Khamag Mongol

Khamag Mongol
Хамаг Монголын ханлиг
Khanate
10th century–1206
Mongol Empire c.1207
Capital		Centered camp near Kherlen River
Languages		Middle Mongol
Religion		Tengrism (Shamanism)
Government		Elective monarchy
Khan
•	10th century	Khaidu
•	1120–1148	Khabul Khan (1st recorded khan)
•	1148–1156	Ambaghai Khan (2nd)
•	1156–1160	Hotula Khan (3rd)
•	1189–1206	Genghis Khan (last)
Legislature		Kurultai
Historical era		High Middle Ages
•	Established	10th century
•	First Khan recorded in history is Khabul Khan.	1130
•	Temujin become Khagan of the Khamag and given honorary name of Genghis Khan.	1189
•	Genghis Khan unified the tribes and established the Mongol Empire.	1206
Preceded by Succeeded by Khitan Empire Proto-Mongols Mongol Empire
Today part of		Mongolia  Russia  China

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Ancient period Prehistory Prehistory–Antiquity Slab Grave culture 1300–300 BC Xiongnu 209 BC – 93 AD Xianbei state 93–234 Rouran Khaganate 330–555 Turkic Khaganate 555–744 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Liao dynasty 907–1125
Medieval period Mongol khanates IX-X Khamag Mongol X-1206 Mongol Empire 1206–1368 Yuan rule 1271-1368 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368–1691 Four Oirat 1399–1634 Dzungar Khanate 1634–1758 Qing rule 1691–1911
Modern period National Revolution 1911 Bogd Khaganate 1911–19, 1921–24 Chinese occupation 1919–1921 People's Revolution 1921 Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1992 Democratic Revolution 1990 History of modern Mongolia 1990–present Mongolia 1992–present
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Khamag Mongol (Mongolian: Хамаг монгол, lit. "Whole Mongol") was a major Mongolic tribal confederation (khanlig) on the Mongolian Plateau in the 12th century. It is sometimes also considered a predecessor state^[1] to the Mongol Empire.^[2]

Existence of a somewhat mysterious tribal power known in Mongol tradition as Khamag Mongol Uls recorded in sources of Khitan Liao dynasty (907-1125) in North China and eastern Mongolia.^[3] After the fall of Liao dynasty in 1125, the Khamag Mongols began to play an important role on the Mongolian plains.^[4] They occupied one of the most fertile lands of the country, the basins of the river Onon, Kherlen and Tuul Rivers in the Khentii Mountains. The Taichiud (Cyrillic: Тайчууд) was one of the three core tribes in the Khamag Mongol Khanate of Mongolia during the 12th century and whose people lived in the southern part of Russian Zabaykalsky Krai. Zabaykalsky Krai and the Mongolian Khentii Province were core regions of the Khamag Mongol Khanate.^[5] The Khamags consisted of the four core clans Khiyad, Taichuud, Jalairs and Jirukhen.

The first khan of Khamag Mongol recorded in history is Khabul Khan from the Borjigin clan. Khabul Khan successfully repelled the invasions of the Jurchen Jin armies. Khabul Khan was succeeded by Ambaghai Khagann of the Taichiud. Ambagai was captured by the Tatar confederation while delivering his daughter for marriage to their leadership. He was handed over to the Jin, who cruelly executed him. Ambaghai was succeeded by Hotula Khan, a son of Khabul Khan. Hotula Khan engaged the Tatars in 13 battles in an effort to obtain vengeance for the death of Ambagai Khan.

Khamag Mongol was unable to elect a khan after Hotula died. However, Khabul's grandson Yesugei, who was a chief of the Khiyad tribe, was an effective and preeminent leader of Khamag Mongol. Temujin, the future Genghis Khan, was born into Yesukhei's family as the first son in Delüün Boldog on the upper reaches of the Onon river in 1162.

When young Tooril Khan asked for help from Yesukhei, the ruler of the Khamag Mongol,^[6] to dethrone his brothers among the Keraites, the Mongols helped him defeat the Keraite leaders and put him on the throne in the early 12th century.

Yesukhei was poisoned by the Tatars in 1170 and shortly after Yesukhei died. The Khamag Mongol began to disintegrate after Yesugei's death in 1171. Political anarchy and a power vacuum lasted until 1189 when Temujin became the Khan of the Khamag Mongol. War broke soon out between other Mongol tribes. Temujin's friend Jamukha was recognized by the rival tribes as Gur-Khan (the universal ruler) in 1201 but he was defeated by the alliance of Khamag Mongol and Keraites.

When Tooril Khan refused to cement the alliance with the Khamag, Temujin's wars with the clans nearly destroyed him. Temujin united all clans on the Mongolian plateau at last in 1206, when he was given the title Genghis Khan.

See also

• List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans

Notes

References

• Akademiiya nauk SSSR - History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, 1973
• Bat-Ochir Bold - Mongolian Nomadic Society, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-22827-9
• The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1974: Macropaedia Me-Ne ISBN 0-85229-290-2
• László Lőrincz - Histoire de la Mongolie, Akadémiai Kiadó,the University of Michigan, 1984. ISBN 963-05-3381-2