Hamilton (musical)

Hamilton
An American Musical
Playbill from the Original Broadway Production
Music	Lin-Manuel Miranda
Lyrics	Lin-Manuel Miranda
Book	Lin-Manuel Miranda
Basis	Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow
Premiere	January 20, 2015: The Public Theater, New York City
Productions	2013 Workshop 2015 Off-Broadway 2015 Broadway 2016 Chicago
Awards	List of awards  Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Off-Broadway Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Musical Obie Award for Best New American Theatre Work Pulitzer Prize for Drama Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical Broadway.com Audience Award for Favorite Musical

Hamilton: An American Musical is a musical about the life of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, with music, lyrics, and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda.^[1] The show, inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow, achieved both critical acclaim and box office success.

The musical made its Off-Broadway debut at The Public Theater in February 2015, where its engagement was sold out.^[2] The show transferred to Broadway in August 2015 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre. On Broadway, it received enthusiastic critical reception and unprecedented advance box office sales.^[3] In 2016, Hamilton received a record-setting 16 Tony nominations, winning 11, including Best Musical, and was also the recipient of the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The prior Off-Broadway production of Hamilton won the 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical as well as seven other Drama Desk Awards out of 14 total nominated categories.

A production of the musical began previews in Chicago in September 2016,^[4] and opened in October with sold out performances. A national touring production is scheduled to begin in San Francisco in March 2017.^[5]

The musical will also open in the West End in October 2017, reopening the Victoria Palace Theatre which is currently being refurbished following the closure of the long running show, Billy Elliot.^[6][7]

Background

thumbtime=3:37

External audio

Lin-Manuel Miranda Talks 'Hamilton': Once A 'Ridiculous' Pitch, Now A Revolution, interview with Scott Simon, NPR, April 9, 2016

At the airport, while on a vacation from performing in his hit Broadway show In the Heights, Lin-Manuel Miranda decided to pick up and read Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow, a biography of Alexander Hamilton. After finishing the first couple of chapters, Miranda quickly began envisioning the life of Hamilton as a musical and researched whether or not a stage musical of his life had been created; a play of Hamilton's story had been done on Broadway in 1917, starring George Arliss as Alexander Hamilton.^[8]

Upon Miranda's discovery he began a project entitled The Hamilton Mixtape. On May 12, 2009, Miranda was invited to perform music from In the Heights at the White House Evening of Poetry, Music and the Spoken Word. Instead, he performed the first song from The Hamilton Mixtape, a rough version of what would later become "Alexander Hamilton," Hamilton's opening number. He spent a year after that working on "My Shot", another early number from the show.^[9]

Miranda performed in a workshop production of the show, then titled The Hamilton Mixtape, at the Vassar Reading Festival on July 27, 2013.^[10] The workshop production was directed by Thomas Kail and musically directed by Alex Lacamoire. The workshop consisted of the entirety of the first act of the show and three songs from the second act. The workshop was accompanied by Lacamoire on the piano.^[9]

Of the original workshop cast, only three principal cast members played in the Off-Broadway production: Miranda, Daveed Diggs, and Christopher Jackson. Most of the original Off-Broadway cast moved to Broadway, except Brian d'Arcy James, who was replaced by Jonathan Groff as King George III.

Synopsis

Act One

The musical begins with the company summarizing Alexander Hamilton's early life as an orphan in the Caribbean ("Alexander Hamilton").

In the summer of 1776 in New York City, Hamilton seeks out Aaron Burr. Burr advises him to "Talk less; smile more." Hamilton rebuffs Burr's philosophy ("Aaron Burr, Sir") and instead joins three revolutionaries he meets: abolitionist John Laurens, the flamboyant Frenchman Marquis de Lafayette, and the tailor's apprentice Hercules Mulligan. Hamilton dazzles them with his rhetorical skills ("My Shot") and they dream of laying down their lives for their cause ("The Story of Tonight"). Meanwhile, the wealthy Schuyler sisters—Angelica, Eliza, and Peggy—wander the streets of New York, excited by the spirit of revolution in the air ("The Schuyler Sisters").

Samuel Seabury, a vocal Loyalist, preaches against the American Revolution, and Hamilton refutes and ridicules his statements ("Farmer Refuted"). A message arrives from King George III, reminding the colonists that he is willing and able to fight for their love ("You'll Be Back").

