3] At that time and during the first half of the 20th century, Coyoacán was officially part of the Federal District of Mexico City, but was still relatively rural and separate from Mexico City’s urban sprawl. Since the late 19th century, a number of Mexico City’s wealthy had built country homes in the area, often imitating the colonial designs of the past. Colonia del Carmen became popular with artists and intellectuals starting around the 1920s, due the promotion of it by Francisco Sosa and the establishment of the Escuela de Pintura al Aire Libre (Open Air School of Painting) at the former San Pedro Martír Hacienda in 1923.[1] Originally, the exterior of the house was decorated in a French-inspired motif, which was popular in Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[4]
Frida Kahlo was born in this house in 1907, and it remained her family home throughout her life. She spent her last thirteen years of it here as well.[5][6] Frida was the daughter of Wilhelm (Guillermo) Kahlo, who immigrated from Europe to Mexico and native Mexican María Calderón. Frida spent her childhood in this house. She stated that during the Mexican Revolution, her mother would open the windows of this house in order to donate supplies to the Zapata army when it was in the area in 1913. She also spent large amount of time in the house convalescing, first in 1918 when she was struck with polio which would leave one leg shorter than the other. When she was 18, a trolley accident left her badly mangled. She spent about two years confined to her bed in casts and orthopedic devices. It was then she began to paint as a way to pass the time. One of the works from this time has Frida on what appears to be a stretcher, her body bandaged and located to the side of this house.[3] Frida met Diego Rivera while he was painting murals at the Secretaria de Educacion Publica building and invited him to the Caza Azul to see her work. Rivera soon began to be a regular visitor to the house. Other notable artists followed, making the house one of the area’s meeting places. After marrying Rivera, Frida moved from her childhood home to an apartment on Paseo de la Reforma, but Rivera paid off the family’s mortgage on the Casa Azul. In the 1930s, Frida lived in other places in Mexico City or abroad, but visited her family in the home frequently and it appears in a painting done in 1936 called “Mis abuelos, mis padres y yo” also called “Arbol genealógico.”[3]
By 1937, the house was abandoned and shuttered although it was still the property of Frida’s father. Because of intervention by Kahlo and Rivera, Russian Leon Trotsky obtained asylum in Mexico. He and his wife were first housed in the Casa Azul starting in January 1937. The windows facing the street were closed in with adobe bricks for Trotsky’s safety as he was under a death sentence from Stalin. A high wall was built between this house and the adjoining one as well. From 1937 and 1939, Trotsky lived and worked here, writing treatises such as “Su moral y la nuestra" and an article about Leon Sedrov. This would cause security problems in the area. In early 1938, Trotsky was forced to abandon La Casa Azul. He temporarily stayed at the home of Antonio Hidalgo in Lomas de Chapultepec while his wife stayed at the Casa Azul. He returned in April 1939 after the death of his son Liova. During all of this time, the house continued to be a meeting place for intellectuals, especially those associated with Communism. However, eventually Trotsky and Rivera had a falling out over ideology and Rivera’s criticism of Trotsky’s writings. Soon thereafter, the Trotskys moved to a nearby house on Viena Street.[3] Because of matrimonial problems, Frida decided to return to the Casa Azul in the summer of 1939 and the couple divorced at the end of the year. However, the couple did not break all contact, and they remarried at the end of 1940. In 1941, just before Frida’s father’s death, Rivera moved into the house, although he maintained another residence in San Angel. During this time, Rivera constructed the wing which faces Londres Street and encloses the courtyard completely. This section was built of local volcanic rock with ceramic vases set into it. A terraced roof was built, decorated with marine shells and a mirror. Here Frida’s studio and bedroom was moved. To separate the new from the old, a stone wall divides the patio area in two, in front of which is a fountain, a stepped pyramid, a reflection pool and a room for the couple’s archeological collection.[3] The exterior was also changed from the original French style to the one seen today. The redesign work on the house was done by Juan O’Gorman in 1946.[4] As the couple’s home, the house continued to receive distinguished visitors from both Mexico and abroad. These include names such as Fritz Henle, Concha Michel, Dolores del Río, María Félex, Lucha Reyes and Chavela Vargas.[3]
