Knight banneret

A knight banneret, sometimes known simply as banneret, was a medieval knight ("a commoner of rank")^[1] who led a company of troops during time of war under his own banner (which was square-shaped, in contrast to the tapering standard or the pennon flown by the lower-ranking knights) and was eligible to bear supporters in English heraldry.

The military rank of a knight banneret was higher than a knight bachelor (who fought under another's banner), but lower than an earl or duke; the word derives from the French banneret, from bannire, banner, elliptical for seigneur - or chevalier banneret, Medieval Latin banneretus.

Under English custom the rank of knight banneret could only be conferred by the sovereign on the field of battle. There were some technical exceptions to this; when his standard was on the field of battle he could be regarded as physically present though he was not. His proxy could be regarded as a sufficient substitution for his presence.

History

As there were no standing armies (except the military orders), military service was rendered ad hoc as an obligation of a vassal, either in person and/or with a contingent raised by one's own means. This social role was crucial: a suzerain, or feudal overlord, was dependent upon his vassals to mobilise on his behalf in case of war. The only alternative was to replace knighthood as the core of military forces with mercenaries, as under a condottiere, but those often proved highly unreliable and expensive, as well as being known for changing sides for greater profit, or simply deserting and looting for themselves.

In feudalism, the rank was given to those nobles who had the right to lead their vassals into battle under their own banner. Ultimately bannerets obtained a place in the feudal hierarchy between barons and knights bachelor, which has given rise to the idea that they are the origin of King James I's order of the baronet. John Selden, indeed, points out that the "old stories" often have baronetti for bannereti, and he points out that in France the title had become hereditary; but Selden is careful to say that "banneret hath no relation to this later title [of baronet]".^[2] The title of knight banneret, with the right to display the private banner, came to be granted for distinguished service in the field. No knight banneret, says Selden, of the English custom:^[3]

can be created but in the field, and that, when either the king is present, or at least his royal standard is displayed. But the creation is almost the self-same with that in the old French ceremonies by the solemn delivery of a banner charged with the arms of him that is to be created, and the cutting of the end of the pennon or streamer to make it a square or into the shape of a banner in case that he which is to be created had in the field his arms on a streamer before the creation.^[3][4]

The creation of bannerets is traceable, according to Selden, to the time of Edward I. "Under these bannerets, diverse knights bachelor and esquires usually served; and according to the number of them, the bannerets received wages".^[5] The last authentic instance of the creation of knights banneret was by King Charles I to several men at the Battle of Edgehill (1642) including Thomas Strickland of Sizergh for gallantry, and John Smith for rescuing the royal standard from the enemy.^[3]

Whether any further bannerets were granted is debated by historians. George Cokayne notes in The Complete Peerage (1913) that King George II revived the order when he created sixteen knights bannerets on the field of the Battle of Dettingen in 1743,^{[lower-alpha 1]} and although his source for this, a diary entry by Miss Gertrude Savile, states "This honour had been laid aside since James I, when Baronets were instituted", which contradicts other sources,^[3] a news magazine published in the same year as the battle recorded the honours.^[7] Several sources, including Edward Brenton (1828) and William James (1827),^[8][9] record that captains Trollope and Fairfax and were honoured with bannerets by King George III for their actions during the Battle of Camperdown (1797). However, these awards were never recorded in The London Gazette and is much more likely that these knighthoods, which first appear in formal records in December 1797 without their nature being specified,^[10] were as knights bachelor.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Though the title had long fallen into disuse, bannerets and their sons continued to be listed in the table of precedence until at least as late as 1870; those created by the sovereign under the Royal Standard in wartime rank above baronets, whereas those knights banneret not so created by the sovereign in person rank directly below baronets.^[12]

Royal Air Force

Following the creation of the Royal Air Force in 1918, several rank titles were proposed to distinguish between current army and navy rank titles; one of these was "banneret",^[13] equivalent to an Army colonel or a Navy captain.

See also

• List of knights banneret of England

Notes

References

• Brenton, Edward Pelham (1823), The Naval History of Great Britain, I, London: Henry Colburn, pp. 356 
• Cokayne, George Edward (1913), Gibbs, Gibbs; Doubleday, H. Arthur, eds., The Complete Peerage, III, London, pp. 572–573 
• James, William (1827), The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2, 1797–1799 
•  Laughton, John Knox (1899). "Trollope, Henry". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 246–248. 
• Marshall, John (1823), Royal Naval Biography, 1, p. 153 
• Neave, F.G.; Turner, Grange (1930), Mozley and Whiteley's Law Dictionary, London: Butterworth & Co, p. 182 
• Selden, John (1672), Titles of honor, London: Printed by E. Tyler, and R. Holt, for Thomas Dring 
• Shaw, Edward, ed. (1743), "July 1743", The London Magazine, and Monthly Chronologer, p. 356 
• Woodward, Sir Llewellyn, Great Britain and War of 1914–1918, Taylor & Francis, p. 364 

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Banneret". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–354.  Endnotes:
  • John Selden, Titles of Honor (3rd ed., London, 1672), p. 656
  • Du Cange, Glossarium (Niort, 1883), s.v. Bannereti.

Further reading

•  Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Banneret". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. 1 (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 80. 
• Metcalfe, Walter Charles (1885), A Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath, and Knights Bachelor made between the fourth year of King Henry VI and the restoration of King Charles II ..., London: Mitchell and Hughes 
• Shaw, William Arthur (1906), The Knights of England: A complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, incorporating a complete list of knights bachelors dubbed in Ireland, 2, London: Sherratt and Hughes