The revolution is underway, and Hamilton, Burr, and their friends join the Continental Army. As the army retreats from New York City, General George Washington realizes he needs help to win the war. Though Hamilton desires a command and to fight on the front lines, he recognizes the opportunity Washington offers him, and accepts a position as his aide-de-camp ("Right Hand Man").

In the winter of 1780, the men attend a ball given by Philip Schuyler, and Hamilton sets his sights on the man's daughters ("A Winter's Ball"). Eliza is instantly smitten, and after being introduced by Angelica, Eliza and Hamilton soon wed ("Helpless"). Meanwhile, Angelica is also intellectually and physically attracted to Hamilton, but swallows her feelings for the sake of her sister's happiness ("Satisfied"). Burr arrives to offer congratulations, and privately admits to Hamilton that he is having an affair with the wife of a British officer. Hamilton advises him to take action ("The Story of Tonight (Reprise)"). Burr, however, prefers to wait and see what life has in store for him ("Wait For It").

As the revolution continues, Hamilton repeatedly petitions Washington to give him command, but Washington refuses, instead promoting Charles Lee. This decision proves disastrous at the Battle of Monmouth, where Lee orders a retreat against Washington's orders, which prompts the commander to remove him from command in favor of Lafayette. Disgruntled, Lee spreads slanderous and vindictive rumors about Washington. Hamilton is offended, but Washington orders Hamilton to ignore the comments. Laurens, now also an aide to Washington, volunteers to duel Lee so that Hamilton may avoid disobeying Washington's orders ("Stay Alive"). Laurens wins the duel by injuring Lee ("Ten Duel Commandments"). Washington is enraged at the duel, and orders Hamilton to return home to his wife ("Meet Me Inside"). When Hamilton returns home, Eliza tells him she is pregnant. She reassures a hesitant Hamilton that he is enough for her ("That Would Be Enough").

Lafayette takes a larger leadership role in the revolution, convincing France to join the American cause, and the balance shifts in favor of the Continental Army. Washington and Lafayette realize they can win the war by cutting off the British navy at Yorktown, but they will need Hamilton to do so, and the general reluctantly gives him his long-awaited command ("Guns and Ships"). On the eve of battle, Washington recalls his disastrous first command, and advises Hamilton that no man can control how he is remembered ("History Has Its Eyes on You"). After several days of fighting, the Continental Army is victorious. The British surrender in the last major battle of the war ("Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down)"). His forces defeated, King George asks the rebels how they expect to govern on their own without their people hating them ("What Comes Next?").

Soon after the revolution, Hamilton's son Philip is born, while Burr has a daughter, Theodosia ("Dear Theodosia"). Hamilton receives word that Laurens has been killed in a seemingly pointless battle ("Tomorrow There'll Be More Of Us").^[11] Hamilton and Burr both return to New York to finish their studies and pursue careers as lawyers. Burr is in awe of Hamilton's unyielding work ethic and becomes increasingly irritated by his success. Hamilton is chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. Hamilton enlists James Madison and John Jay to write The Federalist Papers after Burr refuses. The newly elected President Washington enlists Hamilton for the job of Treasury Secretary, despite a helpless Eliza's pleas ("Non-Stop").

Act Two

In 1789, Thomas Jefferson returns to the U.S. from France, where he spent most of the Articles of Confederation era as an ambassador. Washington has asked him to be Secretary of State under the new Constitution, and Madison asks for Jefferson's help to stop Hamilton's financial plan, which Madison believes gives the government too much control ("What'd I Miss?"). Jefferson and Hamilton then engage in debate over the merits of Hamilton's financial plan during a Cabinet meeting. Washington pulls Hamilton aside, and tells him to figure out a compromise to win over Congress ("Cabinet Battle #1").

While Hamilton is working at home, Eliza reminds him of Philip's ninth birthday. Philip presents Hamilton with a short rap he composed, amazing his father. Angelica advises Hamilton to convince Jefferson of his plan so Congress will accept it. Later, Eliza and Angelica try to persuade Hamilton to accompany them on vacation for the summer, but Hamilton refuses, saying that he has to work on his plan for Congress, staying in New York while the family goes upstate ("Take a Break").

While alone, Hamilton is visited by Maria Reynolds, who claims her husband is mistreating her. When Hamilton offers to help her, she seduces him and they begin an affair. Maria's husband James Reynolds blackmails Hamilton, who is furious with Maria but pays Reynolds and continues the affair ("Say No To This").

