Hugh L. Scott

Hugh Lenox Scott
MG Hugh Lenox Scott official portrait
Born	(1853-09-22)September 22, 1853 near Danville, Kentucky
Died	April 30, 1934(1934-04-30) (aged 80) Washington, D.C.
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1876–1919
Rank	Major General
Commands held	Superintendent of the United States Military Academy 3rd Cavalry Regiment Chief of Staff of the United States Army 78th Infantry Division
Battles/wars	American Indian Wars Nez Percé War Ghost Dance War Philippine-American War Bluff War World War I
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Spanish Campaign Medal Philippine Campaign Medal
Relations	Gustavus H. Scott[1]

Hugh Lenox Scott (September 22, 1853 – April 30, 1934) was a post-Civil War West Point graduate who served as superintendent of West Point from 1906 to 1910, and as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1914 to 1917, including the first few months of American involvement in World War I.

Early life

Born September 22, 1853 in Danville, Kentucky, he grew up there and in Princeton, New Jersey where he attended The Lawrenceville School.^[2] He attended Princeton University, before attending the United States Military Academy.^[3]

Career

He graduated from West Point in 1876 (his Cullum Number was 2628), and was commissioned in the Cavalry.^[4] For some twenty years thereafter he served on the Western frontier, chiefly with the 7th United States Cavalry. He was assigned to the quarters only recently vacated by the widow of George Armstrong Custer. In fact, Scott was sent out to the Little Big Horn battle site to mark gravesites for Custer's men killed in the battle. He also had the opportunity to interview many of the Native Americans who fought on both sides of the battle on June 25, 1876. He saw action in campaigns against the Sioux, Nez Perce, Cheyenne and other tribes of the Great Plains and became an expert in their languages and ways of life. He was promoted to First Lieutenant in June 1878.

About 1889, while stationed with the 7th Cavalry at Fort Sill in Oklahoma, Scott made the acquaintance of an Indian scout name I-See-O (Plenty Fires) of the Kiowa tribe. I-See-O enlisted in the Indian Scouts in 1889 and taught Scott Native American sign language and techniques of frontier warfare. When Scott was given command of Troop L of the regiment, he had I-See-O serve as his first sergeant. (Infantry regiments designated Company I for their Native American scouts, and cavalry regiments did the same with Troop L.) During the ghost dance phenomenon of the early 1890s, I-See-O helped in persuading the Apache and Kiowa tribes not to go to war. This action, while serving the interest of white settlers and speculators, undoubtedly also saved the lives of many Native Americans. Scott's gratitude to I-See-O was such that, when he was Chief of Staff of the Army, he allowed for Sergeant I-See-O to remain on active duty for life.^[5]

In 1890-91, he was given the responsibility for suppressing the "Ghost Dance" religious movement that swept the Indian Reservations and received official commendation for that work. In 1892, he organized Troop L of the 7th Cavalry, composed of Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Indians, and commanded it until it was mustered out, the last Indian unit in the United States Army, in 1897. In 1894-97, he had charge of Geronimo's band of Chiricahua Apache Indian prisoners at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.^[6] He was promoted to captain in January 1895, having served as a first lieutenant for 16 and a half years.

In November 1897, he was attached to the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, where he began preparing a work on Indian sign languages. In May 1898, after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, he was appointed major of Volunteers and Assistant Adjutant General of the 2nd and 3rd Divisions, I Corps. He saw no action in that war, but in March 1899 went to Cuba as Adjutant General of the Department of Havana, with the rank of lieutenant colonel of Volunteers.

In May 1900, he became adjutant general of the Department of Cuba and remained in that post until May 1902.^[7] During that time, he served for a time as acting governor and took an active part in the transfer of government into Cuban hands. He was promoted to major in the Regular Army in February 1903 and served as Military Governor of the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, in 1903-06 and also commanded troops there,^[8] taking part in various skirmishes, reorganized the civil government and institutions.

General Scott at Camp Dix

In August 1906, he was named Superintendent of The United States Military Academy (West Point), a post he held for four years with the temporary rank of colonel. He was promoted to permanent lieutenant colonel in March 1911 and in colonel in August of the same year. He then commanded the 3rd U.S. Cavalry Regiment in Texas, engaged in settling various Indian troubles.

In March 1913, he was promoted to brigadier general in command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade, still posted to the Southwest. He won special commendation for his skillful handling of Navajo disturbances at Beautiful Mountain, Arizona, in November 1913. He was named Assistant Chief of Staff in April 1914 and Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1914 to 1917, including the first few months of American involvement in World War I. He was promoted to major general in April 1915. He continued to act in a diplomatic role with Indians and Mexican border officials in the Southwest, settling problems with the Paiutes of Utah in March 1915 and recovering property "confiscated" by Pancho Villa in August.

From February to March 1916, he served as ad-interim Secretary of War but his energies were directed more toward preparation for possible U.S. entry into World War I. He was very influential in winning early acceptance among civil officials of the notion of conscription. He retired at the statutory age in September 1917 but remained on active duty. He became commander of the 78th Division at Camp Dix, New Jersey, in December and of Camp Dix again in March 1918. He retired finally in May 1919 and served on the Board of Indian Commissioners from 1919 to 1929 and was Chairman of the New Jersey State Highway Commission from 1923 to 1933. In 1928, he published an autobiography, "Some Memories of A Soldier."

Death and legacy

He died at Washington, D.C. on April 30, 1934 and was buried among many other family members in Section 2 of Arlington National Cemetery.^[9]

There is a large bas relief Memorial Plaque in his honor in the Washington National Cathedral. His papers are held by the Library of Congress^[10] and Princeton University.^[11]

Dates of rank

United States Military Academy Cadet – class of 1876

Rank	Date	Component
Second Lieutenant	15 June 1876	Regular Army
First Lieutenant	28 June 1878	Regular Army
Captain	24 January 1895	Regular Army
Major	12 May 1898	Volunteers
Lieutenant Colonel	17 August 1899	Volunteers
Major	25 February 1903	Regular Army
Colonel (temporary)	31 August 1906	Regular Army
Lieutenant Colonel	3 March 1911	Regular Army
Colonel	18 August 1911	Regular Army
Brigadier General	23 March 1913	Regular Army
Major General	30 April 1915	Regular Army

Awards

• Distinguished Service Medal^[12]
• 2 Silver Star citations^[12]
• Indian Campaign Medal
• Spanish War Service Medal
• Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
• Philippine Campaign Medal
• Mexican Border Service Medal
• World War I Victory Medal

Namesake

• The US Navy lead transport ship USS Hugh L. Scott (AP-43)
• Scott Middle School in Fort Knox, Kentucky

Works

• Some Memories of a Soldier (1928), New York : The Century Company, xvii, 673 p., [52] leaves of plates.
• Selected Kiowa Stories from the Papers of Hugh Lenox Scott (1920; Digitized page images & text)

In popular culture

• General Scott appears as a character in The Friends of Pancho Villa (1996), a historical novel by James Carlos Blake.

See also

• I-See-O (c.1849 – 1927), a Kiowa who served with Scott as an Indian scout, and taught him Indian sign language

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugh L. Scott.

External links

• Hugh Lenox Scott Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

Leaders of the United States Army
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