History of chronic fatigue syndrome

Royal Free Hospital in London, where Myalgic Encephalomyelitis came to prominent attention in 1955

The history of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS, also known by many other names) is thought to date back to the 19th century and before.

Timeline

Several descriptions of illness resembling those of chronic fatigue syndrome have been reported for at least two hundred years.[1] In the 19th century neurologist George Miller Beard popularised the concept of neurasthenia with symptoms including fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neuralgia and depression.[2] This concept remained popular well into the 20th century, eventually coming to be seen as a behavioural rather than physical condition, with a diagnosis that excluded postviral syndromes. Neurasthenia has largely been abandoned as a medical diagnosis.[3] The ICD-10 system of the World Health Organization now categorizes neurasthenia under (F48 Other neurotic disorders) which specifically excludes chronic fatigue syndrome.[4]

In 1938, Alexander Gilliam described an illness that resembled poliomyelitis, interviewing patients and reviewing records of one of several clusters which had occurred in Los Angeles, United States in 1934.[5] The Los Angeles County Hospital outbreak included all or most of its nurses and doctors.[6] Gilliam called the outbreak "atypical poliomyelitis" and described the symptoms as: rapid muscle weakness, vasomotor instability, clonic twitches and cramps, ataxia, severe pain (usually aggravated by exercise), neck and back stiffness, menstrual disturbance and dominant sensory involvement.

Novices and convent candidates at a Wisconsin convent were diagnosed with "encephalitis" in 1936. Two towns in Switzerland had outbreaks of "abortive poliomyelitis" in 1937, and 73 Swiss soldiers were given the same diagnosis in 1939. Outbreaks in Iceland were called "Akureyri disease" or "simulating poliomyelitis" and were later called "Iceland disease." 800 people in Adelaide, Australia became ill during 1949-1951 with a disease "resembling poliomyelitis." Two smaller clusters in the United States during 1950 were diagnosed as "Epidemic neuromyasthenia" and "resembling Iceland disease simulating acute anterior poliomyelitis." Additional outbreaks of poliomyelitis-like "mystery diseases" occurred from the 1950s through the 1980s in Denmark, the United States, South Africa, and Australia, among others.[6]

Several outbreaks of a polio-resembling illness occurred in Britain in the 1950s.[7] A 1955 outbreak at the Royal Free Hospital Group was later called Royal Free disease or benign myalgic encephalomyelitis.[8][9] After the Royal Free Hospital outbreak, a disorder with similar symptoms was found among the general population and the epidemic form came to be considered the exception. Pathology findings, both in monkeys[10] and in rare human casualties,[11] led to the conclusion that the disorder was caused by inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord, particularly the afferent nerve roots, perhaps with neuroimmune etiology.[12]

In the 1960s and 1970s, chronic fatigue symptoms were often attributed to chronic brucellosis, but typically people were seen as having psychiatric disorders, in particular depression.[6] Epidemic cases of benign myalgic encephalomyelitis were called mass hysteria by psychiatrists McEvedy and Beard in 1970,[13] provoking criticism in letters to the editor of the British Medical Journal by outbreak researchers, attending physicians, and physicians who fell ill.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The psychiatrists were faulted for not adequately investigating the patients they described,[23] and their conclusions have been refuted.[3][24][25] In 1978 a symposium held at the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) concluded that epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis was a distinct disease entity with a clear organic basis.[26]

The illness gained national attention in the United States when the popular magazine Hippocrates ran a cover story of an epidemic at Lake Tahoe, Nevada, in the mid-1980s.[27] The designation Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus was in use in the U.S.,[28][29] but the magazine used the term "Raggedy Ann Syndrome" to note the fatigue and loss of muscle power patients felt.[30]

Researchers investigating the Lake Tahoe cluster did not find evidence that EBV was involved, and they proposed the name chronic fatigue syndrome, describing the main symptom of the illness.[31][32] They published the first working case definition for CFS in 1988.[33] Research increased considerably, and more so after the criteria were relaxed in 1994.[34]

In 1990, researchers presented evidence they found DNA sequences very similar to the human HTLV-II retrovirus in some CFS patients, at a conference in Kyoto, Japan.[35][36] Their study was later published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.[37] A reporter on Prime Time Live stated the announcement made headlines all over the world. The CDC first ignored their findings,[38] then later conducted a study and published a paper that refuted the hypothesis.[39]

In the United Kingdom, the Chief Medical Officer Kenneth Calman requested a report from the medical Royal Colleges in 1996. This led to the publication of a joint report in which the term "chronic fatigue syndrome" was found to be most representative.[40] This was followed in 2002 by a further report by the new CMO, Liam Donaldson.[41]

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) recognize CFS as a serious illness and launched a campaign in June 2006 to raise public and medical awareness about it.[42][43]

A 2009 study published in the journal Science reported an association between a retrovirus xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and CFS. The editors of Science subsequently attached an "Editorial Expression of Concern" to the report to the effect that the validity of the study "is now seriously in question".[44] and in September 2011, the authors published a "Partial Retraction" of their 2009 findings,[45] this was followed by a full retraction by the magazine’s Editor in Chief after the authors failed to agree on a full retraction statement.[46] Also in September 2011, the Blood XMRV Scientific Research Working Group published a report which concluded "that currently available XMRV/P-MLV assays, including the assays employed by the three participating laboratories that previously reported positive results on samples from CFS patients and controls (2, 4), cannot reproducibly detect direct virus markers (RNA, DNA, or culture) or specific antibodies in blood samples from subjects previously characterized as XMRV/P-MLV positive (all but one with a diagnosis of CFS) or healthy blood donors."[47] In December 2011, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published a similar retraction for an August 2010 paper.[48] Some members of the patient community, who had viewed the XMRV findings as a source of hope for a possible cure, initially reacted negatively when they were called into question. One UK researcher reported verbal abuse after publishing an early paper indicating that the XMRV studies were flawed.[49]