Hamilton discusses his plan with Jefferson and Madison over a private dinner, which results in the Compromise of 1790, giving support to Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for moving the United States capital from New York to Washington, D.C., a site much closer to Jefferson's home in Virginia. Burr is envious of Hamilton's sway in the government and wishes he had similar power ("The Room Where It Happens"). Burr switches political parties and defeats Eliza's father, Philip Schuyler, in a race for his seat in the Senate, driving a wedge between Burr and Hamilton ("Schuyler Defeated").

In another cabinet meeting, Jefferson and Hamilton argue over whether the United States should assist France in their revolution. Washington ultimately agrees with Hamilton's argument for remaining neutral ("Cabinet Battle #2"). After the meeting, Burr, Jefferson, and Madison bemoan how nice it must be for Hamilton to always have Washington's support, and they seek a way to damage Hamilton's image ("Washington on Your Side").

Washington tells Hamilton that Jefferson has resigned from his position in government in order to run for president, and that Washington himself is stepping down. Hamilton is shocked, but Washington convinces him that it is the right thing to do, and they write a farewell address ("One Last Time"). In England, King George III receives news about Washington's step down from leadership and the election of John Adams. The king exits merrily, ready for the United States to fall under Adams' leadership ("I Know Him").

Adams and Hamilton have a huge altercation and effectively destroy the Federalist Party ("The Adams Administration"). Jefferson, Madison and Burr think they have discovered a scandal capable of destroying Hamilton accusing him of embezzling government money and committing treason. In reality, however, they found the transactions from his affair with Maria Reynolds. Hamilton, knowing that the truth is the only way out, tells them about his affair and begs them not to tell anyone ("We Know"). Still worried that they will tell, Hamilton thinks about how writing openly and honestly has saved him in the past ("Hurricane"), and publishes a public admission about the affair, hoping to snuff out rumors of embezzlement and save his political legacy ("The Reynolds Pamphlet"). His personal reputation, however, is ruined. In despondence, Eliza tearfully burns their correspondence, destroying Hamilton's chance at being redeemed by "future historians" and keeping the world from knowing how she reacted by "erasing herself from the narrative" ("Burn").

Years pass, and Hamilton's son Philip challenges a man named George Eacker to a duel for his slander of Hamilton's reputation. Philip aims for the sky from the beginning of the duel, but at the count of seven, Eacker shoots him ("Blow Us All Away"). Philip is taken to a doctor, who is unable to save him. Hamilton and Eliza separately arrive not long before Philip dies ("Stay Alive (Reprise)"). In the aftermath of Philip's death, the Hamiltons move uptown. Hamilton asks for Eliza's forgiveness, which he eventually receives ("It's Quiet Uptown").

The presidential election of 1800 results in President John Adams being defeated, with Jefferson and Burr deadlocked in a tie. Hamilton is upset that Burr has once again changed his ideals for personal gain, and instead throws his support behind Jefferson, who ends up winning the delegates by a landslide ("The Election of 1800"). Burr, enraged, exchanges letters with Hamilton and challenges him to a duel ("Your Obedient Servant"). Before sunrise on the morning of the duel, Eliza asks Hamilton to come back to bed, but he says he has to leave before lovingly complimenting her ("Best of Wives and Best of Women").

Burr and Hamilton travel to Weehawken, New Jersey for the duel, near the site where Philip was shot. As a gunshot sounds, Hamilton soliloquizes on death, his relationships, and his legacy. He aims his pistol at the sky and is struck by Burr's shot, dying soon after. Burr laments that even though he survived, he's cursed to be the villain in history, remembered only as the man who killed Alexander Hamilton ("The World Was Wide Enough").

The company congregates to close the story. Washington enters and reminds the audience that they have no control over how they will be remembered. Jefferson and Madison collectively admit the genius of their political rival's work. Eliza explains how she fights to save her husband's legacy over the next 50 years and frets that she has not done enough, and she then asks the audience who will tell their story once she is gone. As she dies, Hamilton shows her all those who will care for and protect her legacy as she did for him ("Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story").^[12]

