List of Ediacaran genera
This is a list of all described Ediacaran genera, including the Ediacaran biota.
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Valid genus
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Junior synonym
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Vague status
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Rejected as valid taxon
Name | Authors | Year | Taxonomy | Validity | Notes | Country |
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Affinovendia | Sokolov | 1984 | ![]() |
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Albumares[1] | Fedonkin | 1976 | Trilobozoa | ![]() |
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Anabulia | Vodanjuk | 1989 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Andiva[2] | Fedonkin | 2002 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Anfesta[3] | Fedonkin | 1984 | Trilobozoa | ![]() |
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Annulatubus[4] | Calla A. Carbone et al. | 2015 | ![]() |
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Annulusichnus | Zhang | 1986 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Gaojiashania, tubular fossil | ![]() | |
Arborea[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Charniodiscus | ![]() | |
Archaeaspinus[6] | Ivantsov | 2007 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Archaeichnum | Glaessner | 1963 | ![]() |
tubular conical fossil | ![]() | |
Arkarua | Gehling | 1987 | ![]() |
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Armillifera | Fedonkin | 1980 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Arumberia[7] | Glaessner et Walter | 1975 | ![]() |
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Askinica | Bekker | 1996 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Aspidella | Billings | 1872 | ![]() |
biradial discoid fossil | ![]() | |
Atakia | Palij | 1979 | ![]() |
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Ausia[8] | Hahn et Pflug | 1985 | ![]() |
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Avalofractus[9] | Narbonne, Laflamme, Greentree et Trusler | 2009 | ![]() |
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Aviculaichnus | Gritsenko | 2009 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Nenoxites | ![]() | |
Baikalina | Sokolov | 1972 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Ernietta | ![]() | |
Barmia | Bekker | 1996 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Beltanella[10] | Sprigg | 1947 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Beltanelliformis[11] | Menner | 1974 | ![]() |
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Beltanelloides | Sokolov | 1972 | ![]() |
nomen nudum, synonym of Beltanelliformis | ![]() | |
Beothukis[12] | Brasier et Antcliffe | 2009 | ![]() |
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Bessarabia | Gureev | 1988 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Bilinichnus | Fedonkin et Palij | 1979 | Trace fossil | ![]() |
trace fossil or pseudofossil | ![]() |
Blackbrookia[13] | Boynton et Ford | 1995 | ![]() |
rejected as valid taxon, "ivesheadiomorph"-type fossil structure | ![]() | |
Bomakellia[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | ![]() |
possible junior synonym of Rangea | ![]() | |
Bonata | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
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Brachina[15] | Wade | 1972 | ![]() |
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Bradgatia[13] | Boynton et Ford | 1995 | ![]() |
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Bronicella | Zaika-Novatsky | 1965 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Buchholzbrunnichnus | Germs | 1973 | ![]() |
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Bunyerichnus | Glaessner | 1969 | ![]() |
pseudofossil | ![]() | |
Burykhia[16] | Fedonkin, Vickers-Rich, Swalla, Trusler et Hall | 2012 | ![]() |
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Calyptrina | Sokolov | 1965 | ![]() |
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Catellichnus | Bekker | 1989 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
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Catenasphaerophyton | Yan et al. | 1992 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
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Charnia[17] | Ford | 1958 | ![]() |
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Charniodiscus[17] | Ford | 1958 | ![]() |
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Chondroplon | Wade | 1971 | ![]() |
probably a junior synonym of Dickinsonia | ![]() | |
Cloudina[18] | Germs | 1972 | ![]() |
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Conomedusites[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | ![]() |
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Conotubus | Zhang et Lin | 1986 | ![]() |
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Coronacollina[19] | Clites, Droser et Gehling | 2012 | Sponge (?) | ![]() |
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Corumbella[20] | Hahn, Hahn, Leonardos, Pflug et Walde | 1982 | ![]() |
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Cyanorus[21] | Ivantsov | 2004 | ![]() |
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Cyclomedusa[10] | Sprigg | 1947 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Dickinsonia[10] | Sprigg | 1947 | ![]() |
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Ediacaria[10] | Sprigg | 1947 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Elainabella[22] | Stephen M. Rowland and Margarita G. Rodriguez | 2014 | Protoctista | ![]() |
multicellular alga | ![]() |
Elasenia[23] | Fedonkin | 1983 | ![]() |
