List of Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
For Alabama's current season, see 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team.
The Alabama Crimson Tide college football team compete as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, representing the University of Alabama in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Alabama has played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama since 1929.[1]
The Crimson Tide acknowledge sixteen(16) national championships, from various and legitimate organizations of their time, eleven(11) of which were awarded by the AP or Coaches' wire-service polls.[2] Alabama has 29 conference championships and holds NCAA records with 64 postseason bowl game appearances and 36 bowl game victories.[3][4] The Crimson Tide has also had eleven undefeated seasons, a longest winning streak of 28 games between 1978 and 1980 and a home winning streak of 57 games between 1963 and 1982.[5] Alabama leads the SEC West Division with nine appearances in the SEC Championship Game, and has a winning record against every SEC team except Missouri.[6] The Associated Press (AP) ranks Alabama 5th all-time in total appearances in the AP Poll.[7] With 887 official wins in over 120 seasons of football, Alabama ranks sixth all-time in win–loss records in the NCAA.[8][A 1]
Football was introduced to the university by W. G. Little in 1892. The first win in the history of the program came in its inaugural game, a 56–0 shutout over Birmingham High School on November 11, 1892.[3] From 1892 to 1894, Alabama competed as a football independent, before they joined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) as a charter member in 1895. From 1895 to 1921, Alabama saw some success as they had only three losing seasons as a member of the SIAA. In 1922, Alabama left the SIAA and became a charter member of the Southern Conference (SoCon).[3] As a member of the Southern Conference, Alabama won conference championships in 1924, 1925, 1926 and 1930. Additionally, Alabama won their first three National Championships in the 1925, 1926 and 1930 seasons.[3]
By 1933, Alabama again switched conferences, joining the SEC as a charter member. Alabama won the first SEC title in 1933 and its fourth and fifth national championship in the 1934 and 1941 seasons.[3] After winning five national championships and nine conference championships through 1946, Alabama saw a decline between 1946 and 1957 and captured a single conference title. After they only won four games over a period of three seasons, Bear Bryant was hired as head coach in 1958. Under his guidance Alabama won thirteen SEC championships and national championships in the 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978 and 1979 seasons.[3] After the retirement of Bryant in 1982, Alabama had two coaches, and won one SEC championship before Gene Stallings was hired in 1990. Stallings coached Alabama for seven years, won a national championship in 1992 season, an SEC championship that same season, and four SEC West Division titles. His retirement was followed by a succession of four coaches who only won one SEC championship among them.
In 2007 Alabama hired current coach Nick Saban, who led the program to their thirteenth national championship in the 2009 season, fourteenth in the 2011 season, fifteenth in the 2012 season, and sixteenth in the 2015 season. Through the 2015 season, Alabama has compiled an official overall record of 864 wins, 326 losses, 43 ties and has appeared in 64 bowl games, with the most recent coming in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship.[9]
Seasons
National Champions | Conference Champions * | Division Champions | Bowl game berth ^ |
Season [A 3] |
Head coach [10] |
Conference | Conference finish | Division finish [A 4] |
Wins | Losses | Ties | Bowl result | AP Poll [A 5] |
Coaches' Poll [A 6] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1892 | Beaumont, E. B.E. B. Beaumont | Independent | — | — | 2 | 2 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A |