Roles and principal casts

Notable Broadway cast replacements

• Jonathan Groff replaced Brian d'Arcy James as King George III in the Off-Broadway production on March 3, 2015.^[16]
• Andrew Rannells temporarily assumed the role of King George III from Groff from October 27 to November 29, 2015.^[17]
• Rory O'Malley assumed the role of King George III from Groff on April 11, 2016. Groff returned to the role for one performance on June 28, 2016, as the performance was filmed.
• Javier Muñoz, previously the Hamilton alternate, assumed the role of Alexander Hamilton from Lin-Manuel Miranda on July 11, 2016. Michael Luwoye assumed Muñoz's position as the Hamilton alternate, and also understudies the role of Aaron Burr.^[18][19]
• Lexi Lawson assumed the role of Eliza Schuyler Hamilton from Phillipa Soo on July 11, 2016.^[20]
• Brandon Victor Dixon assumed the role of Aaron Burr on August 23, 2016. The role's understudies, Sydney James Harcourt and Austin Smith, alternated the role in the six-week duration between Odom's departure on July 9 and Dixon's first performance.^[20][21]
• Daveed Diggs exited the Broadway company on July 15, 2016. The role's understudies—Andrew Chappelle and Seth Stewart—alternated performances weekly in the interim before Stewart assumed the role of Marquis de Lafayette/Thomas Jefferson full-time in late September 2016. Stewart is set to play the role through the end of 2016.^[22][23]
• Mandy Gonzalez assumed the role of Angelica Schuyler Church from Renée Elise Goldsberry on September 6, 2016.^[24]
• Nicholas Christopher assumed the role of George Washington from Christopher Jackson on November 15, 2016.^[25]
• Jordan Fisher assumed the role of John Laurens/Philip Hamilton from Anthony Ramos on November 22, 2016.^[26]
• Okieriete Onaodowan's final performance in the Broadway production is scheduled for December 24, 2016. Replacement casting for the role of Hercules Mulligan/James Madison has yet to be announced.^[27]

Musical numbers

Recordings

Original Broadway cast album (2015)

The original Broadway cast recording for Hamilton was made available to listeners by NPR on September 21, 2015.^[29] It was released by Atlantic Records digitally on September 25, 2015, and physical copies were released on October 16, 2015.^[30] The cast album has also been released on vinyl.^[31] The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, the highest entrance for a cast recording since 1963.^[32] It went on to reach number 3 on the Billboard 200^[33] and number 1 on the Billboard Rap albums chart.^[34] The original cast recording has won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.^[35]

The Hamilton Mixtape (2016)

The Hamilton Mixtape, a collection of remixes, covers, and samples of the musical's songs, was released on December 2, 2016, with a second volume coming shortly afterward.

Refrains

Several of the major characters in the story are accompanied by their own refrain, worked into future songs by the company.

• Alexander Hamilton: When Hamilton is addressed by name, it is almost always in the style of his titular song. The line "I am not throwing away my shot" is also repeated throughout the play in reference to him.^[36][37]
• Aaron Burr: Nearly all of the musical's characters say "Aaron Burr, sir" when they address him for the first time, in the style of the song titled such. Hamilton also addresses him like this throughout the play.^[37][38] Other characters also repeat Hamilton's taunt at Burr, "If you stand for nothing, what will you fall for?".^[37]
• Schuyler Sisters: When either of the main character sisters (Angelica or Eliza) are introduced to someone new, their names are sung like they are in "The Schuyler Sisters". Hamilton also generally addresses them like this.^[37][39]

Critical response

Hamilton has received nearly unanimous acclaim from professional critics, being deemed a cultural phenomenon.

Marilyn Stasio, in her review of the Off-Broadway production for Variety, wrote, "The music is exhilarating, but the lyrics are the big surprise. The sense as well as the sound of the sung dialogue has been purposely suited to each character. George Washington, a stately figure in Jackson's dignified performance, sings in polished prose... But in the end, Miranda's impassioned narrative of one man's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation, a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from."^[40]

In his review of the Off-Broadway production, Jesse Green in New York wrote, "The conflict between independence and interdependence is not just the show's subject but also its method: It brings the complexity of forming a union from disparate constituencies right to your ears.... Few are the theatergoers who will be familiar with all of Miranda's touchstones. I caught the verbal references to Rodgers and Hammerstein, Gilbert and Sullivan, Sondheim, West Side Story, and 1776, but other people had to point out to me the frequent hat-tips to hip-hop... Whether it's a watershed, a breakthrough, and a game changer, as some have been saying, is another matter. Miranda is too savvy (and loves his antecedents too much) to try to reinvent all the rules at once.... Those duels, by the way — there are three of them — are superbly handled, the highlights of a riveting if at times overbusy staging by the director Thomas Kail and the choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler."^[41]

