Khurramites

The late leader of the Khurrāmīyah movement, Pāpak Khorrām-Dīnān was the follower of al-Muqanna‘, a devout Zoroastrian and Mazdaean.

The Khurramites (Persian: خرمدینان‎‎ Khorrām-Dīnān, meaning "those of the Joyful Religion"; Arabic: خُرَّمِيَة‎‎ Khurramiyya) were an Iranian[1][2][3] religious and political movement with its roots in the movement founded by Mazdak.[3] An alternative name for the movement is the Muḥammira (Arabic: محمرة‎‎, "Red-Wearing Ones"; in Persian: سرخ‌جامگان‎‎ Surkh-Jāmagān), a reference to their symbolic red dress.

Origins and history

The sect was founded by the Persian cleric Sunpadh and was a revitalization of an earlier sect that had mixed Shī‘a Islam and Zoroastrianism; however, its true claim to fame was its adoption by Bābak Khorramdin as a basis for rebelling against the Abbasid Caliphate.

The sect grew out of a response to the execution of Abu Muslim by the Abbasids, and denied that he had died, rather claiming that he would return as the messiah. This message was further confirmed by the appearance of a prophet named al-Muqanna‘ "The Veiled", who claimed that the spirit of God had existed in Muhammad, ‘Alī and Abu Muslim.

Under the leadership of Bābak, the Khurammites proclaimed the breakup and redistribution of all the great estates and the end to despotic foreign rule. Taking advantage of the turmoil created by the Abbasid civil war, in 816 they began making attacks on Muslim forces in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun sent four armies to deal with the problem, but they were defeated each time with Byzantine support. The Abbasid suppression of the rebellion led to the flight of many thousand Khurramites to Byzantium, where they were welcomed by emperor Theophilos and enrolled in the Byzantine army under their Iranian leader, Theophobos.

However, Nezām al-Mulk, writes in Siyāsatnāmeh; Mazdak’s wife, Khurrama bint Fada, fled from Madā'in with two persons, and having arrived at the village of Ray, with their help she began secretly to call people to her husband’s religion, with the result that a considerable number of Zartoshtis adopted it. People gave them the name of the Khurrma-dins. (A parallel passage in the Mujmal al-Tawarikh (p. 354) confirms the name of Mazdak’s wife and also the form Khurrama-din rather than Khurram-din) [4] While, Zarinkoob says, They apparently were remnants of Mazdak followers who had escaped Khosro I’s wrath, while Khosro II and his successors―besieged with their own problems―were heedless of them.[5]

Beliefs

Al-Maqdisi mentions several facts. He observes that "the basis of their doctrine is belief in light and darkness"; more specifically, "the principle of the universe is Light, of which a part has been effaced and has turned into Darkness". They "avoid carefully the shedding of blood, except when they raise the banner of revolt". They are "extremely concerned with cleanliness and purification, and with approaching people with kindness and beneficience". Some of them "believed in free sex, provided that the women agreed to it, and also in the freedom of enjoying all pleasures and of satisfying one's inclinations so long as this does not entail any harm to others".[6] (their name is most frequently derived from the Persian word khurram "happy, cheerful"[7]). Regarding the variety of faiths, they believe that "the prophets, despite the difference of their laws and their religions, do not constitute but a single spirit".[6] Naubakhti states that they also believe in reincarnation (metempsychosis) as the only existing kind of afterlife and retribution and in the cancellation of all religious prescriptions and obligations. They highly revere Abu Muslim and their imams. In their rituals, which are rather simple, they "seek the greatest sacramental effect from wine and drinks". As a whole, they were estimated by Al-Maqdisi as "Mazdaeans... who cover themselves under the guise of Islam".

Legacy

According to Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli, the Qizilbash ("Red-Heads") of the 16th century – a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the Safavid dynasty – were "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites".[8]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Arthur Goldschmidt, Lawrence Davidson, “A concise history of the Middle East”, Westview Press; Eighth Edition (July 21, 2005). Pg 81: “..a Persian named Babak whose rebellion lasted twenty years. These uprisings were inspired by Persia’s pre-Islamic religions, such as Zoroastrianism (the faith of the Sassanid ruler) and a peasant movement called Mazdakism”
  2. ↑ Whittow (1996), The Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025. New studies in medieval history, London: Macmillan, pp. 195, 203 & 215 Azerbaijan was the scene of frequent anti-caliphal and anti-Arab revolts during the eighth and ninth centuries, and Byzantine sources talk of Persian warriors seeking refuge in the 830s from the Caliph's armies by taking service under the Byzantine emperor Theophilos. [...] Azerbaijan had a Persian population and was a traditional centre of the Zoroastrian religion. [...] The Khurramites were a [...] Persian sect, influenced by Shiite doctrines, but with their roots in a pre-Islamic Persian religious movement.
  3. 1 2 W. Madelung, "Khurrammiya" in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. Excerpt: "Khurrammiya or Khurramdiniyya refers in the Islamic sources to the religious movement founded by Mazdak in the late 5th century A.D. and to various anti-Arab sects which developed out of it under the impact of certain extremist Shi'i doctorines."
  4. ↑ Hubert Darke, The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al Muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk, annotated edition, Routledge, first published in 1960, p. 206
  5. ↑ ʻAbdolhossein Zarrinkoob (2016). Two Centuries of Silence) translated by Avid Kamgar (1st ed. 2016 ed.). Bloomington, USA: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-52462-253-4.p.172
  6. 1 2 Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. P.1008
  7. ↑ Yarshater, Ehsan. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. P.1005
  8. ↑ Roger M. Savory (ref. Abdülbaki Gölpinarli), Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005

External links

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