Future perfect

For other uses, see Future perfect (disambiguation).

The future perfect is a verb form or construction used to describe an event that is expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future, such as will have finished in the English sentence "I will have finished by tomorrow." It is a grammatical combination of the future tense, or other marking of future time, and the perfect, a grammatical aspect that views an event as prior and completed.

English

In English, the future perfect construction consists of the auxiliary verb will (or shall; see shall and will) to mark the future, the auxiliary verb have to mark the perfect, and the past participle of the main verb (the second component of the English perfect construction). For example:

The first auxiliary may be contracted to 'll: see English auxiliaries and contractions. The negative form is made with will not or shall not; these have their own contractions won't and shan't. Some examples:

Most commonly the future perfect is used with a time marker that indicates by when (i.e. prior to what point in time) the event is to occur, as in the previous examples. However it is also possible for it to be accompanied by a marker of the retrospective time of occurrence, as in "I will have done it on the previous Tuesday". This is in contrast to the present perfect, which is not normally used with a marker of past time: one would not say *"I have done it last Tuesday", since the inclusion of the past time marker last Tuesday would entail the use of the simple past rather than the present perfect.

The English future perfect places the action relative only to the absolute future reference point, without specifying the location in time relative to the present. In most cases the action will be in the future relative to the present, but this is not necessarily the case: for example, "If it rains tomorrow, we will have worked in vain yesterday."[1]

The future perfect construction with will (like other constructions with that auxiliary) is sometimes used to refer to a confidently assumed present situation rather than a future situation, as in "He will have woken up by now."

The time of perspective of the English future perfect can be shifted from the present to the past by replacing will with its past tense form would, thus effectively creating a "past of the future of the past" construction in which the indicated event or situation occurs before a time that occurs after the past time of perspective: In 1982, I knew that by 1986 I would have already gone to prison. This construction is identical to the English conditional perfect construction.

An obsolete term found in old grammars for the English future perfect is the "second future tense."[2][3]

For more information, see the sections on the future perfect and future perfect progressive in the article on uses of English verb forms.

Spanish

In Spanish, the future perfect is formed as this:

subject + future of
haber 		+ past participle
yo habré hablado
I will have spoken

The future of haber is formed by the future stem haber + the endings -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án. The past participle of a verb is formed by adding the endings -ado and -ido to ar and er/ir verbs, respectively. However, there are a few irregular participles such as these:

abrir: abierto
cubrir: cubierto
decir: dicho
escribir: escrito
freír: frito
hacer: hecho
morir: muerto
poner: puesto
ver: visto
volver: vuelto

Verbs within verbs also have the same participle, for example, predecir ("to predict') would be predicho; suponer ("to suppose") would be supuesto. Also, satisfacer ("to satisfy") is close to hacer ("to do") in that the past participle is satisfecho.

To make the tense negative, no is simply added before the form of haber: yo no habré hablado. For use with reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is before the form of haber: from bañarse ("to take a bath"), yo me habré bañado; negative: yo no me habré bañado.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, the future perfect is formed like in to Spanish: "subject + future of ter or haver + past participle ". The use of the auxiliary verb haver to form the future perfect is, however, very rare in modern Portuguese:

eu terei falado ("I will have spoken")

The future of ter is formed by the future stem ter + the endings -ei, -ás, -á, -emos, -eis, -ão (the 2nd person plural form tereis is, however, archaic in Brazilian Portuguese). The past participle of a verb is formed in turn by adding the endings -ado and -ido to the stems of -ar and -er/-ir verbs, respectively. However, there are a few irregular participles such as these:

abrir: aberto
cobrir: coberto
dizer: dito
escrever: escrito
fazer: feito
ganhar: ganho
gastar: gasto
pagar: pago
pôr: posto
ver: visto
vir: vindo

Several verbs that are derived from the irregular verbs above form their past participle similarly like the past participle of predizer ("to predict') is predito; for supor ("to suppose"), it would be suposto, and satisfazer ("to satisfy"), which is derived from fazer ("to do"), has the past participle satisfeito.

To make the sentence negative, não is simply added before the conjugated form of ter: eu não terei falado. When using the future perfect with oblique pronouns, European Portuguese and formal written Brazilian Portuguese use mesoclisis of the pronoun in the affirmative form and place the pronoun before the auxiliary verb in the negative form:

Eu tê-lo-ei visto ("I will have seen him")
Eu não o terei visto ("I will not have seen him")
Eles ter-me-ão visto ( "They will have seen me")
Eles não me terão visto ("They will not have seen me")

Informal Brazilian Portuguese usually places stressed pronouns such as me, te, se, nos and lhe/lhes between the conjugated form of ter and the past participle: eles terão me visto; in the negative form, both eles não terão me visto and eles não me terão visto are possible, but the latter is more formal and preferred in the written language.

Unstressed pronouns like o and a are normally placed before the conjugated form of ter: eu o terei visto; eu não o terei visto.

French

The French future perfect, called futur antérieur, is formed like in Spanish:

subject + future of
avoir or être 		+ past participle
j' aurai parlé
I will have spoken

However, verbs that use être in the past ("House of Être" verbs, reflexive verbs) use être to form the present perfect. For example, je serai venu(e) uses the future of être because of the action verb, venir (to come), which uses être in the past.