In 1943, Frida became an instructor for the Escuela de Pintura y Escultura de La Esmeralda, but her physical condition required her to mostly give classes at her home. These students eventually number only four and were called “Los fridos”: Fanny Rabel, Guillermo Monroy, Arturo “el Güero” Estrada and Arturo García Bustos, who mostly worked and trained in the patio area. Starting in 1945, Frida was once again confined to bed in the house. From then to 1947, she painted works such as “Flor de la vida,” in 1945 and “El sol de la vida” in 1947.[3] Frida died on the upper floor of this house on 13 July 1954 at the age of 47. Her wake took place here before the body was taken to the Palacio de Bellas Artes then cremated. Four years after her death, in 1958, Rivera donated the house to the nation of Mexico and set up a foundation for its preservation. The house was converted to a museum dedicated to the life and works of Kahlo. The first director of the museum was Carlos Pellicer with the mandate to keep the house as it was.[3][4]
The museum was relatively obscure for many years as Frida Kahlo was little known beyond the art world until the 1990s.[2] In the 1980s, a movement called Neomexicanismo promoted her and her work.[8] Since that time, she has become a cult icon, with images of her appearing on many pop culture items, and many of her works now command high prices.[2] In 2006, Kahlo's 1943 painting Roots set a US$5.6 million auction record for a Latin American work.[9] The popularity of Frida affected the museum. It closed for a time in the early 1990s, then reopened in 1993, with the addition of a gift shop and restaurant/café.[2] Today, the museum is the most-visited in Coyoacán and one of the most visited in Mexico City.[4][5][6]
Restoration work was performed on the building and some of its contents in 2009 and 2010. The work was sponsored in part by the German government, which donated 60,000 euros for the effort, and in part by the museum itself, which contributed one million pesos. The effort concentrates on obtaining furniture for display and preservation, other equipment, roof work, restoration of items in the collection. Restoration includes most of the paintings in the collection, including paintings “Viva la vida,” “El marxismo dará salud a los enfermos,” “Frida y la cesárea,” “Naturaleza muerta con bandera,” “Retrato de Marta Procel,” “Retrato de mi familia,” “Retrato de mi padre Wilhelm Kahlo” and “Los hornos de ladrillos” as well as “La quebrada” and Paisaje urbano” by Rivera, “Retrato del niño Don Antonio Villaseñor” and “Retrato de niño muerto” by unknown author, “Composición” by Wolfgang Paalen and “Retrato de Diego Rivera” by Leopold Gottlieb, along with an archive of 6,500 photographs of Kahlo, Rivera with the friends, family and colleagues done by Nickolas Murray, Martin Munckaci, Fritz Henle and Gisele Freund. The conservation work only covers about 35 percent of the total collection.[7][10]
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References
- 1 2 Alejandro Lerch (April 4, 2010). "Fachadas con historia" [Facades with history]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 6.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Gale Randall (January 1, 2006). "The Frida Kahlo Museum". Mexconnect newsletter. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "Museo Casa de Frida Kahlo" [Frida Kahlo House Museum] (in Spanish). INAH. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Museo Frida Kahlo" [Frida Kahlo Museum] (in Spanish). Government of Mexico City. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Noble, John (2000). Lonely Planet Mexico City. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. p. 139. ISBN 1-86450-087-5.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Humphrey, Chris (2005). Moon Handbooks-Mexico City. Berkeley, CA: Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-56691-612-7.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Restauran 'Casa Azul' de Frida Kahlo" [Restor Casa Azul of Frida Kahlo]. Terra (in Spanish). Mexico. May 28, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- ↑ Emerich, Luis Carlos (1989). Figuraciones y desfiguros de los ochentas. Mexico City: Editorial Diana. ISBN 968-13-1908-7.
- ↑ "Frida Kahlo " Roots " Sets $5.6 Million Record at Sotheby's". Art Knowledge News. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
- ↑ "Avanza restauración de Museo Frida Kahlo" [Restoration of Frida Kahlo Museum advances]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. May 18, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
Coordinates: 19°21′18.11″N 99°09′46.24″W / 19.3550306°N 99.1628444°W