Ben Brantley in reviewing the Broadway production in The New York Times, wrote, "I am loath to tell people to mortgage their houses and lease their children to acquire tickets to a hit Broadway show. But Hamilton, directed by Thomas Kail and starring Mr. Miranda, might just about be worth it.... Washington, Jefferson, Madison – they're all here, making war and writing constitutions and debating points of economic structure. So are Aaron Burr and the Marquis de Lafayette. They wear the clothes (by Paul Tazewell) you might expect them to wear in a traditional costume drama, and the big stage they inhabit has been done up (by David Korins) to suggest a period-appropriate tavern, where incendiary youth might gather to drink, brawl and plot revolution."^[42]

David Cote in his review of the Broadway production for Time Out New York wrote, "I love Hamilton. I love it like I love New York, or Broadway when it gets it right. And this is so right... A sublime conjunction of radio-ready hip-hop (as well as R&B, Britpop and trad showstoppers), under-dramatized American history and Miranda's uniquely personal focus as a first-generation Puerto Rican and inexhaustible wordsmith, Hamilton hits multilevel culture buttons, hard... The work's human drama and novelistic density remain astonishing." He chose Hamilton as a Critics' Pick, and gave the production five out of five stars.^[43]

A review in The Economist notes that the production enjoys "near-universal critical acclaim".^[44] Barack Obama joked that admiration for the musical is "the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on."^[45]

Although the musical and production were mostly praised, there were dissenting opinions and critiques. Elisabeth Vincentelli, of The New York Post, wrote that Hamilton and Burr's love/hate relationship "fails to drive the show – partly because Miranda lacks the charisma and intensity of the man he portrays," and that "too many of the numbers are exposition-heavy lessons, as if this were 'Schoolhouse Rap!' The show is burdened with eye-glazingly dull stretches, especially those involving George Washington."^[46]

Some commentators have criticized the show for making Hamilton and other historical personages appear more progressive than they really were, while ignoring the roles of actual people of color in the Revolutionary era. For example, Ishmael Reed writes: "His reputation has been shored up as an abolitionist and someone who was opposed to slavery. Not true."^[47]

Productions

Off-Broadway (2015)

Directed by Thomas Kail and choreographed by Andy Blankenbuehler, the musical received its world premiere Off-Broadway at The Public Theater, under the supervision of the Public's Artistic Director Oskar Eustis, with previews starting on January 20, 2015 and officially opening on February 17.^[48][49] The production was extended twice, first to April 5 and then to May 3.^[50] Chernow served as historical consultant to the production.^[51][52] The show opened to universal acclaim according to review aggregator Did He Like It.^[53]

Broadway (2015)

The Hamilton cast and crew greets President Barack Obama, 2015

Hamilton premiered on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre (home to Miranda's 2008 Broadway debut In the Heights) on July 13, 2015 in previews, and opened on August 6, 2015.^[42] The production is produced by Jeffrey Seller and features scenic design by David Korins, costumes by Paul Tazewell, lighting by Howell Binkley and sound by Nevin Steinberg, who all reprised their roles from the off-Broadway production.^[54]

The production was critically acclaimed by many theater analysts.^[42][55][56]

Chicago (2016)

Hamilton has a separate resident (non-touring) production at the PrivateBank Theatre in Chicago which started in previews on September 27, 2016;^[4][57] its opening performance was October 19. Directed by Thomas Kail, it is sold out through March 21, 2017, and later tickets will eventually be made available.^[58] According to lead producer Jeffrey Seller, the show may be in residence for two years or more.^[59]

On its opening, attended by author Miranda, the Chicago production received strongly positive reviews.^[60][61][62] Miranda praised the Chicago casts' performance during a later television interview.^[63]

First U.S. national tour (2017)

Plans for a national tour of Hamilton emerged near the end of January 2016. The touring production is expected to begin at San Francisco's SHN Orpheum Theatre in March 2017, where it will play for 21 weeks. The production will then head to Los Angeles' Hollywood Pantages Theatre for a run from August 11 to December 30, 2017. Announced cities include Atlanta; Boston; Costa Mesa, Calif.; Des Moines; Denver;^[64] Houston; Las Vegas; Los Angeles; Portland, Ore.; Salt Lake City; Seattle; St. Louis; Tempe, Ariz., and Washington.^[65]

West End (2017)

Cameron Mackintosh will produce a London production which will re-open the Victoria Palace Theatre (currently undergoing a refurbishment following the closure of Billy Elliot The Musical) in October 2017. Tickets go on sale in January 2017.^[66]

Future productions

On June 9, 2016, Mirvish Productions announced that they are in discussions to bring Hamilton to Toronto.^[67]

Box office and business

The musical's engagement at the Off-Broadway Public Theater was sold-out.^[2]

