Ken Westerfield

Ken Westerfield

Ken Westerfield, Santa Cruz, California, 1970s
Personal information
Full name Kenneth Ray Westerfield
Nickname(s) Legend
Nationality
Born (1947-05-23) May 23, 1947
Detroit, Michigan, United States
Years active 1963–1988
Height 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Weight 184 lb (83 kg)
Sport
Country Canada and the United States
Sport Disc sports (Frisbee)
Event(s) Freestyle, ultimate, disc golf, double disc court, distance and overall events (TRC, MTA, and accuracy)

Ken Westerfield (born May 23, 1947) is a pioneering Frisbee disc player.

In the 1960s, as numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. They formed what became known as the counterculture. The forms of escape and resistance manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, experimental living through foods, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a Frisbee.[1][2] Organized disc sports, began in the 1970s, with promotional efforts from Wham-O and Irwin Toy, a few tournaments and professionals using Frisbee show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events. Disc sports such as freestyle, double disc court, guts, ultimate and disc golf became this sports first events.[3][4] Two sports, the team sport of disc ultimate and disc golf are very popular worldwide and are now being played semi-professionally.[5][6] The World Flying Disc Federation, Professional Disc Golf Association, and the Freestyle Players Association are the official rules and sanctioning organizations for flying disc sports worldwide. Major League Ultimate (MLU) and the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) are the first semi-professional disc ultimate leagues.

Ken Westerfield is a Frisbee (disc) player from the 1960s. A Decade Awards and five-time Hall of Fame inductee in freestyle, ultimate and disc golf. Westerfield produced numerous tournaments, world records, many competitive wins in freestyle, ultimate, disc golf, distance and other individual events in over-all tournaments.[7] Invented freestyle moves, including "body-rolls" and introduced the first freestyle competition at the 1974 Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Toronto, Canada.[8] Westerfield was one of the original freestylers from the 1960s and used his expertise in several company sponsored touring promotional Frisbee shows for Irwin Toy, (Frisbee distributor in Canada 1972–76), Molson Frisbee Team (1974–77), Adidas Canada (1974-1979), Goodtimes Professional Frisbee Show (1978–82), Orange Crush Frisbee Team (1977–78), Air Canada Frisbee Team (1978–79), Lee Jeans Frisbee Team (1979–80) and the Labatts Schooner Frisbee Team (1983–85).[7]

Early life

Early picture of Ken at age 10 with his father Gene Westerfield, 1957.

Kenneth Ray Westerfield was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Margaret Marion (née Beach) a clerical administrator for the public school system and his father Gene C. Westerfield, a trade school trained refrigeration contractor in a family owned business of refrigeration and air conditioning. The family moved from Detroit to Livonia, Michigan, now twelve years old, he lived with his parents and younger sister Kathy, who graduated from Winston Churchill High School in 1972 and has made a career in special education. Born into a close, middle class, conservative household, Westerfield attended area public schools and was active in many sports. His father, whose father Cleo Conn Westerfield played baseball for the Detroit Street Railway League in the 1920s, was very active in sports himself. This contributed to Westerfield's early sporting interest. Sports in the order of interest, along with all disc sports, were baseball, hockey, motorcycles, golf and basketball in which he competed in several city leagues.

Westerfield and Jim Kenner in Michigan, the 1960s. They played Frisbee while at the Woodstock Festival, 1969.

It was at age thirteen, in 1960, that Westerfield would become best friends with Hall of Fame and Discraft founder Jim Kenner.[9] They began playing Frisbee in high school. Daily they would experiment with new ways of throwing and catching the Frisbee, this would later be called "playing freestyle".[10] In the sixties, when the Frisbee was still considered a toy used just for recreation, there wasn't a reason to become proficient at throwing a Frisbee, no Frisbee professionals to emulate or disc sport tournaments to compete in. The only reason they became as good as they were was because of their shared anti-establishment attitude and lifestyle (that also included the rejection of traditional sports in general). This would result in a proficiency at playing Frisbee that had never been seen before. They would later invent competitive formats introducing disc sports that would display the results of their flying disc playing abilities.