International classifications

The World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD), mandates the international classifications of diseases to allow comparison of health and health fields across countries and throughout the world.[50] It should be noted that not all terms appear in the tabular list (Volume 1), and many more terms are listed in the alphabetic index (Volume 3) of the ICD.[51]

ICD-8

Since its introduction into the eighth edition of the WHO ICD-8 in 1969 (code 323), (Benign) myalgic encephalomyelitis has been classified as a disease of the central nervous system.[52]

ICD-9

The term "benign myalgic encephalomyelitis" appears in the 1975 ICD-9 alphabetic index, and references code 323.9, Encephalitis of unspecified cause.[53] The code 323.9 did not include reference to postviral syndrome. The term “postviral syndrome” was classified to code 780.7, Malaise and fatigue, in Chapter 16, Symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions.[51]

The name Chronic Fatigue Syndrome has been attributed to the USA Centers for Disease Control 1988 research case definition for the illness, "Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition".[31][33] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) was added to ICD-9 after 1988 and listed under code 780.71, Symptoms Signs and Ill-defined Conditions.

ICD-9-CM

Since 1979 the U.S. has used a clinical modification of WHO's ICD 9th revision (ICD-9-CM),[51] and ME is under index: "Encephalomyelitis (chronic) (granulomatous) (hemorrhagic necrotizing, acute) (myalgic, benign) (see also Encephalitis) 323.9."[54]

For CFS, a modification to the alphabetic index was made effective on October 1, 1991 to direct users to code 780.7, Malaise and fatigue, the same code used to identify cases of postviral syndrome. In 1998, a new five-digit code included 780.71, Chronic fatigue syndrome, consistent with the WHO version of ICD-9.[51] Chronic fatigue syndrome is classified in tabular list: "Symptoms, Signs and Ill-Defined Conditions," under the sub-heading of "General Symptoms".[55]

ICD-10

CFS is not included as a coded term in the 1992 ICD-10, WHO created a new category G93, Other disorders of brain, in Chapter VI, Diseases of the Nervous System, and created a new code G93.3, post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS), a condition which was previously in the symptom chapter of ICD-9. WHO also moved benign myalgic encephalomyelitis to G93.3, subordinate to PVFS. The alphabetic index contains other terms, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, to which WHO assigned the same code.[51][56]

ICD-10-CM

The proposed U.S. classification ICD-10-CM (2010 Update replaces July 2009 version) separates CFS and Postviral fatigue syndrome into mutually exclusive categories. "Chronic fatigue, unspecified | Chronic fatigue syndrome not otherwise specified" appears in Chapter XVIII under R53.82. "Postviral fatigue syndrome | benign myalgic encephalomyelitis" appears in Chapter VI under G93.3.[57] The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Advisory Committee (CFSAC) had previously recommended CFS to be placed under the same neurological code as ME and PVFS, G93.3.[58]

References

  1. ↑ Lorusso L, Mikhaylova SV, Capelli E, Ferrari D, Ngonga GK, Ricevuti G (February 2009). "Immunological aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome". Autoimmun Rev. 8 (4): 287–91. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.08.003. PMID 18801465.
  2. ↑ Beard, G (1869). "Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal: 217–221.
  3. 1 2 Evangard B, Schacterie RS, Komaroff AL (Nov 1999). "Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance". Journal of Internal Medicine. 246 (5): 455–469. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x. PMID 10583715. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  4. ↑ WHO (2007). "ICD-10". Retrieved October 9, 2009. |chapter= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Gilliam, AG (1938). "Epidemiological study on an epidemic, diagnosed as poliomyelitis, occurring among the personnel of Los Angeles County General Hospital during the summer of 1934,". United States Treasury Department Public Health Service Public Health Bulletin. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. 240: 1–90.
  6. 1 2 3 Roberto Patarca-Montero (2004). Medical Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Chronic Fatigue and Malaise. Haworth Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-7890-2196-X.
  7. ↑ A. Melvin Ramsay (1986). Postviral Fatigue Syndrome. The saga of Royal Free disease. London: Gower. ISBN 0-906923-96-4.
  8. ↑ "An outbreak of encephalomyelitis in the Royal Free Hospital Group, London, in 1955". Br Med J. 2 (5050): 895–904. 1957. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5050.895. PMC 1962472Freely accessible. PMID 13472002.
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  47. ↑ Simmons G, Glynn SA, Komaroff AL, Mikovits JA, Tobler LH, Hackett J, Tang N, Switzer WM, Heneine W, Hewlett IK, Zhao J, Lo SC, Alter HJ, Linnen JM, Gao K, Coffin JM, Kearney MF, Ruscetti FW, Pfost MA, Bethel J, Kleinman S, Holmberg JA, Busch MP; Glynn; Komaroff; Mikovits; Tobler; Hackett Jr; Tang; Switzer; Heneine; Hewlett; Zhao; Lo; Alter; Linnen; Gao; Coffin; Kearney; Ruscetti; Pfost; Bethel; Kleinman; Holmberg; Busch; Blood XMRV Scientific Research Working Group (SRWG) (2011). "Failure to Confirm XMRV/MLVs in the Blood of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Multi-Laboratory Study". Science. 334 (6057): 814–7. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..814S. doi:10.1126/science.1213841. PMC 3299483Freely accessible. PMID 21940862.
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