Hederellid

Hederelloids Temporal range: Silurian - Permian
Scanning electron microscope image of a hederelloid from the Devonian of Michigan.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	incertae sedis (possibly Phoronida)
Genera
See classification

Hederellids are extinct colonial animals with calcitic tubular branching exoskeletons. They range from the Silurian to the Permian and were most common in the Devonian period. They are more properly known as "hederelloids" because they were originally defined as a suborder by Bassler (1939), who described about 130 species. Although they have traditionally been considered bryozoans, they are clearly not because of their branching patterns, lack of an astogenetic gradient, skeletal microstructure, and wide range in tube diameters (Wilson and Taylor, 2001). Work continues on assessing the true affinities of hederelloids, but they appear to be most closely related to phoronids and other lophophorates (Taylor and Wilson, 2008; Taylor et al., 2010).

Classification

• Family Hederellidae
  • Genus Diversipora
  • Genus Hederella
• Family Reptariidae
  • Genus Cystoporella
  • Genus Hederopsis
  • Genus Hernodia

• 
  Three hederelloid species on a Devonian rugose coral.
• 
  Hederelloids encrusting a brachiopod from the Devonian of Ohio.

References

• Bassler, R.S. (1939) The Hederelloidea. A suborder of Paleozoic cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 87:25-91.
• Taylor, Paul D.; Olev Vinn; Mark A. Wilson (2010). "Evolution of biomineralization in 'Lophophorates'". Special Papers in Paleontology. 84: 317–333. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00985.x. 
• Taylor, P.D. and Wilson, M.A. (2008) Morphology and affinities of hederelloid "bryozoans", p. 301-309. In: Hageman, S.J., Key, M.M., Jr., and Winston, J.E. (eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2007: Proceedings of the 14th International Bryozoology Conference, Boone, North Carolina, July 1–8, 2007. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 15.
• Wilson, M.A. and Taylor, P.D. (2001) “Pseudobryozoans” and the problem of encruster diversity in the Paleozoic. PaleoBios, 21 (supplement to no. 2):134-135.
• Wilson, M.A. and Taylor, P.D. (2006) Predatory drillholes and partial mortality in Devonian colonial metazoans. Geology 34: 565-568.