Land Registry (United Kingdom)

Land Registry
Welsh: Cofrestrfa Dir Ei Mawrhydi
Non-ministerial government department overview
Formed 1862 (1862)
Jurisdiction England and Wales
Employees 4,486[1]
Non-ministerial government department executive
  • Graham Farrant, Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive[2]
Website www.gov.uk/government/organisations/land-registry

Her Majesty's Land Registry is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom, created in 1862 to register the ownership of land and property in England and Wales.[3] It reports to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.[4]

The equivalent office in Scotland is the Registers of Scotland.

Purpose

Trafalgar House, Bedford Park, Croydon, Surrey, HM Land Registry Head Office and Croydon Local Office

Land Registry registers the ownership of property. It is one of the largest property databases in Europe. At the peak of the property boom in 2007, £1 million worth of property was processed every minute in England and Wales.[5]

Like land registration organisations in other countries, Land Registry guarantees title to registered estates and interests in land. It records the ownership rights of freehold properties, and leasehold properties where the lease has been granted for a term exceeding seven years.

The definition of land can include the buildings situated upon the land, particularly where parts of buildings at different levels (such as flats) are in different ownership. It is also possible to register the ownership of the mines and minerals which lie within the ground as well as airspace above property where this is in separate ownership.

Land Registry receives no government funding, being required to ensure that its income covers expenditure, and finances itself from registration and search fees. It provides online access to its database of titles (ownership and charges or interests by other parties) and most plans (maps). People need to pay a fee to access some information.

Property owners whose property is not registered can make voluntary applications for registration. As of March 2016, there are 24.5 million registered titles representing 88%[6] of the land mass of England and Wales. Registration of land under the Land Registration Act 2002 affords property owners some protection against squatters as well as avoiding the need to produce old documents each time a property changes hands.

Benefits of land registration

According to HM Land Registry:

“ "Registration establishes proof of ownership and produces an easy-to-read document reflecting the contents of all the paper title deeds. This simplifies conveyancing, making transactions easier and potentially less costly for all involved.

All title information is kept on Land Registry's database, reducing the need to store old and often unclear deeds. The register can be viewed quickly and securely online.

There is no better way to safeguard ownership of land and property than by registering your title with us. State-backed registration gives you greater security of title, providing you with better protection against claims of adverse possession"[7]

 ”

Registering a title provides a "Title Plan" which is normally not definitive but which identifies the land within the title on the Ordance Survey map. It is important that the original title deeds are retained as they will provide a starting point if ever it is necessary to identify the precise position of the boundaries.

In addition to being the government body that registers the ownership of land and property in England and Wales, the Land Registry is also a useful tool for property investors who use the price calculator on the registry website to query the latest monthly residential property prices. The government is also using the land registry data to assess property values for tax purposes.[8]

Offices

Land Registry has 14 offices at: Birkenhead, Coventry, Croydon, Durham, Fylde (Warton), Gloucester, Kingston upon Hull, Leicester, Nottingham, Peterborough, Plymouth, Swansea (covering all of Wales), Telford and Weymouth.

Land Registry's Head Office is based in Croydon. The in-house IT department (Information Systems) and Land Charges Departments are based in Plymouth.

In 2006, as a result of a review of office accommodation, Land Registry announced the closure of several offices. This involved merging offices in Birkenhead, Durham, Lytham/Warton, Nottingham and Swansea, and closing of offices in Harrow and York.

A further review of staffing levels and overall office space began in 2009. The economic recession and lower volumes of property sales and mortgages, meant that Land Registry's basic work in connection with remortgages and house sales reduced to the point where it made a financial loss for the first time in many years. The Land Registry announced proposals to close five offices at Portsmouth, Tunbridge Wells, Croydon, Stevenage and Peterborough.[9]

As a result of consultation, the plans to close the Croydon and Peterborough offices were not carried out, but the closure of the other three went ahead, although until 2013 a small office remained at Portsmouth as a sub-office of Croydon.[10]

The Head Office moved out of its famous Lincoln's Inn Fields building in March 2011 and is now based in Croydon. The building has been purchased by the London School of Economics for a sum of £37.5 million.[11] During the early part of 2011 staff based in the Plymouth office were relocated to the Information Systems office in Seaton Court.

Structure

Each local office has an Area Manager (sometimes shared between offices), a Local Land Registrar (also sometimes shared between offices) who is the senior lawyer, an Operations Manager, and an Integrity Manager. Each office also has staff responsible for processing applications lodged by members of the legal profession and the public.

Traditionally customers send applications to the office that deals with applications for the geographical area where the property is located, but since 2009 many customers now deal with dedicated customer teams, who deal with all their applications from certain customers regardless of where the property is located.[12] From 6 January 2014, all paper applications lodged by members of the public have been processed at the Citizen Centre at Land Registry Wales Office.[13]

The organisation is led by the Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive (both one role). The Chief Land Registrar is assisted by the Land Registry Board and Executive Board. The Land Registry Board sets the overall strategy for the department. The Executive Board delivers the annual business plan and is responsible for day-to-day management.[14]

Since December 1990, the Land Register has been open to the public. For a fee anyone can inspect the Register, find out the name and address of the current owner of any registered property or obtain a copy of any registered title. This can also be done online.[15]

Land Registry was awarded the former Charter Mark five times, and 97% of its customers rate their service as good, very good or excellent.[16]

The Land Registry has an Independent Complaints Reviewer.

Adjudicator to the Land Registry

Disputed applications to Land Registry are determined by the Adjudicator to HM Land Registry, an independent office created by the Land Registration Act 2002. Under previous legislation this function had been the responsibility of the Chief Land Registrar. From July 2013, the functions of the Adjudicator have been transferred to the Land Registration division of the Property Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal.

History

Former Land Registry Head Office, 32 Lincoln's Inn Fields (1913–2011)

In 1857 the Royal Commission on Registration of Title proposed a system of registration administered by a central registry in London with district offices. The Land Registry Act 1862 was introduced by the then Lord Chancellor, Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury. The Act provided for the registration of freehold and long leasehold estates in land. The system of registration adopted had some differences to that piloted in South Australia by that colony's then Premier Sir Robert Torrens, although both were founded on the 1857 report.

Brent Spencer Follett, the first Chief Land Registrar, opened the Land Registry's first offices, at 34 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on 15 October 1862. Mr Follett had a staff of just six people and was paid £2,500 a year, at a time when the average labourer's wage was £40.[17]

At first registration was not compulsory, and once property was registered there was no compulsion to register any subsequent transactions. Thus it was possible for the person registered as the owner of a property to cease to be the owner while remaining on the register. Serious flaws in the 1862 Act led to the Land Transfer Act 1875, which forms the basis of the system used today. However the LTA did not make registration compulsory.

A report by Sir Charles Brickdale on the system of land registration used in Germany proved influential. In 1897 the then Lord Chancellor, Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury introduced the Land Transfer Act 1897, which brought an element of compulsion into the registration system. To satisfy the demands of the legal profession, the option of a county veto was offered.

London County Council was attracted to the idea of compulsory registration and voted in favour of it, and it was introduced in stages between 1899 and 1902. This led to the expansion of Land Registry. At this time the first female staff were employed and new technology, in the typewriter form, was introduced. A proposal to extend compulsory registration to Northamptonshire in 1902 was lost in committee.

From 1905 to 1913 new Land Registry headquarters were built in Lincoln's Inn Fields.

Two significant pieces of land legislation were enacted in 1925: the Law of Property Act and the Land Registration Act. Government-initiated extensions to compulsory registration were suspended for ten years, but Eastbourne (1926) and Hastings (1929) voluntarily became areas of compulsory registration. After the ten years were up, compulsory registration was extended to Middlesex (1937) and the County Borough of Croydon (1939). Plans to extend it to Surrey in 1940 were abandoned due to the Second World War. In 1925 the government forecast that the whole of England and Wales would be subject to compulsory registration by 1955, but the process took much longer.

In 1940, after damage sustained in the 193rd air raid on Central London, Land Registry was evacuated to the Marsham Court Hotel in Bournemouth so that it could carry on its normal business. In 1950, eighty-eight years after its creation, Land Registry registered its one millionth title.

The growth in property ownership after the war years meant that the potential number of properties to be registered increased dramatically. This in turn slowed down the rate of land registration. To deal with the increasing workload, an office was opened in Tunbridge Wells in 1955 and a further office at Lytham St. Annes in 1957. In 1963, 101 years after the registry started, it registered its two millionth title.

Theodore Ruoff, who was appointed Chief Land Registrar in 1963, laid down the three fundamental principles of Land Registration:

New offices were opened in Gloucester and Stevenage (1964), Durham and Harrow (1965), Plymouth (1966), Croydon and Swansea (1967), Birkenhead and Weymouth (1977), Peterborough (1978), Telford (1986), Coventry and Hull (1987), Leicester (1988), Portsmouth (1989), York (1991) and Lancashire (2000).

Land registers at this time were not public records, and processing them required laborious typing and the completion of plans by hand using paintbrushes and ink on linen. Copies of everything produced had to be made by hand. Land Registry retained the originals, and the copies were sewn, using needle and thread, into large certificates. The certificates were produced as indisputable evidence of the ownership of the land. Such was the importance of the certificates that tampering with them was a criminal offence.

In 1986 the Plymouth Office became the first Land Registry office to produce registers electronically. Although the certificates still bore the same importance, computerisation dramatically increased the efficiency of the Land Register at a time when Land Registry was keen to bring the whole of England and Wales under compulsory registration.

In 1990 the provision of compulsory registration was brought to the whole of England and Wales, the ten millionth title was registered and for the first time, the Land Register was opened to public inspection.

Although compulsory registration had now spread to the whole of its jurisdiction, compulsion only occurred when a property was sold. This was a barrier to the registration of the whole of England and Wales, and in 1998 new triggers for registration were introduced, dramatically increasing the rate of registration of land. These triggers included gifts of land, assent of land on death and raising monies by mortgages on the land.

The Land Registration Act 2002 leaves the system substantially in place, but enables the future compulsory introduction of electronic conveyancing, using electronic signatures to transfer and register property. As a result of that act, Land and Charge Certificates are no longer issued.

The new home of the Information Systems department, a state-of-the-art office with 500 staff, was opened in 2005 in Plymouth's International Business Park.

Chief Land Registrars

Privatisation plans

On 23 January 2014, the Government issued a public consultation on its proposal to create a service delivery company to carry out the day-to-day process of land registration. This might be either a wholly Government-owned company or privately owned, and was to be subject to regulation from the Office of the Chief Land Registrar, which would remain part of Government.[18] This proposal generated considerable controversy in the media and was opposed by Land Registry staff.[19][20] There was also opposition to the plans from legal professionals and other users of Land Registry services.[21][22] In July 2014, the Government announced that, having considered the results of the consultation, whilst it continued to consider that there were considerable benefits to a service delivery company, it felt that further consideration was necessary and therefore would not be proceeding with any changes.[23]

In November 2015, it was reported that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was reconsidering privatising the agency[24] and an article in PoliticsHome noted that all potential bidders were linked to tax havens.[25]

The privatization plans have faced fierce opposition from the industry in 2016. The Conveyancing Association has argued that a ‘reversal of the recent halving of fees’ could in fact double Land Registry’s income ‘yet is a relatively small burden for the homebuyer in amongst the other costs and charges involved in the process’ of privatisation’.[26] The Competition & Markets Authority (CMA) has claimed that the privatisation would give a private organisation monopoly to commercially valuable data and provide little inclination to improve anyone’s access to it.[27] Currently the Land Registry makes some datasets available for purchase by private companies and other organisations, such as Search Providers.[28] Private search companies and ordering platforms have been integrating Land Registry’s data to improve search ordering for conveyancers. Data from Land Registry’s National Spatial Dataset,[29] for example, has been used to display boundary maps on-screen using a live data link to help conveyancers validate property locations.

The government has made further proposals to privatise the Land Registry in a consultation[30] which ran from 24 March to 26 May 2016. As of 1 September 2016 the outcome has not been announced.

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ↑ Land Registry Annual Report 2015-2016, figure is as of 31.3.16
  2. ↑ New Chief Land Registrar & Chief Executive.
  3. ↑ "Framework Document 2008". HM Land Registry. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  4. ↑ Land Registry joins Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. HM Land Registry Press Release, 18 July 2011.
  5. ↑ Collis, Peter (April 2006) Welcome to Land Registry’s 10-year strategic plan. landregistry.gov.uk
  6. ↑ HM Land Registry Annual Report 2015-2016
  7. ↑ HM Land Registry "Voluntary registration: A guide for solicitors and property professionals (Archived website)". Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  8. ↑ "How the best investors are using the land registry to find their next investment property". http://blog.thenello.com/. Retrieved 2015-08-31. External link in |publisher= (help)
  9. ↑ Land Registry's Accelerated Transformation Programme – Consultation on office closures. Consultation Document, v1-0 22 October 2009.
  10. ↑ Accelerated Transformation Programme Decisions Report 17 March 2010
  11. ↑ Press Notice dated 8 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  12. ↑ Land Registry Customer Teams webpage. landregistry.gov.uk
  13. ↑ Land Registry announcement on Citizen Centre. landregistry.gov.uk
  14. ↑ Land Registry Management Structure. landregistry.gov.uk
  15. ↑ Land Registry Find a Property webpage. landregistry.gov.uk.
  16. ↑ Press Release – Customer Satisfaction Success for Land Registry. landregistry.gov.uk.
  17. ↑ British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstracts, 1886–1968, quoted in Essex University research. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  18. ↑ Introduction of a Land Registry service delivery company: Government response, p.6
  19. ↑ Rajeev Syal (2014-05-05). "Land Registry privatisation plans revealed in leaked document | Politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  20. ↑ "BBC News - Land Registry staff stage strike over privatisation plans". Bbc.co.uk. 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2014-08-27.
  21. ↑ Save the Land Registry website home page Retrieved 2014-11-18
  22. ↑ Law Society press release of 21 March 2014 regarding its response to the consultation Retrieved 2014-11-18
  23. ↑ Introduction of a Land Registry service delivery company:Government response, p.24
  24. ↑ "Land Registry in frame for £1.2bn privatisation". The Telegraph. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  25. ↑ "Potential Land registry bidders linked to tax havens -report". Politics Home. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  26. ↑ "Conveyancing Association announces opposition to Land Registry privatisation" Conveyancing Association. 16 May 2016
  27. ↑ "CMA objects Land Registry privatisation" The Guardian. 23 May 2016
  28. ↑ Land Registry public dataset
  29. ↑ Land Registry National Spatial dataset
  30. ↑ Consultation - Land Registry: moving operations to the private sector
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