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Eoandromeda | Tang, Yin, Bengtson, Liu, Wang et Gao | 2008 | Ctenophora | ![]() |
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Eocyathispongia[24] | Zongjun Yin et al. | 2015 | Porifera | ![]() |
small 3 chambered sponge | ![]() |
Eoporpita[15] | Wade | 1972 | ![]() |
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Epibaion[25] | Ivantsov | 2002 | Trace fossil | ![]() |
grazing traces of Proarticulata | ![]() |
Ernietta | Pflug | 1966 | ![]() |
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Evmiaksia[3] | Fedonkin | 1984 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Fedomia[26] | Serezhnikova et Ivantsov | 2007 | Sponge (?) | ![]() |
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Flavostratum[27] | Serezhnikova | 2013 | ![]() |
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Fractofusus | Gehling et Narbonne | 2007 | ![]() |
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Frondophyllas | Bamforth et Narbonne | 2009 | ![]() |
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Funisia[28] | Droser et Gehling | 2008 | ![]() |
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Gaojiashania | Yang, Zhang et Lin | 1986 | ![]() |
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Garania | Bekker | 1996 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Gehlingia | McMenamin | 1998 | ![]() |
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Glaessnerina[29] | Germs | 1973 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Charnia | ![]() | |
Gureevella | Menasova | 2006 | ![]() |
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Hadrynichorde | Hofmann, O'Brien, et King | 2008 | ![]() |
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Hagenetta | Hahn et Pflug | 1988 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Beltanelliformis | ![]() | |
Hallidaya | Wade | 1969 | ![]() |
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Haootia | Liu et al. | 2014 | Cnidaria | ![]() |
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Harlaniella | Sokolov | 1972 | Vendotaenid | ![]() |
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Hapsidophyllas | Bamforth et Narbonne | 2009 | ![]() |
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Hiemalora[30] | Fedonkin | 1982 | ![]() |
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Horodyskia[31] | Yochelson & Fedonkin | 2000 | ![]() |
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Ichnusa | Debrenn et Naud | 1981 | ![]() |
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Inaria | Gehling | 1987 | ![]() |
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Inkrylovia | Fedonkin | 1979 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Onegia | ![]() | |
Intrites | Fedonkin | 1980 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
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Irridinitus[23] | Fedonkin | 1983 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Ivesheadia[13] | Boynton et Ford | 1995 | ![]() |
rejected as valid taxon, "ivesheadiomorph"-type fossil structure | ![]() | |
Ivovicia[6] | Ivantsov | 2007 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Jampolium | Gureev | 1988 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Kaisalia[3] | Fedonkin | 1984 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Karakhtia[32] | Ivantsov | 2004 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Khatyspytia[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | ![]() |
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Kimberella[15] | Wade | 1972 | ![]() |
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Kimberichnus[33] | Ivantsov | 2013 | Trace fossil | ![]() |
grazing traces of Kimberella | ![]() |
Kuibisia[8] | Hahn et Pflug | 1985 | ![]() |
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Kuckaraukia[34] | Razumovskiy, Ivantsov, Novikov et Korochantsev | 2015 | ![]() |
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Lamonte [35] | Meyer, Xiao, Gill, Schiffbauer, Chen, Zhou et Yuan | 2014 | Trace fossil | ![]() |
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Lomosovis[23] | Fedonkin | 1983 | ![]() |
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Lorenzinites[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | ![]() |
possible junior synonym of Rugoconites | ![]() | |
Lossinia [6] | Ivantsov | 2007 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Madigania | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
not Madigania (Whitley, 1945), replaced by the Spriggia | ![]() | |
Margaritiflabellum | Ivantsov | 2014 | ![]() |
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Marywadea[36] | Glaessner | 1976 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Mawsonites[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | ![]() |
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Medusina | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
not Medusina (Walcott, 1898), replaced by the Medusinites | ![]() | |
Medusinites[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Medvezichnus[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | Trace fossil | ![]() |
unique specimen of doubtful nature | ![]() |
Mezenia | Sokolov | 1976 | ![]() |
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Mialsemia[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Bomakellia (or Rangea) | ![]() | |
Nadalina | Narbonne et Hofmann | 1987 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Namacalathus[37] | Grotzinger, Watters, et Knoll | 2000 | ![]() |
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Namalia | Germs | 1968 | ![]() |
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Namamedusium | Zessin | 2008 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Beltanelliformis | ![]() | |
Namapoikia | Wood, Grotzinger et Dickson | 2002 | ![]() |
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Nasepia[29] | Germs | 1973 | ![]() |
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Nemiana | Palij | 1976 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Beltanelliformis | ![]() | |
Nenoxites | Fedonkin | 1976 | ![]() |
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Nilpenia[38] | Droser et al. | 2014 | ![]() |
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Nimbia | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
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Onega[1] | Fedonkin | 1976 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Onegia | Sokolov | 1976 | ![]() |
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Orbisiana | Sokolov | 1976 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
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Orthogonium | Gürich | 1930 | ![]() |
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Ovatoscutum[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Palaeopascichnus | Palij | 1976 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
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Palaeophragmodictya[39] | Gehling et Rigby | 1996 | ![]() |
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Palaeospinther | Menasova | 2006 | ![]() |
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Paleoplatoda | Fedonkin | 1979 | ![]() |
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Paliella | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Pambikalbae | Jenkins et Nedin | 2007 | ![]() |
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Papillionata | Sprigg | 1947 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
junior synonym of Dickinsonia | ![]() |
Paracharnia | Sun | 1986 | ![]() |
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Paramedusium | Gürich | 1933 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Paravendia[21] | Ivantsov | 2004 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Parvancorina[40] | Glaessner | 1958 | ![]() |
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Parviscopa | Hofmann, O'Brien et King | 2008 | ![]() |
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Pectinifrons[41] | Bamforth, Narbonne et Anderson | 2008 | ![]() |
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Persimedusites | Hahn et Pflug | 1980 | ![]() |
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Petalostoma | Pflug | 1973 | ![]() |
rejected as valid taxon | ![]() | |
Phyllozoon | Jenkins et Gehlig | 1978 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Planomedusites | Sokolov | 1972 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Platypholinia[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | ![]() |
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Plexus[42] | Joel, Droser & Gehling | 2014 | ![]() |
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Podolimirus[23] | Fedonkin | 1983 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Podoliina | Gureev | 1988 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Nenoxites | ![]() | |
Pollukia | Gureev | 1987 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Pomoria | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
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Praecambridium[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Primocandelabrum | Hofmann, O'Brien et King | 2008 | ![]() |
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Propalaeolina | Menasova | 2006 | ![]() |
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Protechiurus[43] | Glaessner | 1979 | ![]() |
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Protodipleurosoma | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Protoniobia | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Pseudohiemalorachnus | Gritsenko | 2009 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Nenoxites | ![]() | |
Pseudorhizostomites | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
problematic biogenic structure | ![]() | |
Pseudorhopilema | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Pseudorhizostomites | ![]() | |
Pseudovendia[44] | Boynton et Ford | 1979 | ![]() |
rejected as valid taxon, "ivesheadiomorph"-type fossil structures | ![]() | |
Pteridinium | Gürich | 1933 | ![]() |
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Ramellina | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
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Rangea | Gürich | 1929 | ![]() |
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Redkinia | Sokolov | 1977 | ![]() |
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Rugoconites[5] | Glaessner et Wade | 1966 | ![]() |
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Saarina | Sokolov | 1965 | ![]() |
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Seirisphaera | Chen, Xiao et Yuan | 1996 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
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Sekwia | Hofmann | 1981 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Sekwitubulus[4] | Calla A. Carbone et al. | 2015 | ![]() |
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Serebrina | Istchenko | 1983 | ![]() |
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Shaanxilithes | Xing, Yue et Zhang | 1984 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Nenoxites | ![]() | |
Shepshedia[13] | Boynton et Ford | 1995 | ![]() |
rejected as valid taxon, "ivesheadiomorph"-type fossil structure | ![]() | |
Sinotubulites | Chen, Chen et Qian | 1981 | ![]() |
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Skinnera | Wade | 1969 | Trilobozoa | ![]() |