To form the future form of the auxiliary verbs, the future stem is used, and the endings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont are added. Both avoir and être have irregular future stems, but with the exception of -re verbs, most verbs use the infinitive as the future stem (je parler-ai, I will speak), the future stem of avoir "is" aur-, and the future stem of être is ser-.

To form the past participle in French, one usually adds -é, -i, and -u to the roots of -er, -ir, and -re verbs, respectively. However, there are many exceptions to this rule, including these commonly used ones (and all of their related verbs):

Verbs related to mettre ("to put"): promettre ("to promise"); to ouvrir: offrir ("to offer"), souffrir ("to suffer"); to prendre ("to take"): apprendre ("to learn"), comprendre ("to understand"); to venir ("to come"): revenir ("to come again"), devenir ("to become").

When using être as the auxiliary verb, one must make sure that the past participle agrees with the subject: je serai venu ("I [masc.] will have come"), je serai venue ("I [fem.] will have come"); nous serons venus ("We [masc. or mixed] will have come"), nous serons venues ('We [fem.] will have come"). Verbs using avoir do not need agreement.

To make this form negative, one simply adds ne (n' if before a vowel) before the auxiliary verb and pas after it: je n'aurai pas parlé; je ne serai pas venu. For reflexive verbs, one puts the reflexive pronoun before the auxiliary verb: from se baigner ("to take a bath"), je me serai baigné; negative: je ne me serai pas baigné.

German

The future perfect in German (called "Futur II", "Vorzukunft" or "vollendete Zukunft") is formed like it is in English, by taking the simple future of the past infinitive. The simple future of the auxiliary sein (= ich werde sein, du wirst sein etc.) or haben (= ich werde haben, du wirst haben, etc.), and the verb is conjugated in the past participle (ich werde gemacht haben, du wirst gemacht haben, etc.):

  • Ich werde etwas geschrieben haben.
"I will have written something."
  • Morgen um diese Uhrzeit werden wir bereits die Mathe-Prüfung gehabt haben.
"Tomorrow at the same time we already will have had the math exam."
  • Es wird ihm gelungen sein
"He will have succeeded."
  • Wir werden angekommen sein
"We will have arrived."

Dutch

The Dutch future perfect tense is very similar to the German future perfect tense. It is formed by using the verb zullen ("shall") and then placing the past participle and hebben ("to have") or zijn ("to be") after it:

Ik zal iets geschreven hebben.
"I shall something written have."
"I will have written something."

Afrikaans

The Afrikaans future perfect tense is very similar to the Dutch future perfect tense. It is formed by using the verb sal ("shall") followed by the past participle and het (conjugated form of the verb hê):

Ek sal iets geskryf (*) het.
"I shall something written have."
"I will have written something."

(*) Unlike in Dutch, almost all past participles in Afrikaans are regular (with a few exceptions like gehad and gedag). The Dutch strong participles are, however, sometimes preserved in Afrikaans when the participles are used as adjectives:

Dutch: Ik zal een brief geschreven hebben
Afrikaans: Ek sal 'n brief geskryf het
English: "I will have written a letter"
Dutch: een geschreven brief
Afrikaans: 'n Geskrewe brief
English: "a written letter"

Greek

In Modern Greek, the future perfect is formed with the future particle θα tha, an auxiliary verb (έχω or είμαι écho, íme "to have" or "to be"), and the infinitive or participle.

Latin

In Latin conjugation the future perfect is found by using the perfect stem + a declined future being verb (ero). An exception is that the active indicative third person plural is formed from the perfect stem + erint, instead of + erunt: amaverint, not amaverunt.

The future perfect active is formed like this:

perfect stem + future perfect
suffix 		+ thematic
vowel 		+ person and
number
ending
dix- -er- -i- -mus
We shall have spoken

The future perfect passive is formed like this:

perfect passive participle + future of
sum
amātus erō
have been loved I will

Italian

The future perfect is used to say that something will happen in the future but before the time of the main sentence. It is called futuro anteriore and is formed by using the appropriate auxiliary verb "to be" (essere) or "to have" (avere) in the future simple tense followed by the past participle:

Io avrò mangiato ("I will have eaten")

Io sarò andato/a ("I will have gone")

It is also used for to express doubt about the past like the English use of "must have":

Carlo e sua moglie non si parlano più: avranno litigato ("Carlo and his wife are no longer talking: they must have quarrelled")

To translate "By the time/When I have done this, you will have done that", Italian uses the double future: Quando io avrò fatto questo, tu avrai fatto quello.

Croatian

It is usually restricted to conditional clauses. It is formed from a conjugated form of auxiliary verb biti ("to be") in the imperfective aspect plus past participle, which can be in any aspect and is conjugated for gender and number. Since Croatian has a developed aspect system this tense is considered redundant.

Kad budem pojeo... ("When I will have eaten...")

Nakon što budeš gotov... ("After you will have been done...")

An exception to the rule is found in the Kajkavian dialect, in which future perfect is also used instead of the nonexistent future tense. The auxiliary verb biti is pronounced differently in Kajkavian but similarly to Slovene.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 73.
  2. ↑ Comly, John. 1811. A new spelling book, adapted to the different classes of pupils. Philadelphia: Kimber and Conrad.
  3. ↑ Murray, Lindley. 1827. An abridgment of L. Murray's English grammar. Boston: James Loring.
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