Graduating in 1965 from Franklin High school, and living the counterculture lifestyle, Westerfield and Kenner spent their summer days on Cass and Silver Lake beaches, as well as at music and rock festivals, displaying their freestyling Frisbee skills. One day, noticing an event ad in a local alternative newspaper, they took their Frisbees and a VW Bug and went to a music festival near Bethel, NY, called Woodstock, that later became the music event of the century. While at the festival they would throw the Frisbee over and just out of reach of the crowd, who while sitting on the ground watching the bands would keep reaching for it as it flew by, probably not even knowing what it was. Westerfield later stated, "it was an interesting crowd to play for".[11]

Early years in Canada

In 1970, Westerfield and Kenner moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, setting up their disc playing headquarters in Queen's Park. Playing Frisbee freestyle and object disc golf became a daily event at the park.[12][13] In 1971, with a hundred dollars each, bedrolls and a Frisbee, they set out to hitchhike across Canada, stopping to do Frisbee street performances at popular annual events, the Klondike Days in Edmonton and the Calgary Stampede in Alberta. Concluding their cross country hitchhiking tour in Vancouver they made their summer home in the Yippie founded "All Seasons Park" (tent city). A protest against the Four Seasons company plans to build a complex on two blocks adjacent to Stanley Park, inspired and modeled after People's Park (Berkeley), that was formed two years prior.[14][15] Westerfield and Kenner, although not politically affiliated with the Yippies, still made the protested park their home while performing nightly Frisbee shows in the historic Gastown area, in front of a railroad car turn restaurant, oddly enough called Frisby's. Because of the urban settings, free-styling with a Frisbee at night in front of crowds in the streets was very surreal. They would bounce the disc off the buildings, throw around statues, skip the Frisbee through traffic and throw over mobs of interested spectators. One night, while performing at Frisby's, they unwittingly became involved in the Yippie (Youth International Party) organized Gastown Smoke-in, a demonstration for the legalization of marijuana. The subsequent smoking of it in the town square, quickly turned the peaceful but illegal demonstration into the now famous Gastown Riots, the police also permanently closed All Seasons Park.[16] In the fall of 1971, having no place to stay and wanting to return to Toronto, they needed travel money. Continuing to perform at Frisby's, they decided they would try to collect money like street musicians, it was a success. Returning to Toronto they lived in Rochdale College while performing Frisbee shows on the Yonge Street Mall.[17] Nightly, thousands of tourists and Torontonians would enjoy displays of their Frisbee expertise, while attractive accomplices (girlfriends) would use a Frisbee to collect donations.[18] Wanting to add professional legitimacy to their Frisbee show, they approached Irwin Toy,[19] the distributor of Frisbee's in Canada, and proposed their show to promote the Frisbee. Their first professional performance was a basketball half-time show at Jarvis Collegiate Institute in Toronto. The students loved it; Westerfield and Kenner were only paid twenty dollars each for the show, but more importantly, they had proven that their show would be beneficial in helping the company to promote the Frisbee. In 1972, they were retained by Irwin Toy to perform at special community and sporting events across Canada.[19][20] Along with Wham-O's Bill and Mike Schneider touring Germany in that same year, Westerfield and Kenner became the world's first full-time professional touring Frisbee players.[21]

The Canadian Open Championships and the first Frisbee freestyle competition

Alt text
Westerfield helped to popularize Frisbee as an alternative disc sport in the 1960s and 70s. Delaveaga Park, Santa Cruz, CA.

There were a few guts and distance tournaments in the 1960s but disc sports really began in the early 1970s. Westerfield and Kenner teamed up with Andrew Davidson,[18] early Canadian disc sport promoter and Jeff Otis, event coordinator for the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE), to produce the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships (beginning with disc guts and distance, later added disc golf, freestyle, ultimate and over-all disc events) at the Canadian National Exhibition and then later on Toronto Islands. Along with the International Frisbee Tournament (IFT) in Northern Michigan, the Canadian Open Frisbee Championship in Toronto became one of the earliest Frisbee competitions that treated the Frisbee, not as a toy but as a new disc sport.

A poster from the 1975 Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Toronto. Pictured are Jim Kenner, Gail McColl, John Sappington and Ken Westerfield.

