Josiah Gorgas

Josiah Gorgas
Born	July 1, 1818 Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Died	May 15, 1883(1883-05-15) (aged 64) Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Allegiance	United States of America  Confederate States of America
Service/branch	United States Army  Confederate States Army
Years of service	1841–1861 (USA) 1861–1865 (CSA)
Rank	Captain (USA) Brigadier general (CSA)
Battles/wars	Mexican-American War American Civil War

Josiah Gorgas (July 1, 1818 – May 15, 1883) was one of the few Northern-born Confederate generals and was later president of the University of Alabama.^[1]

As chief of ordnance during the American Civil War, Gorgas managed to keep the Confederate armies well supplied with weapons and ammunition, despite the Union blockade and even though the South had hardly any munitions industry before the war began. In this effort he also worked closely with the Fraser, Trenholm shipping company that brought in shipments of ordnance by means of blockade runners. He kept diaries during the Civil War which are now a popular subject of study for historians.^[2]

Early life

Josiah Gorgas was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He was graduated from West Point in 1841 and was assigned to the Ordnance Department. He served in the Mexican-American War and was promoted to captain in 1855. In 1853, he married Amelia Gayle, daughter of former Alabama governor John Gayle.

Gorgas served in arsenals in different parts of the country before the Civil War broke out. Early in his career, Gorgas served at Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, New York, and at the Detroit Arsenal. Following the Mexican-American War, Gorgas served in Pennsylvania and in November 1851 was transferred to Fort Monroe in Virginia. There he began his association with the Tredegar Iron Company, which would become an important Southern foundry once the Civil War began. Gorgas went on to serve at the Mount Vernon Arsenal north of Mobile, Alabama beginning in 1853. He was commanding the Frankford Arsenal when he resigned from the United States Army on March 21, 1861 (effective April 3).^[2]

Civil War

Having made the decision to participate in the secession, apparently motivated as much because of professional conflicts as by political principle, he moved to Richmond and became Chief of Ordnance for the Confederacy with the rank of Major.^[2] Having served in nearly every arsenal in the nation he was the perfect choice for the position.^[3] In this capacity, he worked to create an armaments industry almost from scratch. The South had no foundry except the Tredegar Iron Works. There were no rifle works except small arsenals in Richmond, and Fayetteville, North Carolina, plus the captured machines from the U.S. arsenal in Harpers Ferry.

In the procurement of arms Gorgas also corresponded with Charles Prioleau, who headed Trenholm's Liverpool office, arranging for the shipping of arms and other supplies to the Confederacy. Most of the arms sent to the Confederacy departed from Liverpool. During the summer of 1861, Gorgas stockpiled supplies and prepared his first load of cargo while the Trenholm company procured a suitable ship for the voyage. A 1,200 ton iron-hulled steamer, the Bermuda, was chosen to make the voyage.^[3]

Gorgas established armories and foundries, found alternative sources for saltpeter, and created a huge gunpowder mill at the Augusta Arsenal. Thanks to his efforts, the Southern armies never lacked weapons, though they were short on almost everything else. On November 10, 1864, Gorgas was promoted to brigadier general.^[2]

Postbellum

After the war, Gorgas purchased an interest in the Brierfield Furnace in Bibb County, near Ashby in Alabama, which had helped supply the in Confederate Naval Ordnance Works in Selma.^[4] The other directors appointed him to manage the iron works and he moved his family to the furnace site. Due to high operating and management costs he was forced to lease the iron works after just a couple of years in operation.^[2][5]

In 1870 Gorgas accepted a position at the newly established University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. His position there was marked by discord with the Board of Trustees and the stress of keeping the university financially afloat. In 1878, he was elected 8th president of the University of Alabama. When he was forced to resign due to ill health, the trustees created the position of librarian for him, the position in which his wife was to succeed him. Upon his retirement, the university gave his family the 1829 dining hall which had been converted to a faculty residence in 1847. The building was dedicated as a memorial to the family in 1944, and is now known as Gorgas House.

Gorgas died at the age of 65 in Tuscaloosa in 1883. His widow Amelia served as the university's librarian for 23 years after his death and the main university library is named the Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library in her honor. Their oldest son, William Crawford Gorgas (born 1854) served as Surgeon General of the U.S. Army and is credited with implementing preventative measures against malaria that allowed for the completion of the Panama Canal.^[2]

See also

• Blockade runners of the American Civil War
• Gorgas machine gun
• List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References

• Gorgas, Josiah (1995). Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, ed. The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 1857-1878.
  University of Alabama Press. p. 305. ISBN 0-8071-0007-2.  Url
• Konstam, Angus; Bryan, Tony (2004). Confederate Blockade Runner 1861-65.
  Osprey Publishing, Wisconsin. p. 48.  Url
• McPherson, James M. (1988), Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, Oxford History of the United States, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7 
• Vandiver, Frank E., ed., The Civil War Diary of General Josiah Gorgas (University of Alabama, 1947)
• Warner, Ezra J. (1959), Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9 

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Josiah Gorgas

• Josiah Gorgas in Encyclopedia Virginia
• Brigadier-General Josiah Gorgas- the third of "Sewanee's Five Generals"
• Smithsonian: West Point in the making of America
• Josiah Gorgas article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
• Josiah and Amelia Gorgas Family papers, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama.