Jamini Roy

Shri Jamini Roy
Born	(1887-04-11)11 April 1887 Beliatore, Bankura district, West Bengal, India
Died	24 April 1972(1972-04-24) (aged 85)
Nationality	Indian
Known for	Painting
Notable work	painter
Awards	Padma Bhushan(1954)

Shri Jamini Roy (11 April 1887 – 24 April 1972) was an Indian painter. He was honoured with the State award of Padma Bhushan in 1955. He was one of the most famous pupils of Abanindranath Tagore, whose artistic originality and contribution to the emergence of modern art in India remains unquestionable.

Early life and background

Jamini Roy was born on 11 April 1887 into a moderately prosperous family of land-owners in Beliatore village of the Bankura district, West Bengal.^[1]

When he was sixteen he was sent to study at the Government College of Art, Kolkata.^[1] Abanindranath Tagore, the founder of Bengal school was vice principal at the institution. He was taught to paint in the prevailing academic tradition drawing Classical nudes and painting in oils and in 1908 he received his Diploma in Fine Art.

However, he soon realised that he needed to draw inspiration, not from Western traditions, but from his own culture, and so he looked to the living folk and tribal art for inspiration. He was most influenced by the Kalighat Pat (Kalighat painting), which was a style of art with bold sweeping brush-strokes. He moved away from his earlier impressionist landscapes and portraits and between 1921 and 1924 began his first period of experimentation with the Santhal dance as his starting point. Jamini Roy had 4 sons and 1 daughter.

Style

Jamini Roy – Mother and Child, oil on canvas, mid 1920. National Gallery of Modern Art collection

His new style was a reaction against the Bengal School and Western tradition. His underlying quest was therefold: to capture the essence of simplicity embodied in the life of the folk people; to make art accessible to a wider section of people; and to give Indian art its own identity. Jamini Roy's paintings were put on exhibition for the first time in the British India Street of Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1938. During the 1940s, his popularity touched new highs, with the Bengali middle class and the European community becoming his main clientele. In 1946, his work was exhibited in London and in 1953, in the New York City. He was awarded the Padma Bhusan in 1954. His work has been exhibited extensively in international exhibitions and can be found in many private and public collections such as the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. He spent most of his life living and working in Calcutta. Initially he experimented with Kalighat paintings but found that it has ceased to be strictly a "patua" and went to learn from village patuas. Consequently, his techniques as well as subject matter was influenced by traditional art of Bengal. He preferred himself to be called a patua. Jamini Roy died in 1972. He was survived by four sons and a daughter. Currently his successors (daughters-in-law and grand children and their children) stay at the home he had built in Ballygunge Place, Kolkata. His works can be found in various galleries across the globe as well as in his home.It is evident that his followers and successors copied many of his works with a minor variations intentional or unintentional. So, the basic problem lies with the identification of the originality of his works.

Famous works

• Cats Plus
• Cats Sharing a Prawn ^[2]
• Crucifixion with Attendant Angels ^[3][4][5]
• Gopini ^[6][7]
• Krishna and Balarama ^[8][9]
• Krishna and Radha Dancing
• Krishna with Gopis in Boat
• Makara
• Queen on Tiger
• Ravana, Sita and Jatayu ^[10]
• Santal Boy with Drum
• Seated Woman in Sari ^[11]
• St. Ann and the Blessed Virgin
• Vaishnavas
• Virgin And Child
• Warrior King
• Mother and the child ^{[12][13][14][15]}
• three sisters
• surprise

Awards and honours

In 1934, he received a Viceroy's gold medal in an all India exhibition for one of his work. In 1954 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India, the third highest award a civilian can be given.^[16] In 1955, he was made the first Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi, the highest honour in the fine arts conferred by the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art, Government of India.^[17]

In 1976, the Archaeological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India declared his works among the "Nine Masters" whose work, to be henceforth considered "to be art treasures, having regard to their artistic and aesthetic value".^[18]

Critical views

In 1929 while inaugurating Roy's exhibition sponsored by Mukul Dey at Calcutta, the then Statesman Editor Sir Alfred Watson said: "....Those who study the various pictures will be able to trace the development of the mind of an artist constantly seeking his own mode of expression. His earlier work done under purely Western influence and consisting largely of small copies of larger works must be regarded as the exercises of one learning to use the tools of his craft competently and never quite at ease with his models. From this phase we see him gradually breaking away to a style of his own.