Before playing Frisbee was considered a sport, Ken Westerfield and Jim Kenner were, by comparison to other professional sports, the athletic equivalent of what would be considered a professional Frisbee athlete.[22] Without the usual sporting financial incentives or even awards, Westerfield and Kenner were the first of the best in Frisbee freestyle.[23] Some of today's techniques as well as competitive formats came from these pioneers.[22][24]

Freestyle is an event where teams of two or three players perform a routine that consists of a series of creative throwing and catching techniques set to music. The routine is judged on the basis of difficulty, execution and presentation. The team with the best total score is declared the winner. In 1973, Westerfield and Kenner, wanting to see if there were other Frisbee freestylers, decided to add their idea of a Frisbee freestyle competition to the 2nd Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, but due to a lack of competitors, the freestyle event was canceled. Unknown to them at the time, there was the beginning of a growing Frisbee freestyle swell in the United States, Berkeley, New York, Ann Arbor, New Jersey and Chicago. Next year newly energized freestylers assembled in Toronto, to compete in this new freestyle event. In 1974, at the 3rd annual Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Westerfield and Kenner would introduce this event called freestyle and they won it.[19][22][25]

The Decade Awards 1970-75 Top Freestyle Routine: Ken Westerfield/Jim Kenner Canadian Open 1974:[24]

Considered the greatest speedflow game of all time. Ken and Jim put on a clinic to cap off a blistering hot final by all of the teams. They featured a rhythmic and dynamic style with concise catch and throw combinations. These two gentlemen are credited with creating formal disc freestyle competition. The 1973 Canadian Open did not have freestyle as an event, the end result made history.

Among the competing freestyle pairing were such Frisbee notable's as Doug Corea/Jim Palmeri, John Kirkland/Jose Montalvo, Irv Kalb/Dave "Buddha" Meyers (CHS ultimate players), Dan "Stork" Roddick /Bruce Koger, Tom Cleworth/John Connelly.[26] This was the first freestyle competition. Westerfield and Kenner having won, as the world's first Freestyle Frisbee Champions, that same year hosted the second freestyle competition at their Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships, Kitsilano Beach, Vancouver.[27] This is where Bill King, Jim Brown and John Anthony of early freestyle fame, made their first competitive appearance.[22][28] A year later, the American Flying Disc Open (AFDO) in Rochester, New York, and the 1975 World Frisbee Championships, held at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, adopted Westerfield and Kenner's freestyle competition format as one of their new events.[29] Today that same freestyle event is accepted as one of the premier events in flying disc tournaments worldwide.

In 2016, Jim Kenner and Ken Westerfield were inducted into the Inaugural Pioneer Class of the FPA Freestyle Disc Hall of Fame:[30]

"Their play, innovation and influence began in the formative years prior to competition, and was critical to the origin of the competitive sport of Freestyle"
The first Frisbee ever designed with a disc sport tournament identification. The 1972 Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Toronto. Canada. Sponsored by Irwin (Canadian Frisbee distributor) and held at the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE).

Also in 1974, Westerfield and Kenner approached Molson Breweries with the idea of performing Frisbee shows at basketball halftimes in Canadian universities as the Molson Frisbee Team.[7] Always looking for unique ways to get into the university market, they accepted their proposal and were more than impressed with the results. The next year, Molson's up the promotional fee and used their show exclusively to introduce a new brand of beer called Molson Diamond.

In 1975, with Molson's sponsorship, Westerfield and Kenner moved the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships,[22] from the Canadian National Exhibition to Toronto Islands.[19] Molson's would continue to sponsor their Frisbee shows and events for several years. Along with promoting Molson products, this would help Westerfield and Kenner to promote their new sport everywhere.

Competitive years 1974-79

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A poster from the Good Times Professional Frisbee Show, performing Frisbee shows with Women's Freestyle Champion Mary Kathron, 1978-1982.