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Skolithos declinatus[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | Trace fossil | ![]() |
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Solza[32] | Ivantsov | 2004 | ![]() |
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Somatohelix[45] | Sappenfield, Droser et Gehling | 2011 | ![]() |
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Spriggia | Southcott | 1958 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Spriggina[40] | Glaessner | 1958 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Staurinidia[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | ![]() |
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Streptichnus[46] | Jensen et Runnegar | 2005 | Vendotaenid[47] or Trace fossil | ![]() |
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Studenecia | Gureev | 1988 | ![]() |
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Suzmites | Fedonkin | 1981 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Onegia | ![]() | |
Swartpuntia[48] | Narbonne, Saylor et Grotzinger | 1997 | ![]() |
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Tamga [6] | Ivantsov | 2007 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Tateana | Sprigg | 1949 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Temnoxa[32] | Ivantsov | 2004 | ![]() |
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Thectardis[49] | Clapham, Narbonne, Gehling, Greentree et Anderson | 2004 | Sponge (?) | ![]() |
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Tirasiana | Palij | 1976 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Trepassia[9] | Narbonne, Laflamme, Greentree et Trusler | 2009 | ![]() |
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Tribrachidium[50] | Glaessner | 1959 | Trilobozoa | ![]() |
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Triforillonia[51] | Gehling, Narbonne et Anderson | 2000 | ![]() |
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Vaizitsinia | Sokolov et Fedonkin | 1981 | ![]() |
junior synonym of Rangea | ![]() | |
Valdainia[23] | Fedonkin | 1983 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Vaveliksia[23] | Fedonkin | 1983 | Sponge (?) | ![]() |
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Velancorina | Pflug | 1966 | ![]() |
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Vendella | Gureev | 1987 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Vendia | Keller | 1969 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Vendichnus | Fedonkin | 1979 | ![]() |
possible pseudofossil | ![]() | |
Vendoconularia[52] | Ivantsov et Fedonkin | 2002 | Conulata | ![]() |
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Vendoglossa | Seilacher | 2007 | ![]() |
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Vendomia[1] | Keller | 1976 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
junior synonym of Dickinsonia | ![]() |
Vendotaenia | Gnilovskaya | 1971 | Vendotaenid | ![]() |
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Ventogyrus | Ivantsov et Grazhdankin | 1997 | ![]() |
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Veprina | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
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Vernanimalcula | Chen J. Y | 2004 | ![]() |
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Vimenites | Fedonkin | 1980 | ![]() |
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Vinlandia[53] | Brasier, Antcliffe et Liu | 2012 | ![]() |
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Vladimissa[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | ![]() |
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Wigwamiella | Runnegar | 1991 | ![]() |
discoid fossil with no clear diagnostic characters | ![]() | |
Windermeria[54] | Narbonne | 1994 | ![]() |
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Wutubus[55] | Chen, Zhou, Xiao, Wang, Guan, Hong et Yuan | 2014 | ![]() |
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Yangtziramulus | Shen, Xiao, Zhou et Yuan | 2009 | ![]() |
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Yarnemia | Nessov | 1984 | ![]() |
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Yelovichnus[14] | Fedonkin | 1985 | palaeopascichnid | ![]() |
junior synonym of Palaeopascichnus | ![]() |
Yorgia[56] | Ivantsov | 1999 | Proarticulata | ![]() |
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Zolotytsia | Fedonkin | 1981 | ![]() |
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References
- 1 2 3 Keller, B. M.; Fedonkin, M. A. (1976). "New Records of Fossils in the Valdaian Group of the Precambrian on the Syuz'ma River" (PDF). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. (in Russian). 3: 38–44.
- ↑ Fedonkin, M. A. (2002). "Andiva ivantsovi gen. et sp. n. and related carapace‐bearing Ediacaran fossils from the Vendian of the Winter Coast, White Sea, Russia". Italian Journal of Zoology. 69 (2): 175–181. doi:10.1080/11250000209356456.
- 1 2 3 Fedonkin, M. A. (1984). "Promorphology of the Vendian Radialia". In Sokolov, B. S.; Iwanowski, A. B. Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Earliest Phanerozoic (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 30–58.
- 1 2 Calla A. Carbone, Guy M. Narbonne, Francis A. Macdonald and Thomas H. Boag (2015). "New Ediacaran fossils from the uppermost Blueflower Formation, northwest Canada: disentangling biostratigraphy and paleoecology". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (2): 281–291. doi:10.1017/jpa.2014.25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Glaessner, M.F.; Wade, M. (1966). "The late Precambrian fossils from Ediacara, South Australia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 9 (4): 599–628.
- 1 2 3 4 Ivantsov, A. Yu. (2007). "Small Vendian transversely Articulated fossils". Paleontological Journal. 41 (2): 113. doi:10.1134/S0031030107020013.
- ↑ Glaessner, M. F.; Walter, M. R. (1975). "New Precambrian fossils from the Arumbera Sandstone, Northern Territory, Australia". Alcheringa: an Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 1: 59. doi:10.1080/03115517508619480.
- 1 2 Hahn, G., Pflug, H. D. (1985). "Eight Polypenartige Organismen aus dem Jung-Präkambrium (Nama-Gruppe) von Namibia". Geologica et Palaeontologica. 19: 1–13.
- 1 2 Narbonne, G. M.; Laflamme, M.; Greentree, C.; Trusler, P. (2009). "Reconstructing a Lost World: Ediacaran Rangeomorphs from Spaniard's Bay, Newfoundland". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (4): 503. doi:10.1666/08-072R1.1.
- 1 2 3 4 Sprigg, R. C. (1947). "Early Cambrian (?) Jellyfishes from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia" (PDF). Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 71: 212–24.
- ↑ Keller, B. M.; Menner, V. V.; Stepanov, V. A. & Chumakov, N. M. (1974). "Новые находки Metazoa в вендомии Руссой платформы" [New Finds of Metazoa in the Vendomii of the Russian Platform] (PDF). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. (in Russian). 12: 130–134.
- ↑ Brasier, M. D.; Antcliffe, J. B. (2009). "Evolutionary relationships within the Avalonian Ediacara biota: New insights from laser analysis". Journal of the Geological Society. 166 (2): 363. doi:10.1144/0016-76492008-011.
- 1 2 3 4 H. E. Boynton; T. D. Ford (1995). "Ediacaran Fossils from the Precambrian (Charnian Supergroup) of Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, England". Mercian Geologist. 4 (19): 165–182.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fedonkin, M. A. (1985). "Systematic Description of Vendian Metazoa". In Sokolov, B. S.; Iwanowski, A. B. Vendian System: Historical–Geological and Paleontological Foundation, Vol. 1: Paleontology (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 70–106.
- 1 2 3 Wade, M. (1972). "Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa and other medusoids from the Precambrian Ediacara fauna, South Australia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 15: 197–225.
- ↑ Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians". Paleontological Journal. 46: 1. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.
- 1 2 Ford, T.D. (1958). "Precambrian fossils from Charnwood Forest". Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings. 31 (3): 211–217. doi:10.1144/pygs.31.3.211.
- ↑ Germs, G.J.B. (October 1972). "New shelly fossils from Nama Group, South West Africa". American Journal of Science. 272 (8): 752–761. doi:10.2475/ajs.272.8.752.
- ↑ Erica C. Clites, Mary L. Droser & James G. Gehling (2012). "The advent of hard-part structural support among the Ediacara biota: Ediacaran harbinger of a Cambrian mode of body construction". Geology. 40: 307–310. doi:10.1130/G32828.1.
- ↑ Hahn, G.; Hahn, R.; Leonardos, O.H.; Pflug, H.D.; Walde, D.H.G. (1982). "Kfrperlich erhaltene Scyphozoen-Reste aus dem Jungprekambrium Brasiliens". Geol. Paleontol. 16: 1–18.
- 1 2 Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 38 (3): 247–253.
- ↑ Stephen M. (2014). "Journal of Paleontology". In Stephen M. Rowland; Margarita G. Rodriguez. A Multicellular Alga With Exceptional Preservation From the Ediacaran of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology. 88(2). pp. 263–268.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fedonkin, M. A. (1983). "Non-skeletal fauna of Podolia, Dniester River valley". In Velikanov, V. A.; Asseeva, E. A.; Fedonkin, M. A. The Vendian of the Ukraine (in Russian). Kiev: Naukova Dumka. pp. 128–139.
- ↑ Yin, Zongjun; Zhu, Maoyan; Davidson, Eric H.; Bottjer, David J.; Zhao, Fangchen; Tafforeau, Paul (9 March 2015). "Sponge grade body fossil with cellular resolution dating 60 Myr before the Cambrian". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 201414577. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414577112.
- ↑ Ivantsov, A.Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y.E. (2002). "Giant Traces of Vendian Animals" (PDF). Doklady Earth Sciences. 385 (6): 618–622.
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