1893 | Abbott, EliEli Abbott | — | — | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1894 | — | — | 3 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1895 | SIAA | — | — | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1896 | Wagonhurst, OttoOtto Wagonhurst | — | — | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1897 | McCants, AllenAllen McCants | — | — | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1899 | Martin, W. A.W. A. Martin | — | — | 3 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1900 | Griffin, MalcolmMalcolm Griffin | — | — | 2 | 3 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1901 | Harvey, M. S.M. S. Harvey | — | — | 2 | 1 | 2 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1902 | Abbott, EliEli Abbott | — | — | 4 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1903 | Blount, W. B.W. B. Blount | — | — | 3 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1904 | — | — | 7 | 3 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1905 | Leavenworth, JackJack Leavenworth | — | — | 6 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1906 | Pollard, J. W. H.J. W. H. Pollard | — | — | 5 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1907 | — | — | 5 | 1 | 2 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1908 | — | — | 6 | 1 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1909 | — | — | 5 | 1 | 2 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1910 | Lowman, GuyGuy Lowman | — | — | 4 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1911 | Graves, D. V.D. V. Graves | — | — | 5 | 2 | 2 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1912 | — | — | 5 | 3 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1913 | — | — | 6 | 3 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1914 | — | — | 5 | 4 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1915 | Kelley, ThomasThomas Kelley | — | — | 6 | 2 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1916 | — | — | 6 | 3 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1917 | — | — | 5 | 2 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1919 | Scott, Xen C.Xen C. Scott | — | — | 8 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1920 | — | — | 10 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1921 | — | — | 5 | 4 | 2 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1922 | SoCon | 8th | — | 6 | 3 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1923 | Wade, WallaceWallace Wade | 4th | — | 7 | 2 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1924* | 1st * | — | 8 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1925 * | T–1st * | — | 10 | 0 | 0 | Won 1926 Rose Bowl against Washington Huskies, 20–19 ^ | N/A | N/A | ||
1926 * | 1st * | — | 9 | 0 | 1 | Tie 1927 Rose Bowl against Stanford, 7–7 ^ | N/A | N/A | ||
1927 | 10th | — | 5 | 4 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1928 | 5th | — | 6 | 3 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1929 | 11th | — | 6 | 3 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1930 * | T–1st * | — | 10 | 0 | 0 | Won 1931 Rose Bowl against Washington State Cougars, 24–0 ^ | N/A | N/A | ||
1931 | Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas | 3rd | — | 9 | 1 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1932 | T–5th | — | 8 | 2 | 0 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1933 * | SEC | 1st * | — | 7 | 1 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | |
1934 * | T–1st * | — | 10 | 0 | 0 | Won 1935 Rose Bowl against Stanford Indians, 29–13 ^ | N/A | N/A | ||
1935 | 5th | — | 6 | 2 | 1 | — | N/A | N/A | ||
1936 | 2nd | — | 8 | 0 | 1 | — | 4 | N/A | ||
1937 * | 1st * | — | 9 | 1 | 0 | Lost 1938 Rose Bowl to California Golden Bears, 0–13 ^ | 4 | N/A | ||
1938 | T–2nd | — | 7 | 1 | 1 | — | 13 | N/A | ||
1939 | 8th | — | 5 | 3 | 1 | — | — | N/A | ||
1940 | 4th | — | 7 | 2 | 0 | — | — | N/A | ||
1941 | 3rd | — | 9 | 2 | 0 | Won 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas A&M Aggies, 29–21 ^ | 20 | N/A | ||
1942 | 5th | — | 8 | 3 | 0 | Won 1943 Orange Bowl against Boston College Eagles, 37–21 ^ | 10 | N/A | ||