Frisbee (disc) tournaments were beginning to attract excellent disc competitors from everywhere. What was once a top selling toy from Wham-O, was becoming a serious competitive sport.[19] Being 27 years old in 1974 (the first year of disc freestyle and over-all competitions) Westerfield's competitive participation only spanned five years, but in that short time managed many wins in every disc sport. Coming from a sporting family, Westerfield having a natural athletic ability, with the right encouragement, probably could have chosen any sport as a profession. Competing and excelling in all of his chosen traditional sports, he found that it wasn't his ability to win that drove his sports ambitions but the personal challenge of his own athletic abilities. When asked about competing in Frisbee or any sport in general, Westerfield said, "I just want to see the best game or routine, best pool shot, or best throw, whatever the game or sport is, if it's me that does it, that's fine, but I'll enjoy it just as much if someone else does it. Winning or losing on a particular day has never been the only part of my game, it's always been how I played the game and what happened during the game or event that made it special and most of the time it had very little to do with winning or losing".[31] What attracted Westerfield to playing with a Frisbee and developing his freestyle play in the sixties, is that he found that it didn't have to be competitive to be athletically challenging. When other sports like disc golf, ultimate, double disc court and over-all events were introduced to the Frisbee scene in the early 1970s, Westerfield quickly excelled in these new events because many of the skills involved in these new disc sports were skills that would transfer from his freestyle play.[32] Even though Westerfield had a dual Canadian/U.S legal living status, considering Toronto to be his home, always competed for Canada at U.S.competitions. In the mid-seventies, it was always surprising that a Canadian would do so well at what Americans, especially in California, would consider to be their game.

In 1975, at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships in Toronto, Westerfield set the MTA (maximum time aloft) world record with a sidearm throw of 15 seconds,[33] using a Super Pro Model Frisbee, beating the old record of 11 seconds.[7] Also in 1975 Westerfield invented a new freestyle move called "body-roll",[8] (rolling the disc across outstretched arms and chest, or back), then introduced the move in a freestyle event at a national tournament in Rochester, NY called the AFDO, (American Flying Disc Open).[22] The hottest move of the day was called the, "Canadian mind blower".[8] Westerfield would roll the Frisbee across outstretched arms and chest, to outstretched arms across the back (front to back-roll). Today body-rolls are an integral part of every freestyle routine.

Beginning in 1974, Wham-O sponsored the World Frisbee Championships (WFC) that included the North American Series (NAS) Frisbee tournaments held across the U.S. and Canada. These competitions were held for the purpose of qualifying competitors to compete annually in the WFC at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Winning numerous North American Series (NAS) freestyle and individual events, Westerfield was chosen as the "Best Player of the Decade" in the 1970s, The Decade Awards: Best Men's Player 1970-1975 and also inducted into the PDGA Disc Golf Hall of Fame with the following:[34][35]

Ken Westerfield is an icon of disc golf and one of the strongest overall competitors in flying disc sports of all time. His powerful and accurate sidearm throw is widely acknowledged as one of the best the sport has ever seen. He was one of the top players at the emergence of organized disc golf competition. He pioneered the growth of disc golf across Canada. Many Canadian players trace their introduction to disc golf to being mentored by Ken. His contributions are a huge part of the foundation of our sport.

At a North American Series (NAS) Frisbee tournament in Dallas Texas, Westerfield became a member of the "400 club" with a prelim distance sidearm throw (also known as forehand), and won the event with a throw of 378 feet,[7] using a 119-gram World Class Model Frisbee. Only two competitors have officially ever thrown over 400 feet in competition with a 119-gram Frisbee (Lightweight disc by today's standard).

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Ken Westerfield sidearm distance throwing record 552' Boulder, Colorado. 1978.

In 1978, Boulder, Colorado, while doing a distance throwing demonstration at a North American Series (NAS) event, Westerfield threw a 119-gram World Class Model Frisbee, 552 feet, using his characteristic sidearm throw, beating the official world distance record of 412 feet.[7][36]

This is how Kevin (Skippy) Givens, World Freestyle Champion, remembers it:[37]

"Someone paced off the distance to a building at around 500 feet. Dave Johnson,(former distance world record holder) and others we're trying to hit it. Finally, Dave hits the building and the crowd goes wild. Ken Westerfield was sitting and watching. After Dave hit the building the crowd started to yell for Ken to throw. At first Ken was dismissive, not interested. Finally Ken stood up, went to the line, sized up the task then let it fly. It landed in the parking lot past the building on his first throw with no warm up. The crowd went crazy. It was the most incredible throw I'd ever seen".[38]

Tournament officials marked and measured the throw at 552 feet and until 2014, was the longest distance toss for a sidearm (forehand) throw. Since new manufacturers have introduced heavyweight, beveled edge golf disc and new record attempts are in the high desert winds of Primm, NV, the world distance record is now just over 600 feet for the forehand (sidearm) throw.[39] Westerfield's 552 foot throw is still the longest measured distance toss for a Wham-O brand Frisbee disc.[7]

In 1977, Kenner moved to London, Ontario, and there created a disc manufacturing and distributing company called Discraft.[40] Westerfield went to Santa Cruz, California, teaming up with Tom Schot,[41] to help produce Frisbee events in Northern California, including the Santa Cruz Flying Disc Clssic and played in one of the first organized ultimate leagues in the U.S. called the Northern California Ultimate Frisbee League (NCUFL, 1977), that included over a dozen cities in Northern California. Westerfield also created a Frisbee Show called Good Times Professional Frisbee Show that featured freestyle champion Mary Kathron,[42] and later World Freestyle Champion Brian McElwain.[43] Westerfield and his touring team performed shows at universities, fairs, music festivals and professional sporting events throughout the US and Canada for some of America's largest companies, Labatt Brewing Company, Air Canada, Lee Jeans, Orange Crush and Adidas.

Ultimate Frisbee in Canada (disc ultimate)

Good Times Ultimate Team. Westerfield (second from the right). Good friend and disc sports promoter Tom Schot (fifth from the right) in the Northern California Ultimate League, Santa Cruz, CA. 1977.

Ultimate is a team sport played with a flying disc. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team on a rectangular field, 120 yards (110m) by 40 yards (37m), until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing teams end zone. Beginning in 1975, the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, held on Toronto Islands, began introducing disc ultimate to Canadians as a showcase event. Westerfield played in these beginning ultimate Frisbee exhibition games with some of the sports founders from Columbia High School (CHS), Maplewood, New Jersey, who were also there to compete in the other events at the Canadian Open competition. Westerfield continued to play ultimate through the 1970s, mostly while competing at U.S. over-all NAS tournaments and also played on Santa Cruz's first ultimate team called Good Times (a Santa Cruz weekly newspaper) in the first two years of the Northern California Ultimate League (NCUL), 1977-1978.

In 1979, retiring from competing in U.S. and Canadian national competitions, Westerfield continued to organize and produce local disc events in Toronto. In 1979, because of his love of ultimate, began organizing ultimate events and with the help of Irwin Toy's Bob Blakely and Chris Lowcock, created the Toronto Ultimate League.[19] Westerfield started weekly ultimate pick-up games on Kew Beach, than sent team invitations to Wards Island, West Toronto, North Toronto and his own team Beaches.[44] These were the first four teams with each team taking turns hosting Wednesdays weekly league game nights at their home locations. The league starting night was at Kew Beach. The Toronto Ultimate League developed and was renamed the Toronto Ultimate Club (TUC), that now has 3300 active members and over 250 teams playing the year round. This was the first ultimate league in Canada and now one of the world's oldest.[19]

In 1987, at the Canadian Ultimate Championships (CUC), Ottawa, Westerfield, with his team Darkside, won Canada's first national ultimate championships. In the 1980s, in the beginning of Toronto's competitive ultimate years, Westerfield's contributions to his teams were his expert handling skills as well as the strength of his sidearm (forehand) pulls (the starting throw that begins the play, similar to a kickoff in football).[45] Consistently pulling (throwing) through the opposing teams end-zone, would always give his team the advantage of having plenty of time to get set-up on defense.[7][46]

Canada has been ranked number one in the Ultimate World Rankings several times since 1998 in all the Ultimate Divisions (including Open and Women's) according to the World Flying Disc Federation.[47]

In 2013, as a founding partner, the Toronto Ultimate Club presented Canada's first semi-professional ultimate team, the Toronto Rush,[48] to the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL).[49][50][51] They went undefeated 18-0 for the season and won the AUDL Championships.[52][53]

Disc ultimate has become one of today's fastest growing sports.[54] In 2015, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) granted full recognition to the World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) for flying disc sports including ultimate.[55][56]