When the musical opened on Broadway, it had a multimillion-dollar advance in ticket sales, reportedly taking in $30 million before its official opening.^[68] Hamilton was the second-highest-grossing show on Broadway for the Labor Day week ending September 6, 2015 (behind only the The Lion King).^[69] As of September 2015, the show has been sold out for most of its Broadway engagement.^[3]

Hamilton, like other Broadway musicals, offers a lottery before every show. Twenty-one front row seats and occasional standing room are given out in the lottery. Chosen winners are able to purchase two tickets at $10 each. Unlike other Broadway shows, Hamilton's lottery process drew in large crowds of people that created a congestion problem for West 46th Street. Even though many people were not able to win the lottery, Hamilton creator Lin Manuel-Miranda prepared mini-performances, right before the lotteries were drawn. They were dubbed the '#Ham4Ham' shows, due to the fact that if you won, you gave a Hamilton (a $10 bill) in exchange for seeing the show. People were then able to experience a part of the show even when they did not win the lottery.^[70] The lottery was eventually placed online to avoid increasing crowds and dangerous traffic conditions.^[71] On its first day, more than 50,000 people entered, which resulted in the website crashing.^[72] Trevor Boffone in his essay on HowlRound wrote: "Ham4Ham follows a long tradition of Latina/o (or the ancestors of present-day Latina/os) theatremaking that dates back to when the events in Hamilton were happening. (...) The philosophy behind this is simple. If the people won't come to the theatre, then take the theatre to the people. While El Teatro Campesino's 'taking it to the streets' originated from a place of social protest, Ham4Ham does so to create accessibility, tap into social media, and ultimately generate a free, self-functioning marketing campaign. In this way, Ham4Ham falls into a lineage of accessibility as a Latina/o theatremaking aesthetic."^[73] Following Miranda's departure from the show on July 9, 2016, Rory O'Malley, then playing King George III, took over as the host of Ham4Ham.^[74] The Ham4Ham show officially ended on August 31, 2016, after over a year of performances, though the lottery still continues daily.^[75]

Hamilton set a Broadway box office record for the most money grossed in a single week in New York City. In late November, 2016, it grossed $3.3 million for an eight performance week, the first show to break $3 million in eight performances.^[76]

Awards and nominations

Original Off-Broadway production

‡ Blankenbuehler received a Special Drama Desk Award for "his inspired and heart-stopping choreography in Hamilton, which is indispensible [sic] to the musical's storytelling. His body of work is versatile, yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident. When it's time to 'take his shot,' Blankenbuehler hits the bull's-eye."^[80]

Original Broadway production

Accolades

Concept

The names of many main characters, including that of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, are given a unique melodic motif that is repeated throughout the musical Hamilton in various keys, tempos, and timbres depending on the context. This is one example of how Hamilton weaves melodic and lyrical reprises into later songs in the score in order to cue an emotional response.

According to an article in The New Yorker, the show is "an achievement of historical and cultural reimagining." The costumes and set reflect the period, with "velvet frock coats and knee britches. The set ...is a wooden scaffold against exposed brick; the warm lighting suggests candlelight".^[51] The musical is mostly sung-through, with little dialogue.^[13][96]

Integrated casting

Miranda said that the portrayal of Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and other white historical figures by black and Hispanic actors should not require any substantial suspension of disbelief by audience members. "Our cast looks like America looks now, and that's certainly intentional", he said. "It's a way of pulling you into the story and allowing you to leave whatever cultural baggage you have about the founding fathers at the door."^[97] He noted "We're telling the story of old, dead white men but we're using actors of color, and that makes the story more immediate and more accessible to a contemporary audience."^[98]

"Hamilton is a story about America, and the most beautiful thing about it is...it's told by such a diverse cast with a such diverse styles of music," says Renee Elise Goldberry, the actress who plays Angelica Schuyler. "We have the opportunity to reclaim a history that some of us don't necessarily think is our own."^[99] The creator insists that the Founding Fathers can be played by people of color, i.e. non-white, and is open to women playing as the Founding Fathers.^[100]