1944 | 4th | — | 5 | 2 | 2 | Lost 1945 Sugar Bowl to Duke Blue Devils, 26–29 ^ | — | N/A | ||
1945 * | 1st * | — | 10 | 0 | 0 | Won 1946 Rose Bowl against USC Trojans, 34–14 ^ | 2 | N/A | ||
1946 | 6th | — | 7 | 4 | 0 | — | — | N/A | ||
1947 | Drew, HaroldHarold Drew | 3rd | — | 8 | 3 | 0 | Lost 1948 Sugar Bowl to Texas Longhorns, 7–27 ^ | 6 | N/A | |
1948 | 6th | — | 6 | 4 | 1 | — | — | N/A | ||
1949 | 6th | — | 6 | 3 | 1 | — | — | N/A | ||
1950 | 3rd | — | 9 | 2 | 0 | — | 16 | 17 | ||
1951 | T–7th | — | 5 | 6 | 0 | — | — | — | ||
1952 | 4th | — | 10 | 2 | 0 | Won 1953 Orange Bowl against Syracuse Orangemen, 61–6 ^ | 9 | 9 | ||
1953 * | 1st * | — | 6 | 3 | 3 | Lost 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic to Rice Owls, 6–28 ^ | 13 | 11 | ||
1954 | 8th | — | 4 | 5 | 2 | — | — | — | ||
1955 | Whitworth, Jennings B.Jennings B. Whitworth | 12th | — | 0 | 10 | 0 | — | — | — | |
1956 | T–8th | — | 2 | 7 | 1 | — | — | — | ||
1957 | 11th | — | 2 | 7 | 1 | — | — | — | ||
1958 | Bryant, BearBear Bryant | T–6th | — | 5 | 4 | 1 | — | — | — | |
1959 | 4th | — | 7 | 2 | 2 | Lost 1959 Liberty Bowl to Penn State Nittany Lions, 0–7 ^ | 10 | 13 | ||
1960 | 3rd | — | 8 | 1 | 2 | Tie 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl against Texas Longhorns, 3–3 ^ | 9 | 10 | ||
1961 * | T–1st * | — | 11 | 0 | 0 | Won 1962 Sugar Bowl against Arkansas Razorbacks, 10–3 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
1962 | 2nd | — | 10 | 1 | 0 | Won 1963 Orange Bowl against Oklahoma Sooners, 17–0 ^ | 5 | 5 | ||
1963 | 3rd | — | 9 | 2 | 0 | Won 1964 Sugar Bowl against Ole Miss Rebels, 10–7 ^ | 8 | 9 | ||
1964 * | 1st * | — | 10 | 1 | 0 | Lost 1965 Orange Bowl to Texas Longhorns, 17–21 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
1965 * | 1st * | — | 9 | 1 | 1 | Won 1966 Orange Bowl against Nebraska Cornhuskers, 39–28 ^ | 1 | 4 | ||
1966 * | T–1st * | — | 11 | 0 | 0 | Won 1967 Sugar Bowl against Nebraska Cornhuskers, 34–7 ^ | 3 | 3 | ||
1967 | 2nd | — | 8 | 2 | 1 | Lost 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic to Texas A&M Aggies, 16–20 ^ | 8 | 7 | ||
1968 | T–3rd | — | 8 | 3 | 0 | Lost 1968 Gator Bowl to Missouri Tigers, 10–35 ^ | 17 | 12 | ||
1969 | 8th | — | 6 | 5 | 0 | Lost 1969 Liberty Bowl to Colorado Buffaloes, 33–47 ^ | — | — | ||
1970 | T–7th | — | 6 | 5 | 1 | Tie 1970 Bluebonnet Bowl to Oklahoma Sooners, 24–24 ^ | — | — | ||
1971 * | 1st * | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Lost 1972 Orange Bowl to Nebraska Cornhuskers, 6–38 ^ | 4 | 2 | ||
1972 * | 1st * | — | 10 | 2 | 0 | Lost 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic to Texas Longhorns, 13–17 ^ | 7 | 4 | ||
1973 * | 1st * | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Lost 1973 Sugar Bowl to Notre Dame Fighting Irish, 23–24 ^ | 4 | 1 | ||
1974 * | 1st * | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Lost 1975 Orange Bowl to Notre Dame Fighting Irish, 11–13 ^ | 5 | 2 | ||
1975 * | 1st * | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Won 1975 Sugar Bowl against Penn State Nittany Lions, 13–6 ^ | 3 | 3 | ||
1976 | 2nd | — | 9 | 3 | 0 | Won 1976 Liberty Bowl against UCLA Bruins, 36–6 ^ | 11 | 9 | ||
1977 * | 1st * | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Won 1978 Sugar Bowl against Ohio State Buckeyes, 35–6 ^ | 2 | 2 | ||
1978 * | 1st * | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Won 1979 Sugar Bowl against Penn State Nittany Lions, 14–7 ^ | 1 | 2 | ||
1979 * | 1st * | — | 12 | 0 | 0 | Won 1980 Sugar Bowl against Arkansas Razorbacks, 24–9 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
1980 | T–2nd | — | 10 | 2 | 0 | Won 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic against Baylor Bears, 30–2 ^ | 6 | 6 | ||
1981 * | T–1st * | — | 9 | 2 | 1 | Lost 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic to Texas Longhorns, 12–14 ^ | 7 | 6 | ||
1982 | T–6th | — | 8 | 4 | 0 | Won 1982 Liberty Bowl against Illinois Fighting Illini, 21–15 ^ | — | 17 | ||
1983 | Perkins, RayRay Perkins | T–3rd | — | 8 | 4 | 0 | Won 1983 Sun Bowl against SMU Mustangs, 21–15 ^ | 15 | 12 | |
1984 | T–7th | — | 5 | 6 | 0 | — | — | — | ||
1985 | T–3rd | — | 9 | 2 | 1 | Won 1985 Aloha Bowl against USC Trojans, 24–3 ^ | 13 | 14 | ||
1986 | T–2nd | — | 10 | 3 | 0 | Won 1986 Sun Bowl against Washington Huskies, 28–6 ^ | 9 | 9 | ||
1987 | Curry, BillBill Curry | T–4th | — | 7 | 5 | 0 | Lost 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl to Michigan Wolverines, 24–28 ^ | — | — | |
1988 | T–4th | — | 9 | 3 | 0 | Won 1988 Sun Bowl against Army, 29–28 ^ | 17 | 17 | ||
1989 * | T–1st * | — | 10 | 2 | 0 | Lost 1990 Sugar Bowl to Miami Hurricanes, 25–33 ^ | 9 | 7 | ||
1990 | Stallings, GeneGene Stallings | T–3rd | — | 7 | 5 | 0 | Lost 1991 Fiesta Bowl to Louisville Cardinals, 7–34 ^ | — | — | |
1991 | 2nd | — | 11 | 1 | 0 | Won 1991 Blockbuster Bowl against Colorado Buffaloes, 30–25 ^ | 5 | 5 | ||
1992 * | 1st * | 1st | 13 | 0 | 0 | Won 1993 Sugar Bowl against Miami Hurricanes, 34–13 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
1993 [A 7] |
2nd | 2nd [A 8] |
1 (9) | 12 (3) | 0 (1) | Won 1993 Gator Bowl against North Carolina Tar Heels, 24–10 ^ | 14 | 13 | ||
1994 | 2nd | 1st | 12 | 1 | 0 | Won 1995 Citrus Bowl against Ohio State Buckeyes, 24–17 ^ | 5 | 4 | ||
1995 [A 9] |
— | T–2nd | 8 | 3 | 0 | Ineligible | 21 | — | ||
1996 | 2nd | T–1st | 10 | 3 | — [A 10] |
Won 1997 Outback Bowl against Michigan Wolverines, 17–14 ^ | 11 | 11 | ||
1997 | DuBose, MikeMike DuBose | — | T–5th | 4 | 7 | — | — | — | — | |
1998 | — | 3rd | 7 | 5 | — | Lost 1998 Music City Bowl to Virginia Tech Hokies, 7–38 ^ | — | — | ||
1999 * | 1st * | 1st | 10 | 3 | — | Lost 2000 Orange Bowl to Michigan Wolverines, 34–35 ^ | 8 | 8 | ||
2000 | — | T–5th | 3 | 8 | — | — | — | — | ||
2001 | Franchione, DennisDennis Franchione | — | T–3rd | 7 | 5 | — | Won 2001 Independence Bowl against Iowa State Cyclones, 14–13 ^ | — | — | |
2002 [A 11] |
— | 1st [A 12] |
10 | 3 | — | Ineligible | 11 | — | ||
2003 | Shula, MikeMike Shula | — | 5th | 4 | 9 | — | Ineligible | — | — | |
2004 | — | T–3rd | 6 | 6 | — | Lost 2004 Music City Bowl to Minnesota Golden Gophers, 16–20 ^ | — | — | ||
2005 [A 13] |
— | 3rd | 0 (10) | 2 | — | Won (vacated) 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas Tech Red Raiders, 13–10 ^ | 8 | 8 | ||
2006 [A 14][A 15] |
— | T–4th | 0 (6) | 7 | — | Lost 2006 Independence Bowl to Oklahoma State Cowboys, 31–34 ^ | — | — | ||
2007 [A 16] |
Saban, NickNick Saban | — | T–3rd | 2 (7) | 6 | — | Won 2007 Independence Bowl against Colorado Buffaloes, 30–24 ^ | — | — | |
2008 | 2nd | 1st | 12 | 2 | — | Lost 2009 Sugar Bowl to Utah Utes, 17–31 ^ | 6 | 6 | ||
2009 * | 1st * | 1st | 14 | 0 | — | Won 2010 BCS National Championship Game against Texas Longhorns, 37–21 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
2010 | — | 4th | 10 | 3 | — | Won 2011 Capital One Bowl against Michigan State Spartans, 49–7 ^ | 10 | 11 | ||
2011 | — | 2nd | 12 | 1 | — | Won 2012 BCS National Championship Game against LSU Tigers, 21–0 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
2012 * | 1st * | 1st | 13 | 1 | — | Won 2013 BCS National Championship Game against Notre Dame Fighting Irish, 42–14 ^ | 1 | 1 | ||
2013 | — | T–1st | 11 | 2 | — | Lost 2014 Sugar Bowl to Oklahoma Sooners, 31–45 ^ | 7 | 8 | ||
2014 * | 1st * | 1st | 12 | 2 | — | Lost 2015 Sugar Bowl to Ohio State Buckeyes, 35–42 ^ | 4 | 4 | ||
2015 * | 1st * | 1st | 14 | 1 | — | Won 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic against Michigan State Spartans, 38–0 ^ Won 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship against Clemson Tigers, 45–40 ^ |
1 | 1 |
Totals
Wins | Losses | Ties | Win percentage | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Regular Season Games | 823 | 298 | 40 | .726 |
Conference Championship Games | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 |
Bowl Games | 36 | 24 | 3 | .595 |
All Games | 864 | 326 | 43 | .718 |
Records above take into account an additional 21 victories vacated and 8 victories and 1 tie forfeited. Alabama's on-field record is 893-317-44.