In 2010, Ken Westerfield was inducted into the inaugural class of the Toronto Ultimate Club Hall of Fame.[7] In 2011, Westerfield was also inducted into the inaugural class of the Ultimate Canada Hall of Fame.[11]

This is a passage taken from the Toronto Ultimate Club Hall of Fame presentation:

In the 1970s, Ken discovered the game of Ultimate in the USA and brought it to Toronto. He introduced the game at Kew Beach to an initial core of people and from there planted the seed for Ultimate Frisbee in Toronto. Ken was larger than life to this growing core of players who craved increased knowledge and skill development. He created pickup and the establishment of (4 teams) beginning in 1980. Not only was he an architect for the origins of the Toronto Ultimate Club, but Ken's influence as a player and a person made his reputation legendary. Simply put, he was the point man on all aspects of disc play, the "go to" guy that everyone looked up to.[7]

Post-Frisbee and disc sports legacy

As with many discoveries, disc sports seems to have been created in part due to an unintended consequence. What began as Westerfield's and others rebellion against social norms and a rejection of what was considered the sports establishment, eventually working in cooperation within unlikely partnerships with "establishment" Frisbee manufacturers sales motivations, as a result, has become one of today's newest and fastest growing sports.[57][58] Many new and innovative ideas begin as an accidental discovery, but when you consider Westerfield's participation in the beginning of the Frisbee and disc sport development years that followed what was little more than a daily display of his counterculture activity and lifestyle, it would be hard not to see his contributions and influence in today's disc sports. Ken Westerfield is recognized not only for his athletic achievements and being one of the best players of all time, as stated in his hall of fame inductions, but also his influence and contributions as a pioneer, innovator and organizer in the development of all the disc sports. From numerous shows and demonstrations, as one of the first professional Frisbee players, to introducing some of the first professionally run Frisbee and disc sport competitions in Canada and the U.S.[35] What began as Ken Westerfield's "sixties" daily counterculture pastime, became one of his life's passions, as well as ironically becoming an "establishment" sport, using flying disc.[59]

After retiring from playing and promoting disc sports in 1988, Westerfield went on to start a number of successful business ventures, K-West Products, importing exotic plants from South America, (1988-1992). Opening a popular biker themed rock and roll bar in downtown Toronto called the Rats Ass Saloon, (1990-1993). A motorcycle shop in West Toronto called Rockerbox Motorcycle Maintenance and Restoration, (1994-1997). In the 1990s, although never wearing a motorcycle club patch himself, Westerfield associated with Bikers and occasionally rode with local club members that were considered to be the 1% of patch-wearing motorcycle clubs in Toronto. Today Westerfield, mostly retired, spends his time in a small town near the U.S. Mexican border called Bisbee, Arizona. He has always had a passion for helping animals and volunteers much of his time with several animal rescue organizations.[60]

Awards, achievements and event timeline

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1970-1975 Best Men's Player and Best Freestyle Routine, The Decade Awards.
1975-1977 World Class Frisbee signatures Jim Kenner, Gail McColl, Ken Westerfield, collectively, have ten Disc Sport Hall of Fame Inductions.
1978 World Class Frisbee signatures Brian McElwian and Ken Westerfield
Westerfield demonstrating his sidearm throwing style, the 1970s.
Ken Westerfield performing Frisbee shows for various companies, Irwin Toy, Molson's Breweries, Lee Jeans, Orange Crush, Air Canada, Adidas and Labatt's Breweries at universities, sporting and special events in the U.S. and Canada, 1972-1987.

See also

External links

Ken Westerfield at the Mission San Miguel Arcángel, San Miguel, CA. 2009.

