John the Painter

James Aitken

1777 illustration of Aitken
Born 1752
Edinburgh
Died 1777 (aged 24–25)
Portsmouth
Cause of death Hanging
Other names John the Painter
Criminal penalty Death
Criminal status Executed
Conviction(s) Arson in royal dockyards

John the Painter (1752–10 March 1777), also known as Jack the Painter, James Aitken or John Aitkin, was a Scot who committed acts of sabotage in Royal Navy naval dockyards in 1776–77.

Early life

Aitken was born in Edinburgh in 1752, the son of a whitesmith and the eighth of twelve children.[1]

The early death of his father assured him a good education at the charitable school of George Heriot’s Hospital, which was founded to care for the "puir, faitherless bairns" (Scots: poor, fatherless children) of Edinburgh.

Upon leaving school, he tried his hand at a variety of low-paying trades before finding that the world of criminal activity offered him more immediate rewards. He admitted in his testament to being a highwayman, burglar, shoplifter, robber, and (on at least one occasion) a rapist:

…I made the best of my way through Winchester to Basingstoke, intending to return to London. Going over a down near Basingstoke, I saw a girl watching some sheep, upon whom, with some threats and imprecations, I committed a rape, to my shame it be said.[2]

Career as a saboteur

Fearful that his crimes would soon be detected, Aitken negotiated an indenture in exchange for a voyage to Jamestown, Virginia. He, of course, had no real intention of serving the terms of the indenture, and soon escaped to North Carolina. His next two years in the colonies were spent in such locales as Philadelphia, Boston, New York City, and Perth Amboy, New Jersey. It was during this period that he became exposed to revolutionary rhetoric, and Aitken claimed that he had been harassed by British troops for being a suspected Whig.[3] At some point after a 1775 return trip to England he developed his scheme of political arson. Some historians have speculated that Aitken was motivated by a desire to escape his life of insignificance and poverty, and that by striking a blow on behalf of the American revolutionaries, Aitken would be recognised and handsomely rewarded for his role.

The British dockyards, Aitken believed, were vulnerable to attack, and he was convinced that one highly motivated arsonist could cripple the Royal Navy by destroying ships in the harbours, but more importantly the dockyards and ropewalks used to build, refit and repair the massive Royal Navy.[4] Despite being a wanted criminal for his other crimes, Aitken travelled freely to several dockyards to determine their vulnerability. Additionally, he travelled to Paris where he eventually forced himself into a meeting with American diplomat Silas Deane. Although Deane was sceptical that Aitken would be successful, Aitken left the meetings believing to have the full backing of Deane and the American revolutionary government. What is clear is that Aitken never received remuneration beyond a few pounds that Deane lent him.

Aitken returned to England with Deane's instruction to meet the American expatriate, spy, and double-agent Edward Bancroft; Aitken disclosed to him at least some of his intentions. Using his training with mixing chemicals and paint solvents from his trade as a painter, Aitken solicited the help of several others into constructing crude incendiary devices with the intention of burning down the highly flammable buildings in the Royal Dockyards. Over the course of several months Aitken attacked facilities in Portsmouth and Bristol, creating the impression that a band of saboteurs was on the loose in England.[1]

Manhunt, capture and imprisonment

Aitken's exploits, though only marginally successful at causing actual damage, did succeed in generating a significant amount of panic among the British public and government. Unsurprisingly, other fires detected during the same time period were incorrectly attributed to Aitken, fanning the alarm. At the height of the crisis, King George III was receiving frequent briefings and groups such as the Bow Street Runners were sent after the trail of Aitken. Eventually, through the help of Sir John Fielding, a description of Aitken and a reward for his capture were posted. Soon after, Aitken was arrested while travelling through the country.[1]

Over the course of his imprisonment, British authorities were initially unsuccessful in gaining sufficient evidence. However, they soon co-opted a young man who visited Aitken frequently in prison and eventually gained his trust. Aitken was soon providing a great deal of incriminating information to this agent, which was subsequently used in locating witnesses and strengthening the state's case against him.

Trial and execution

British authorities hanged John the Painter on 10 March 1777 from the mizzenmast of HMS Arethusa.[5] The mast was struck from the ship and re-erected at the dockyard entrance so as many people as possible could watch the execution. It was the highest gallows ever to be used in an execution in England. Some 20,000 people reportedly witnessed the hanging.[6]

Additional reading

Wikisource has the text of the 1885–1900 Dictionary of National Biography's article about James Aitken.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Holgate, Andrew (13 February 2005). "Biography: John The Painter by Jessica Warner". The Times. London. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
  2. ↑ Aitken, James (1777). The Life of James Aitken, commonly called John the Painter. p. 22.
  3. ↑ Lossing, Benson John (1881). Harpers' Popular Cyclopaedia of United States History. p. 722.
  4. ↑ Macknight, Thomas (1858). History of the Life and Times of Edmund Burke. p. 162.
  5. ↑ "History 1690 – 1840". Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust. 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
  6. ↑ Pindar, Ian (5 March 2005). "Burning Ambition". The Times. London. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
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