Leonidas I

For other uses, see Leonidas (disambiguation).
Leonidas I
King of Sparta
Reign 489–480 BC
Predecessor Cleomenes I
Successor Pleistarchus
Born c. 540 BC
Sparta
Died 480 BC (aged around 60)
Thermopylae
Consort Gorgo
Issue Pleistarchus
Greek Λεωνίδᾱς
House Agiad
Father Anaxandridas II
Mother Unknown
Religion Greek Polytheism

Leonidas I (/liːˈɒn.ᵻ.dəs/ lee-ON-i-dəs or /liːˈɒn.ᵻ.dæs/; Doric Λεωνίδᾱς, Leōnídās; Ionic and Attic Greek: Λεωνίδης, Leōnídēs, [leɔːnídɛːs]; "son of the lion";[1] died 480 BC), was a warrior king of the Greek city-state of Sparta. He was the husband of Gorgo, the third son of Anaxandridas II of Sparta[2] and the 17th of the Agiad line; a dynasty which claimed descent from the mythological demigod Heracles. Leonidas had a notable participation in the Second Persian War, where he led the allied Greek forces to a last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae while attempting to defend the pass from the invading Persian army.

Life

According to Herodotus, Leonidas' mother was not only his father's wife but also his niece and had been barren for so long that the ephors, the five annually elected administrators of the Spartan constitution, tried to prevail upon King Anaxandridas to set her aside and take another wife. Anaxandridas refused, claiming his wife was blameless, whereupon the ephors agreed to allow him to take a second wife without setting aside his first. This second wife, a descendent of Chilon of Sparta (one of the Seven Sages of Greece), promptly bore a son, Cleomenes. However, one year after Cleomenes' birth, Anaxandridas' first wife also gave birth to a son, Dorieus. Leonidas was the second son of Anaxandridas' first wife, and either the elder brother or twin of Cleombrotus.[3] Because Leonidas was not heir to the throne, he was not exempt from attending the agoge, the public school education which the sons of all Spartans had to complete in order to qualify for citizenship.[4] Leonidas was thus one of the few Spartan kings to have ever undergone the notoriously harsh training of Spartan youth.[5]

Anaxandridas died in 520 BC,[6] and Cleomenes succeeded to the throne sometime between then and 516 BC.[7] Dorieus was so outraged that the Spartans had preferred his half-brother over himself that he found it impossible to remain in Sparta. He made one unsuccessful attempt to set up a colony in Africa and, when this failed, sought his fortune in Sicily, where after initial successes he was killed.[8] Leonidas' relationship with his bitterly antagonistic elder brothers is unknown, but he married Cleomenes' daughter, Gorgo, sometime before coming to the throne in 490 BC.[9]

Leonidas I as depicted at the top of the monument to Felice Cavallotti in Milan, created by Ernesto Bazzaro in 1906.

Leonidas was heir to the Agiad throne and a full citizen (homoios) at the time of the Battle of Sepeia against Argos (c. 494 BC).[10] Likewise, he was a full citizen when the Persians sought submission from Sparta and met with vehement rejection in or around 492/491 BC. His elder brother the king had already been deposed on grounds of purported insanity, and had fled into exile when Athens sought assistance against the First Persian invasion of Greece, that ended at Marathon (490 BC).

Plutarch has recorded the following: "When someone said to him: 'Except for being king you are not at all superior to us,' Leonidas son of Anaxandridas and brother of Cleomenes replied: 'But were I not better than you, I should not be king.'"[11] As the product of the agoge, Leonidas is unlikely to have been referring to his royal blood alone but rather suggesting that he had, like his brother Dorieus, proven superior capability in the competitive environment of Spartan training and society, and that he believed this made him qualified to rule.

Leonidas was chosen to lead the combined Greek forces determined to resist the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 481 BC.[12] This was not simply a tribute to Sparta's military prowess: The probability that the coalition wanted Leonidas personally for his capability as a military leader is underlined by the fact that just two years after his death, the coalition preferred Athenian leadership to the leadership of either Leotychidas or Leonidas' successor (as regent for his still under-aged son) Pausanias. The rejection of Leotychidas and Pausanias was not a reflection on Spartan arms. Sparta's military reputation had never stood in higher regard, nor was Sparta less powerful in 478 BC than it had been in 481 BC.[12]

This selection of Leonidas to lead the defense of Greece against Xerxes' invasion led to Leonidas' death in the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC.[12]

Battle of Thermopylae

Main article: Battle of Thermopylae
Leonidas at Thermopylae (1814) by Jacques-Louis David, who chose the subject in the aftermath of the French Revolution as a model of "civic duty and self-sacrifice", but also as a contemplation of loss and death, with Leonidas quietly poised and heroically nude[13]

Upon receiving a request from the confederated Greek forces to aid in defending Greece against the Persian invasion, Sparta consulted the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle is said to have made the following prophecy in hexameter verse:

For you, inhabitants of wide-wayed Sparta,
Either your great and glorious city must be wasted by Persian men,
Or if not that, then the bound of Lacedaemon must mourn a dead king, from Heracles' line.
The might of bulls or lions will not restrain him with opposing strength; for he has the might of Zeus.
I declare that he will not be restrained until he utterly tears apart one of these.[1]

  1. ^ Herodotus, 7.220

In August 480 BC, Leonidas marched out of Sparta to meet Xerxes' army at Thermopylae with a small force of 1,200 men (900 helots and 300 Spartan hoplites), where he was joined by forces from other Greek city-states, who put themselves under his command to form an army of 7,000 strong. There are various theories on why Leonidas was accompanied by such a small force of hoplites. According to Herodotus, "the Spartans sent the men with Leonidas on ahead so that the rest of the allies would see them and march with no fear of defeat, instead of medizing like the others if they learned that the Spartans were delaying. After completing their festival Carneia, they left their garrison at Sparta and marched in full force towards Thermopylae. The rest of the allies planned to do likewise, for the Olympiad coincided with these events. They accordingly sent their advance guard, not expecting the war at Thermopylae to be decided so quickly."[14] Many modern commentators are unsatisfied with this explanation and point to the fact that the Olympic Games were in progress or impute internal dissent and intrigue.

Whatever the reason Sparta's own contribution was just 300 Spartiates (accompanied by their attendants and probably perioikoi auxiliaries), the total force assembled for the defense of the pass of Thermopylae came to something between four and seven thousand Greeks. They faced a Persian army who had invaded from the north of Greece under Xerxes I. Herodotus stated that this army consisted of over two million men; modern scholars consider this to be an exaggeration and give estimates ranging from 70,000 to 300,000.[15]

Xerxes waited four days to attack, hoping the Greeks would disperse. Finally, on the fifth day the Persians attacked. Leonidas and the Greeks repulsed the Persians' frontal attacks for the fifth and sixth days, killing roughly 10,000 of the enemy troops. The Persian elite unit known to the Greeks as "the Immortals" was held back, and two of Xerxes' brothers (Abrocomes and Hyperanthes) died in battle.[16] On the seventh day (August 11), a Malian Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian general Hydarnes by a mountain track to the rear of the Greeks.[17] At that point Leonidas sent away all Greek troops and remained in the pass with his 300 Spartans, 900 Helots, and 700 Thespians who refused to leave. The Thespians stayed entirely of their own will, declaring that they would not abandon Leonidas and his followers. Their leader was Demophilus, son of Diadromes, and as Herodotus writes: "Hence they lived with the Spartans and died with them."

One theory provided by Herodotus is that Leonidas sent away the remainder of his men because he cared about their safety. The King would have thought it wise to preserve those Greek troops for future battles against the Persians, but he knew that the Spartans could never abandon their post on the battlefield. The soldiers who stayed behind were to protect their escape against the Persian cavalry. Herodotus himself believed that Leonidas gave the order because he perceived the allies to be out of heart and unwilling to encounter the danger to which his own mind was made up. He therefore chose to dismiss all troops except the Thespians and Helots and save the glory for the Spartans.[18]

Of the small Greek force, attacked from both sides, all were killed except for the 400 Thebans, who surrendered to King Xerxes without a fight. Leonidas was killed, but the Spartans retrieved his body after driving back the Persians four times and protected it. Herodotus says that Xerxes' orders were to have Leonidas' head cut off and put on a stake and his body crucified. This was considered sacrilegious.[19]

Legacy

Antiquity

A hero cult of Leonidas survived at Sparta until the Antonine era (2nd century AD).[20]

Thermopylae monument

A monument to Leonidas was erected at Thermopylae in 1955. It features a bronze statue of Leonidas. A sign, under the statue, reads simply: "ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ" ("Come and take"), which the Spartans said when the Persians asked them to put down their weapons at the start of the Battle of Thermopylae.[21]

Another statue, also with the inscription ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ, was erected at Sparta in 1968.

Literature

Leonidas was the name of an Epic poem written by Richard Glover, which originally appeared in 1737. It went on to appear in four other editions, being expanded from 9 books to 12.[22]

He is a central figure in Steven Pressfield's novel Gates of Fire.[23]

He appears as the protagonist of Frank Miller's 1998 comic book series 300. It presents a fictionalized version of Leonidas and the Battle of Thermopylae, as does the 2007 feature film adapted from it.[24]

Helena P. Schrader has produced a three-part biographical novel on Leonidas. Leonidas of Sparta: A Boy of the Agoge, [25] Leonidas of Sparta: A Peerless Peer,[26] and Leonidas of Sparta: A Heroic King.[27]

Film

In cinema, Leonidas has been portrayed by:

Notes

  1. ↑ Robert Chambers, Book of Days
  2. ↑ Morris, 25
  3. ↑ Herodotus, 5.39–41; Jones, p. 48.
  4. ↑ Bradford, Alfred S. (31 October 2011). Leonidas and the Kings of Sparta: Mightiest Warriors, Fairest Kingdom. ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–50. ISBN 978-0-313-38598-8.
  5. ↑ Carr, John (19 December 2012). Sparta's Kings. Casemate Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-78337-634-6.
  6. ↑ Morris, 35
  7. ↑ W. G. Forrest, A History of Sparta 950–192 B.C., New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1968, p. 85.
  8. ↑ Herodotus, 5.42–48
  9. ↑ Paul Cartledge, The Spartans: The World of the Warrior-Heroes of Ancient Greece, New York, Vintage Books, 2002, p. 126.
  10. ↑ Ma, Former Fellow at Cambridge Professor of Humanity at Edinburgh and Vice Chancellor John Hazel,; Hazel, John (4 July 2013). Who's Who in the Greek World. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-134-80224-1.
  11. ↑ Plutarch on Sparta, Sayings of Spartans, Leonidas son of Anaxandridas, #1
  12. 1 2 3 Oman, Charles (1898). "The death of Leonidas". A History of Greece from the Earliest Times to the Death of Alexander the Great. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 199–206.
  13. ↑ Jack Johnson, "David and Literature," in Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives (Rosemont, 2006), pp. 85–86 et passim.
  14. ↑ Herodotus, 7:206
  15. ↑ De Souza, Philip (2003). The Greek and Persian Wars 499–386 BC. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 41.
  16. ↑ Herodotus; George Rawlinson, editor (1885). The History of Herodotus. New York: D. Appleman and Company. pp. bk. 7.
  17. ↑ Herodotus; Henry Cary, editor (1904). The Histories of Herodotus. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 438.
  18. ↑
  19. ↑ Herodotus, 7.238
  20. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 12 By James Hastings Page 655 ISBN 0-567-09489-8
  21. ↑ Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (5 November 2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 695. ISBN 978-1-134-25958-8.
  22. ↑ Jung, Sandro (2008). David Mallet, Anglo-Scot: Poetry, Patronage, and Politics in the Age of Union. Associated University Presse. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-87413-005-8.
  23. ↑ Pressfield, Steven (30 January 2007). Gates of Fire. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-553-90405-5.
  24. ↑ Combe, K.; Boyle, B. (11 November 2013). Masculinity and Monstrosity in Contemporary Hollywood Films. Springer. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-1-137-35982-7.
  25. ↑ Schrader, Helena P. (2010). Leonidas of Sparta: A Boy of the Agoge. Wheatmark, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60494-474-7.
  26. ↑ Schrader, Helena P. (2011). Leonidas of Sparta: A Peerless Peer. Wheatmark, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60494-602-4.
  27. ↑ Schrader, Helena P. (October 2012). Leonidas of Sparta: A Heroic King. Wheatmark, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60494-830-1.
  28. ↑ Nikoloutsos, Konstantinos P. (October 2013). Ancient Greek Women in Film. OUP Oxford. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-19-967892-1.
  29. ↑ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1 January 2014). Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-285-98299-1.

References

Attribution.
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Preceded by
Cleomenes I		 Agiad King of Sparta
489–480 BC 		Succeeded by
Pleistarchus
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