Newspaper articles

Books about Frisbee and Disc Sports

Stancil, E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise, Workman Publishing Company, New York (July 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0

Horowitz, Judy, and Bloom, Billy; Frisbee: More Than A Game of Catch, Leisure Press, Champagne, Illinois (1984); ISBN 978-0-88011-105-8

Norton, Gary; The Official Frisbee Handbook, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July 1972); no ISBN

Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; Frisbee Players' Handbook, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0-915516-19-5

Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; Frisbee Sports & Games, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8

Tips, Charles; Frisbee by the Masters, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3

Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7

Leonardo,Tony and Zagoria, Adam co-authored "Ultimate: The First Four Decades," publ. by Ultimate History, Inc., 2005, ISBN 0-9764496-0-9

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Gavin, Tristan (September 19, 2013). "Frisbee Don't Sell Out". Pioneer Opinion. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  2. ↑ Jordan Holtzman-Conston (2010). Countercultural Sports in America: The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee. Waltham, Mass. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  3. ↑ "World Flying Disc Federation". WFDF Official Website. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  4. ↑ "World Flying Disc Federation". History of the Flying Disc. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Professional Disc Golf Association". PDGA Official Website. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  6. ↑ "American Ultimate Disc League". AUDL Official Website. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "TUC Hall of Fame Ken Westerfield". Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Decade Awards 1970-75". Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  9. ↑ admin (1997). "PDGA Hall of Fame". 1997 Inductees. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  10. ↑ Sanchez, Rodney and Bethany (2006). "Freestyle Frisbee Basics". Freestyle Players Association. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Canadian Ultimate Hall of Fame inductees". Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  12. ↑ Marini, Dave. "What is Frisbee Freestyle". The Freestyle Frisbee Page. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  13. ↑ Wham-O (January 9, 2009). "1979 World Frisbee Golf Championships". Youtube. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  14. ↑ "Peter Tupper". Vancouver’s other Occupation: All Season’s. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Vancouver Yippie". Red Lion Publishing. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  16. ↑ "The Independent". This Day in Vancouver August 7th. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  17. ↑ "The story of the first Yonge Street pedestrian mall". blogTO. March 18, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  18. 1 2 "History of Frisbee". Interview with Canadian Frisbee Historian Andrew Davidson produced by Nick Schofield. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "History of the TUC". Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  20. ↑ "Frisbee Tossing has it's Expert Twist". The Leader Post. July 14, 1976. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Pair of Pros". The Calgary Herald. August 11, 1976. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Canadian Open, the first freestyle tournament". Freestyle Players Association. Retrieved November 12, 2011. Note: Westerfield and Kenner had been doing shows for several years before the 1974 Canadian Open. They thought freestyle was a natural addition to the traditional guts, distance and accuracy events that comprised competitions of that era.
  23. ↑ "Freestyle Frisbee". The Freestyle Frisbee Page. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  24. 1 2 3 "Top Freestyle Routine". The Decade Awards 1970-75. Retrieved November 12, 2011.Note: Considered the greatest speedflow game of all time. Ken and Jim put on a clinic to cap off a blistering hot final by all of the teams. This was also the very first formal freestyle competition ever. Ken and Jim featured a rhythmic and dynamic style with concise catch and throw combinations. These two gentlemen are credited with creating formal freestyle competition. The 1973 Canadian Open did not have freestyle as an event, the end result made history.
  25. ↑ "Timeline of Early History". WFDF. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Freestyle Players Hall of Fame". Inductees. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  27. ↑ "History of Frisbee in BC". Frisbee history. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Discraft History of Freestyle". Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  29. ↑ "1975 World Frisbee Championships Rose Bowl". Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  30. ↑ "FPA Freestyle Hall of Fame/Ken Westerfield". Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Freestyle the Ultimate Edge". Retrieved December 3, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Canadian Ultimate Magazine Page 36-37". Fast Freestyle the "Ultimate" Edge. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  33. ↑ "World Flying Disc Federation". Field Events. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  34. ↑ The Decade Awards 1970-1975 author: Kevin Givens. Best Mens Player Ken Westerfield Ken Westerfield Big, Strong and Athletically gifted. Known for his overall skills as well. His forehand power throw, in particular, is probably still unmatched for sheer power. His freestyle skills did not take a back seat. He was adept at intricate moves, especially in the speed flow game. He was also an innovator. It is believed that he was the first person to do a body roll. The hottest move of the day was called the "Canadian Mind blower" which was a front roll to a foot tip to a backroll.
  35. 1 2 3 "Disc Golf Hall of Fame". Discgolfhalloffame.org. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  36. 1 2 "PDGA". 119 Distance Challenge. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
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