Historical accuracy

Although Hamilton is based on true events, Miranda does use some dramatic license in retelling the story. For example, while Angelica did have a strong relationship with Hamilton, it is exaggerated in the show. During "Satisfied", Angelica explains why Hamilton is not suitable for her despite wanting him. In particular, she states, "I'm a girl in a world in which my only job is to marry rich. My father has no sons so I'm the one who has to social climb for one." In actuality, Angelica had less pressure on her to do this. There were actually fifteen children of Philip Schuyler, including two sons who survived into adulthood (one of whom was New York State Assemblyman Philip Jeremiah Schuyler), and Angelica had eloped with John Barker Church several years before she met Hamilton. Miranda stated that he chose to do this because it is stronger dramatically if Angelica is available but cannot marry him.^[101][102] In addition, in Act I, Burr's role in Hamilton's life is overstated, and much of the early interactions between the two men in the show are fictionalized. For example, while Burr was present at the Battle on Monmouth, Burr did not serve as Charles Lee's second in his duel with John Laurens as seen in "Ten Duel Commandments", Lee's second was Evan Edwards. Hamilton also never approached Burr to help write the Federalist Papers as portrayed in "Non-Stop".

During Act I, the character of Aaron Burr says that "...Martha Washington named her feral tomcat after him! [Hamilton]", to which Alexander Hamilton replies: "That’s true!"^[103] Despite not being true, the idea of Hamilton as a serial adulterer has been one of the biggest mischaracterizations of the real Alexander Hamilton for centuries, with celebrated authors repeating the story over and over again, notwithstanding that the sexual connotation of tomcat as a womanizer did not appear in dictionaries until the first half of the 20th century. The "tomcat" story has been previously discredited by author Stephen Knott,^[104] and refuted by historian and author Michael E. Newton at the "Alexander Hamilton Discoveries and Findings" talk held by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society at Liberty Hall (Kean University) as part of the 2016 CelebrateHAMILTON events.^[105][106]

In Act II, there are multiple inaccuracies throughout Hamilton's decline, probably due to time constraints and narrative arc. While it is true that John Adams and Hamilton did not particularly get along, John Adams did not fire Hamilton as told in the show. Hamilton resigned from his position as Secretary of the Treasury in 1795, two years before Adams became president. However, Hamilton remained close friends with Washington and highly influential in the political sphere.^[107] In addition, Jefferson, Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair, it was actually James Monroe and Frederick Muhlenberg in 1792. Monroe was a close friend of Jefferson's and shared the information of Hamilton's affair with him. In 1796, journalist James Callendar broke the story of Hamilton's infidelity. Hamilton blamed Monroe, and the altercation nearly ended in a duel. With nothing left to do, Hamilton then published the Reynolds pamphlet.^[108] In "Blow Us All Away", George Eacker fires at the count of seven on Philip Hamilton, as what happened in real life was quite the opposite; neither of them shot each other until one minute after the countdown. Lastly, it was not the presidential election of 1800 that led to Burr and Hamilton's duel. Burr did become Jefferson's vice-president, but when Jefferson decided to not run with Burr for reelection in 1804, Burr opted to run for Governor of New York instead. Burr lost to Morgan Lewis in a landslide. Afterwards, a letter was published from Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, claiming that Hamilton called Burr, "a dangerous man, and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government", and that he knew of "a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr."^[109] This led to the letters between Burr and Hamilton as seen in the show in "Your Obedient Servant."

The show has also been critiqued for a simplistic depiction of Hamilton and vilification of Jefferson. Joanne B. Freeman, professor of history and American studies at Yale University, writes:

The real Hamilton was a mass of contradictions: an immigrant who sometimes distrusted immigrants, a revolutionary who placed a supreme value on law and order, a man who distrusted the rumblings of the masses yet preached his politics to them more frequently and passionately than many of his more democracy-friendly fellows.^[110]

Another historian, Shane White, also states that the show's depiction of the founding of the United States stems from an outdated narrative that a few great men built the country. White says that historians now view the founding in a new way:

Attempting to get away from the Great Men story of the founding fathers, these scholars have incorporated ordinary people, African-Americans, Native Americans and women and placed the whole half-century in the broader contexts of the Atlantic World. In this more inclusive and nuanced telling of the republic's creation, Hamilton plays a cameo rather than leading role.^[111]

Yet another historian, Lyra Monteiro, criticized that the show's multi-ethnic casting obscures the complete lack of identifiable enslaved or free persons of color as characters in the show.^[112]