You must judge for yourselves how far Mr. Roy has been able to achieve the ends at which he is obviously aiming. His work will repay study. I see in it as I see in much of the painting in India today a real endeavour to recover a national art that shall be free from the sophisticated tradition of other countries, which have had a continuous art history. The work of those who are endeavouring to revive Indian art is commonly not appreciated in its true significance. It is sometimes assumed that revival means no more than a return to the methods and traditions of the past. That would be to create a school of copyists without visions and ideals of their own.

....Art in any form cannot progress without encouragement. The artist must live and he must live by the sale of his work. In India as elsewhere the days when the churches and the princes were the patrons of art have passed. Encouragement today must come from a wider circle. I would say to those who have money to spare buy Indian art with courage. You may obtain some things of little worth; you may, on the other hand, acquire cheaply something that is destined to have great value. What does it matter whether you make mistakes or not. By encouraging those who are striving to give in line and colour a fresh expression to Indian thought you are helping forward a movement that we all hope is destined to add a fresh lustre to the country."

Key works

• "Ramayana", 1946, Spread across 17 canvases (106 × 76 cm, each) Roy's Ramayana is considered to be his magnum opus. Patronized by Sarada Charan Das, Roy created this masterpiece series in Kalighat pata style with natural colors, using earth, chalk powder and vegetable colors instead of dyes.^[19][20] Later Roy also created individual replicas capturing various moments from the entire series. Some of these paintings have been preserved in the National Art Gallery of India and are also in display in the Victoria Memorial Hall. His the story of Ramayana begins with sage Valmiki and completes the circle back to his hermitage after Sita's aagnipariksha. All his 17 canvases are frequently characterized by decorative flowers, landscape, birds and animals typical of the Bengal School of Art. His lines are simple, bold and roundish initially derived from clay images but they lead to complex moments rendering subtle yet powerful emotions. Jamini Roy’s complete “Ramayana” is on display today at Sarada Charan Das' residence "Rossogolla Bhavan" in Kolkata along with 8 other large scale originals. The Das residence today harbors the largest private collection of Jamini Roy paintings with 25 of the master’s originals.^[21]
• "Bride and two Companions", 1952,^[22] tempera on card, 75 x 39 cm. Coates described the painting: "Note the magnificent indigo of Bengal, and how the palms of the bride's hands are smeared with red sandalpaste. Jamini Roy's choice of colours looks at first sight purely decorative. In fact, nearly every thing in his pictures has a reason and a meaning."^[23]
• "Dual Cats with one Crayfish", 1968,^[24] tempera on card, 55.5 x 44 cm. Coates wrote: "Yet another new style, colours reduced in number and very restrained, an almost overwhelming sense of formality." ^[23]

References

Bibliography

• Bishnu Dey; John Irwin (1944). Jamini Roy. Indian Society of Oriental Art. 
• Six Indian painters: Rabindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, Amrita Sher-Gil, M.F. Husain, K.G. Subramanyan, Bhupen Khakhar. Tate Gallery Publications Dept. 1982. ISBN 978-0-905005-58-4. 
• Jamini Roy in the Context of Indian Folk Sensibility and His Impact on Modern Art: Seminar Papers. Lalit Kala Akademi. 1992. 

External links

• Biography at Calcuttaweb.com
• "JAMINI ROY Artwork details with Auctions prices"
• The First but Forgotten Exhibition by Satyasri Ukil

Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
Painters	Jamini Roy Nandalal Bose Akbar Padamsee Benode Behari Mukherjee Anil Karanjai N. S. Bendre Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar K. C. S. Paniker M. F. Hussain B. C. Sanyal P. T. Reddy K. H. Ara S. H. Raza K. G. Subramanyan Paritosh Sen Mukul Dey Svetoslav Roerich Ram Gopal Vijaiwargiya Ranbir Singh Bisht A. Ramachandran Bikash Bhattacharjee Ram Kumar (artist)
Sculptors	Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar Ram Kinker Baij Dhanraj Bhagat Sankho Chaudhuri Amar Nath Sehgal
Others	Kuvempu C. Sivaramamurti Ravi Shankar Raval Mulk Raj Anand M. S. Randhawa Kapila Vatsyayan Keshav Malik
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