Notes
- ↑ Alabama has had an additional 21 victories vacated (2005–2007) and 8 victories and 1 tie forfeited (1993).
- ↑ Statistics correct as of the end of the 2015 season.
- ↑ Alabama did not field teams for the 1898, 1918 or 1943 seasons.[3]
- ↑ The Southeastern Conference introduced divisional play in 1992; the divisional winners advance to the SEC Championship Game to determine the conference champion.[11]
- ↑ The Associated Press began conducting a weekly college football poll in 1936.[12]
- ↑ The college football coaches' poll has been sponsored by multiple organizations since its creation in 1950. Its current sponsor is USA Today[12]
- ↑ Alabama finished the 1993 season with an overall record of 9–3–1, but was later forced to officially forfeit all regular season games as a penalty due to NCAA infractions.[13]
- ↑ Alabama finished second in the SEC West in 1993, but played in the SEC Championship Game as Auburn was prohibited from post-season play because of NCAA violations.[14][15]
- ↑ Alabama finished the 1995 season with an overall record of 8–3, but was ineligible for a bowl appearance due a one-year bowl ban imposed by the NCAA for rules violations.[13]
- ↑ Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996, making ties impossible in the period since.[16]
- ↑ Alabama finished the 2002 season with an overall record of 10–3, but was ineligible for postseason play as a result of a two-year bowl ban imposed by the NCAA due to recruiting violations.[17]
- ↑ Alabama finished first in the SEC West in 2002, but could not play in the SEC Championship Game due to NCAA sanctions.
- ↑ The NCAA ruled Alabama to vacate 21 victories between the 2005–07 seasons due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions. Following an unsuccessful appeal to the NCAA Division I Infractions Appeals Committee, ten overall wins from the 2005 season have been officially vacated.[18]
- ↑ Joe Kines served as interim head coach for the 2006 Independence Bowl.[19]
- ↑ The NCAA ruled Alabama to vacate 21 victories between the 2005–07 seasons due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions. Following an unsuccessful appeal to the NCAA Division I Infractions Appeals Committee, six overall wins from the 2006 season have been officially vacated.[18]
- ↑ The NCAA ruled Alabama to vacate 21 victories between the 2005–07 seasons due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions. Following an unsuccessful appeal to the NCAA Division I Infractions Appeals Committee, five overall wins from the 2007 season have been officially vacated.[18]
References
- General
- 2013 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Media Guide (PDF). Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office. 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). "Football Bowl Subdivision Records" (PDF). 2013 NCAA Division I Football Records. NCAA.org. pp. 114–116. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). "Bowl/All-Star Game Records" (PDF). 2011 NCAA Division I Football Records. NCAA.org. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- Specific
- ↑ "Facilities: Bryant–Denny Stadium". RollTide.com. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ 2013 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Media Guide, pp. 151–165
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2013 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Media Guide, pp. 46–122
- ↑ "Bowl/All-Star Game Records, p. 16
- ↑ Football Bowl Subdivision Records, pp. 114–116
- ↑ 2013 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Media Guide, p. 123
- ↑ "Total Appearances in the AP i was here Poll". College Poll Archive. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ Football Bowl Subdivision Records, p. 68
- ↑ DeLassus, David. "Alabama Historical Data". College Football Data Warehouse. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ "All-Time Head Coaches". Paul W. Bryant Museum. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ "SEC Championship Game". SECdigitalnetwork. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- 1 2 Football Bowl Subdivision Records, p. 80
- 1 2 Segrest, Doug (August 3, 1995). "Penalties stun, anger UA: NCAA charged a third, unexpected violation". The Birmingham News.
- ↑ "No. 6 Auburn Rallies to Beat Alabama and Finishes at 11–0 SEC: The Tigers, banned from postseason play, overcome 14–5 deficit for 22–14 victory". Los Angeles Times. November 21, 1993. pp. C5.
- ↑ "Auburn Lands On Two-Year Probation". Associated Press. August 13, 1993. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ Whiteside, Kelly (August 25, 2006). "Overtime system still excites coaches". USA Today. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ Kirk, Steve (February 2, 2002). "Alabama branded a 'disgrace' – NCAA levies sanctions for recruiting, blasts boosters; University will appeal". The Birmingham News.
- 1 2 3 Hurt, Cecil (March 23, 2010). "UA officials disappointed in appeal outcome". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- ↑ Melick, Ray (December 28, 2006). "Kines latest face of change at Alabama". The Birmingham News.