Iwi

Iwi (Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi]) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society. The Māori language word iwi means "people" or "nation",^[1] and is often translated as "tribe",^[2] or a confederation of tribes. The word iwi is both singular and plural in Māori. Most Māori in pre-European times gave their primary allegiance to relatively small groups such as hapū ("sub-tribe")^[3] and whānau ("family").^[4]

Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki. Some iwi cluster into larger groupings based on genealogical tradition, known as waka (literally: "canoes", with reference to the original migration voyages), but these super-groupings generally serve symbolic rather than practical functions. Each iwi has a number of hapū ("sub-tribes"). For example, the Ngāti Whātua iwi has hapū including Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa, Te Taou, and Ngāti Whātua ki Ōrākei.

In modern-day New Zealand, iwi groups may exercise significant political power in the recovery and management of land and of other assets. (Note for example the 1997 settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu, compensating that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840). Iwi affairs can have a very real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas, polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy).

Naming

In Māori, as well as in many other Polynesian languages, iwi literally means "bone". Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors. Māori author Keri Hulme's novel, The Bone People (1985), has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people".

Many names of iwi begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai, both meaning roughly "the offspring of"). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā (Pākehā as a group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated into the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga, "Tribe of Tūmatauenga" (the god of war), is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army.

Structure

Each iwi has a generally recognised territory (rohe), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely.^[5] This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty-claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries.

Self-determination

Iwi can become a prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga. Thus the "Rules of the Maori Party" (Māori Party Constitution) mentions in its preamble "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau, hapū and iwi within their own land".^[6] Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi-oriented terms.^[7]

Iwi identity

Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to a situation where a significant percentage do not identify with an iwi. The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment (discussing the process of settling fishing-rights) illustrates some of the issues:

... 81 percent of Māori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 percent live outside the traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Māori reject tribal affiliation because of a working class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi, a particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links.^[8]

In the 2006 census, 16 percent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi. Another 11% did not state their iwi, or only stated a general geographical region or merely gave a canoe-name.^[9] Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi,^[10] and the proportion who "don’t know" dropped relative to the previous censuses.^[9]

Pan-tribalism

Some established pan-tribal organizations may also undercut the otherwise important iwi. The Ratana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and the Māori King Movement, although principally Waikato/Tainui, aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping.

Iwi radio

Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori, the National Māori Radio Network, a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho to operate on behalf of iwi and hapu. Under their funding agreement, the stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture.^[11]

A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people, published in 2003, indicated 50 percent of Māori in Iwi Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station.^[12] A Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the potential audience of iwi radio stations would increase as the growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi.^[13]

The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student radio station Radio Active in 1983.^[14] Twenty one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with a Treaty of Waitangi claim.^[15] This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori, funded by Te Māngai Pāho.^[16]

Major iwi groups

Largest iwi by population

1. Ngāpuhi - 125,601 (in 2013) - based in the Northland Region
2. Ngāti Porou - 71,049 (in 2013) - based in Gisborne and East Cape
3. Ngāi Tahu - 54,819 (in 2013) - based in the South Island
4. Waikato Tainui - 40,083 (in 2013) - based in the Waikato Region
5. Ngāti Tūwharetoa - 35,874 (in 2013) - based in the central North Island
6. Ngāti Maniapoto - 35,358 (in 2013) - based in Waikato and Waitomo
7. Tūhoe - 34,890 (in 2013) - based in Urewera and Whakatane
8. Ngāti Kahungunu ki te Wairoa - 21,060 (in 2013) - based south of Poverty Bay
9. Te Arawa - 19,719 (in 2013) - based in Bay of Plenty

Largest iwi groupings by population

1. No affiliation - 110,928 (in 2013) - includes New Zealand based Māori with no iwi affiliation
2. Ngāti Kahungunu - 61,626 (in 2013) - based on the east coast of the North Island
3. Waikato Tainui - 55,995 (in 2013) - based in the Waikato Region
4. Ngāi Tahu Whanui - 55,986 (in 2013) - based in the South Island
5. Te Arawa - 43,374 (in 2013) - confederation of iwi and hapū based in Rotorua and Bay of Plenty
6. Te Hiku - 33,711 (in 2013) - group of iwi and hapū in the Northland region
7. Ngāti Raukawa - 29,442 (in 2013) - group of iwi and hapū in the Waikato Region, Taupo and Manawatū
8. Te Atiawa - 23,094 (in 2013) - group of iwi and hapū in Taranaki and Wellington
9. Hauraki Māori - 14,313 (in 2013) - group of iwi and hapū at or around the Hauraki Gulf

Other notable iwi

• Ngāti Tama (based in Taranaki and Wellington)
• Ngāti Toa (based in Porirua, having migrated from Kawhia in the 1820s under the leadership of Te Rauparaha)
• Ngāti Ruanui (based in the Taranaki region)
• Ngāti Whātua (based in and north of Auckland – notably Bastion Point in Orakei)
• Te Ātiawa – Taranaki and Lower Hutt
• Whakatohea (based in the Opotiki district)

References

External links

• Map of tribal areas
• Te Kāhui Māngai – Directory of Iwi and Māori Organisations
• Urban Māori article in The New Zealand Herald (details on the creation and rationale for the National Urban Māori Authority)
• Tribal organisation in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand