Free-minded Liberal Party

Free-minded Liberal Party
Frisinnede Venstre
Founded 1909
Dissolved 1945
Split from Liberal Party
Merged into Conservative Party
Newspaper Tidens Tegn, Morgenavisen, Dagsposten
Ideology Conservative liberalism[1]
National liberalism[2][3]
Economic liberalism[1][3]
Political position Centre-right[1][4]

The Free-minded Liberal Party (Norwegian: Frisinnede Venstre) was a political party in Norway founded in 1909 by the conservative-liberal faction of the Liberal Party. The party cooperated closely with the Conservative Party and participated in several (short-lived) governments, including two headed by Prime Ministers from the party. In the 1930s it changed its name to the Free-minded People's Party (Norwegian: Frisinnede Folkeparti) and initiated cooperation with nationalist groups, which only fueled the party's decline. The party contested its last election in 1936, and was not reorganised in 1945.

History

The Free-minded Liberal Party was founded in March 1909 under influence of Norway's first independent Prime Minister, Christian Michelsen of the Liberal Party, after around a third of the Liberal parliamentary representatives had been excluded from a reconstitution of the Liberal Party in 1908.[5] The party was founded in protest against the increasingly radical course of the "consolidated" Liberal Party, which the party's right wing considered to conflict with the party's traditionally liberal ideology.[6][7] Other co-founders of the party included Abraham Berge, Wollert Konow (SB), Sofus Arctander, Harald Bothner, Magnus Halvorsen, Ernst Sars, Ola Thommessen and Fridtjof Nansen.[6][7]

The party initiated a close cooperation with the Conservative Party, and won 23 seats in the 1909 parliamentary election, after which the party formed a government together with the Conservatives with Wollert Konow (SB) as Prime Minister.[7] The government did however not live up to the expectations of either Michelsen or the Conservatives, and the Conservatives withdrew from the government in 1911.[5] Konow's government came to an abrupt end in early 1912 after he declared his sympathies for the rural language form Landsmål in a speech to the Agrarian Youth Association, during the height of the Norwegian language conflict. The speech caused an uproar among militant Riksmål-supporters, especially among the Conservatives, but also in his own party, eventually leading to Konow's replacement as Prime Minister (by Conservative Jens Bratlie).[7]

Notably individualist in orientation, the party emphasised intellectual freedom.[8] The first woman meeting as a parliamentary representative in Norwegian history was the Free-minded's Anna Rogstad in 1911, two years before full suffrage for women was granted in Norway.[9] The conflicts around Konow's failed government caused a major defeat for the Conservative-Free-minded alliance in the 1912 election, and reduced the Free-minded to insignificance with only four seats. The party organisation was increasingly merged into the Conservative organisation after 1912, until election gains and coalition victories in 1921 and 1924 sparked desires for a more independent party. The conflict resulted in numerous name-changes of the various Conservative local and regional chapters in attempts to signal a broader conservative-liberal profile.[10]

The two parties participated in several governments together in the 1920s, until they started drifting increasingly apart towards the end of the decade. In 1931, the Free-minded changed their name to the Free-minded People's Party, and was subsequently reduced to a single representative from Trondheim in the 1933 election. It contested its last election in 1936 in electoral cooperations with the Fatherland League and Nasjonal Samling (NS), failing to secure a single seat.[10] By then most of the local and regional chapters had returned to or joined the Conservatives.[10] The party was not reorganised in 1945.[11]

The first non-Labour Prime Minister after the war, John Lyng, was a member of the party until joining the Conservatives in 1938.[12] Historian and journalist Hans Fredrik Dahl has described the Progress Party as a spiritual successor to the party.[13]

Party leaders

The party leaders were Abraham Berge (1909–1910), Magnus Halvorsen (1910–1912), William Martin Nygaard (1912–1915), Erik Enge (1915–1918), Bernt Holtsmark (1918–1922), Oluf Christian Müller (1922–1924), Karl Wefring (1924–1925), P. A. Holm (1925–1930), Anton Wilhelm Brøgger (acting, 1930–1931) Einar Greve (1931–1933), Rolf Thommessen (1933–1936), Rudolf Ræder (1936–1937) and Trygve Swensen (1937–1939).[14]

Election results

Date Votes Seats Size Notes
% # ±
1909 41.5%*
23 / 123
 Increase 23 3rd government 1910-13
1912 33.2%*
4 / 123
 Decrease 19 5th
1915 29.0%*
1 / 123
 Decrease 3 5th
1918 30.4%*
10 / 126
 Increase 9 4th government 1920-21
1921 33.3%*
15 / 150
 Increase 5 5th government 1923-24
1924 32.5%*
11 / 150
 Decrease 4 5th government 1926-28
1927 18.6%*/1.4%**
2 / 150
 Decrease 9 6th
1930 9.9%*/2.6%**
5 / 150
 Increase 3 5th
1933 4.8%*/1.6%**
1 / 150
 Decrease 4 5th
1936 1.3%***
0 / 150
 Decrease 1

References

  1. 1 2 3 Salvatore Garau (2015). Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway. Routledge. pp. 215/216/233. ISBN 9781317909460.
  2. ↑ David Arter (1999). Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780719051333.
  3. 1 2 Francis Brendan Jacobs, John Fitzmaurice (1989). Western European Political Parties: A Comprehensive Guide. Addison-Wesley Longman Limited. p. 606. ISBN 9780582001138. After 1905 Venstre changed its policy away from more traditional economic liberalism, and again lost a considerable number of members. While some joined Høyre, others subsequently established another Liberal Party. Frisinnede Venstre (National Liberals), which contested elections from 1909 to 1936 (after 1931 under the name Frisinnede Folkeparti or Liberal People's Party).
  4. ↑ Peder Roberts (2011). The European Antarctic: Science and Strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire, p.189
  5. 1 2 "Chr. Michelsen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian).
  6. 1 2 "Frisinnede Venstre, Det". Tidens leksikon (in Norwegian). Tiden. 1975. p. 480. ISBN 8210009222.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Kaartvedt, Alf (1984). Høyres historie 2: Drømmen om borgerlig samling: 1884-1918 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 299–325. ISBN 8202049903.
  8. ↑ Mary R. S. Creese, Thomas M. Creese (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory 2. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780810849792.
  9. ↑ "Anna Rogstad – første kvinne på Stortinget i 1911". Stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 15 February 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Danielsen, Rolf (1984). Høyres historie 3: Borgerlig oppdemmingspolitikk: 1918-1940 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 180–190. ISBN 8202049911.
  11. ↑ "Frisinnede Venstre". Store norske leksikon.
  12. ↑ "John Lyng: Prime Minister 1963". Government.no. 13 March 2012.
  13. ↑ Hans Fredrik Dahl, "Til høyre for Høyre", Dagbladet, 13-10-2014
  14. ↑ Carstens, Svein (1987). Det Frisinnede Venstre 1909–1927 (in Norwegian). Trondheim: University of Trondheim.
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