Use in education

KQED News wrote of a "growing number of intrepid U.S. history teachers...who are harnessing the Hamilton phenomenon to inspire their students."^[113] The Cabinet rap battles provide a way to engage students with topics that have traditionally been considered uninteresting.^[113] An elective course for 11th and 12th graders on the musical Hamilton was held at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York.^[113] KQED News added that "Hamilton is especially galvanizing for the student who believes that stories about 18th century America are distant and irrelevant" as it shows the founding fathers were real humans with real feeling and real flaws, rather than "bloodless, two-dimensional cutouts who devoted their lives to abstract principles."^[113] A high school teacher from the Bronx noted his students were "singing these songs the way they might sing the latest release from Drake or Adele."^[114] One teacher focused on Hamilton's ability to write his way out of trouble and toward a higher plane of existence: "skilled writing is the clearest sign of scholarship — and the best way to rise up and alter your circumstance."^[115]

Hamilton's producers have made a pledge to allow 20,000 New York City public high school students from low-income families to get subsidized tickets to see Hamilton on Broadway by reducing their tickets to $70 for students, and the Rockefeller Foundation provided $1.5 million to further lower ticket prices to $10 per student.^[116][117] The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History created a study guide to accompany the student-ticket program.^[116][117]

The website EducationWorld writes that Hamilton is "being praised for its revitalization of interest in civic education."^[118] Northwestern University announced plans to offer course work in 2017 inspired by Hamilton, in history, Latino studies, and interdisciplinary studies.^[119]

Legacy and impact

In 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced a redesign to the $10 bill, with plans to replace Hamilton with a then undecided woman from American history. Because of Hamilton's surging popularity, mainly due to the musical, United States Treasury Secretary Jack Lew reversed the plans to replace Hamilton's portrait, instead deciding to replace Andrew Jackson with Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill.^[120]

On April 12, 2016, Miranda and Jeremy McCarter's book, Hamilton: The Revolution, was released, detailing Hamilton's journey from an idea to a successful Broadway musical. It includes an inside look at not only Alexander Hamilton's revolution, but the cultural revolution that permeates the show. It also has footnotes from Miranda and stories from behind the scenes of the show.^[121]

In April 2016, a parody, Jeb! The Musical, appeared on the internet with Jeb Bush in the place of Alexander Hamilton,^[122][123] with political figures like Donald Trump and Chris Christie holding supporting roles.^[124] A staged reading, given "just as much preparation as Jeb's campaign," was staged at Northwestern University in June of that year.^[125]

After premiering on the New York Film Festival on October 1, 2016, PBS' Great Performances exhibited on October 21, 2016 the documentary Hamilton's America. Directed by Alex Horwitz, it "delves even deeper into the creation of the show, revealing Miranda’s process of absorbing and then adapting Hamilton’s epic story into groundbreaking musical theater. Further fleshing out the story is newly shot footage of the New York production with its original cast, trips to historic locations such as Mt. Vernon and Valley Forge with Miranda and other cast members, and a surprising range of interviews with prominent personalities, experts, politicians, and musicians."^[126]

After a performance on November 18, 2016, with Vice President-elect Mike Pence in the audience, Brandon Victor Dixon addressed Pence from the stage with a statement jointly written by the cast, show creator Lin-Manuel Miranda and producer Jeffrey Seller.^[127] Dixon began by quieting the audience, and stated: "Vice President-elect Pence, we welcome you and we truly thank your for joining us here at Hamilton. We, sir,—we—are the diverse America who are alarmed and anxious that your new administration will not protect us, our planet, our children, our parents, or defend us and uphold our inalienable rights. We truly hope that this show has inspired you to uphold our American values and to work on behalf of all of us."^{[127][128][129]} Pence listened to the expression of concern about President-elect Donald Trump's upcoming administration, and later declared that he was not offended,^[130] but Trump demanded an apology^[131] for what he described on Twitter as the cast having "harassed" Pence.^[132][133] This led to an online campaign called #BoycottHamilton, which became widely mocked.^[134] Trump was criticized by The Washington Post, who noted the division between white and non-white America in the 2016 Presidential election and suggested Trump could have offered "assurances that he would be a president for all Americans – that he would respect everybody regardless of race or gender or creed;"^[135] instead, as Presidential historian Robert Dallek expressed, Trump's Twitter response was a "striking act of divisiveness by an incoming president struggling to heal the nation after a bitter election",^[135] with the Hamilton cast a proxy for those fearful of Trump's policies and rhetoric.

See also

• 1776, a 1969 musical about the signing of the Declaration of Independence
• Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson, a 2010 historical rock musical about America's seventh President, Andrew Jackson, and the founding of the Democratic Party

References

External links

• Official website
• Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database
• Hamilton at the Internet off-Broadway Database
• Book Discussion on Hamilton with Jeremy McCarter, C-SPAN Television