List of Victoria Cross recipients by campaign

The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals, and may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command.[1] The award was officially constituted when Queen Victoria issued a warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that was gazetted on 5 February 1856.[2] The order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War.[3] The first awards ceremony was held on 26 June 1857, where Queen Victoria invested 62 of the 111 Crimean recipients in a ceremony in Hyde Park.[4]

The first citations of the VC, particularly those in the initial gazette of 24 February 1857, varied in the details of each action; some specify date ranges while some specify a single date. The original Royal Warrant did not contain a specific clause regarding posthumous awards, although official policy was to not award the VC posthumously.[5] Between 1897 and 1901, several notices were issued in the London Gazette regarding soldiers who would have been awarded the VC had they survived. In a partial reversal of policy in 1902, six of the soldiers mentioned were granted the VC, but not "officially" awarded the medal. In 1907, the posthumous policy was completely reversed and medals were sent to the next of kin of the six soldiers.[6] The Victoria Cross warrant was not officially amended to explicitly allow posthumous awards until 1920, but one quarter of all awards for the First World War were posthumous.[7][8] Three people have been awarded the VC and Bar, which is a medal for two actions; Noel Chavasse, Arthur Martin-Leake and Charles Upham.[9] Chavasse received both medals for actions in the First World War, while Martin-Leake was awarded his first VC for actions in the Second Boer War, and his second for actions during the First World War. Charles Upham received both VCs for actions during the Second World War.

The Victoria Cross has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients. The largest number of recipients for one campaign is the First World War, for which 628 medals were awarded to 627 recipients.[10] The largest number awarded for actions on a single day was 24 on 16 November 1857, at the Second Relief of Lucknow, during the Indian Mutiny.[11] The largest number awarded for a single action was 18, for the assault on Sikandar Bagh, during the Second Relief of Lucknow. The largest number awarded to one unit during a single action was 7, to the 2nd/24th Foot, for the defence of Rorke's Drift (22–23 January 1879), during the Zulu War.[12]

Since 1991, Australia, Canada and New Zealand have created their own separate Victoria Crosses: the Victoria Cross for Australia, the Victoria Cross (Canada), and the Victoria Cross for New Zealand. Only five of these separate medals have been awarded, all for actions in the War in Afghanistan; Willie Apiata received the Victoria Cross for New Zealand on 26 July 2007; on 16 January 2009 Mark Donaldson, on 24 August 2010 Daniel Keighran, on 23 January 2011 Ben Roberts-Smith, and on 13 February 2014 Cameron Baird (posthumous award), were awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia. As these are separate medals, they are not included in this list.[13]

Recipients

RecipientsUnitCampaignDatesLocation
111 Crimean War recipients Crimean War 18541856
Wood, JohnJohn Wood20th Bombay Native InfantryAnglo-Persian War9 August 1856Bushire, Persia
Malcolmson, JohnJohn Malcolmson3rd Bombay Light CavalryAnglo-Persian War8 February 1857Khoosh-ab, Persia
Moore, ArthurArthur Moore3rd Bombay Light CavalryAnglo-Persian War8 February 1857Khoosh-ab, Persia
182 Indian Mutiny recipients Indian Mutiny 18571859
Burslem, NathanielNathaniel Burslem67th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
Chaplin, JohnJohn Chaplin67th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
Fitzgibbon, AndrewAndrew Fitzgibbon67th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
Lane, ThomasThomas Lane67th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
Lenon, EdmundEdmund Lenon67th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
McDougall, JohnJohn McDougall44th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
Rogers, RobertRobert Rogers44th Regiment of FootThird China War21 August 1860Taku Forts, China
15 New Zealand Land Wars recipients New Zealand Land Wars 18601865
Hinckley, GeorgeGeorge HinckleyNaval BrigadeTaiping Rebellion9 October 1862Fenghua, China
Fosbery, GeorgeGeorge Fosbery4th Bengal European RegimentUmbeyla Campaign30 October 1863Crag Picquet, India
Pitcher, HenryHenry Pitcher4th Punjab InfantryUmbeyla Campaign30 October 1863Crag Picquet, India
Boyes, DuncanDuncan BoyesHMS EuryalusBombardment of Shimonoseki6 September 1864Kanmon Straits, Japan
Pride, ThomasThomas PrideRoyal NavyBombardment of Shimonoseki6 September 1864Kanmon Straits, Japan
Seeley, WilliamWilliam SeeleyHMS EuryalusBombardment of Shimonoseki6 September 1864Kanmon Straits, Japan
Dundas, JamesJames DundasBengal EngineersBhutan War30 April 1865Dewan-Giri, India
Trevor, WilliamWilliam TrevorBengal EngineersBhutan War30 April 1865Dewan-Giri, India
O'Hea, TimothyTimothy O'HeaRifle Brigade[A]9 June 1866Danville, Quebec
Hodge, SamuelSamuel HodgeWest India RegimentThe Gambia30 June 1866Tubabecelong, Gambia|
Bell, DavidDavid Bell24th Regiment of FootAndaman Islands Expedition7 May 1867Little Andaman
Douglas, CampbellCampbell Douglas24th Regiment of FootAndaman Islands Expedition7 May 1867Little Andaman
Cooper, JamesJames Cooper24th Regiment of FootAndaman Islands Expedition7 May 1867Little Andaman
Murphy, ThomasThomas Murphy24th Regiment of FootAndaman Islands Expedition7 May 1867Little Andaman
Griffiths, WilliamWilliam Griffiths24th Regiment of FootAndaman Islands Expedition7 May 1867Little Andaman
Bergin, JamesJames Bergin33rd Regiment of FootAbyssinian War13 April 1868Battle of Magdala, Abyssinia
Magner, MichaelMichael Magner33rd Regiment of FootAbyssinian War13 April 1868Battle of Magdala, Abyssinia
Macintyre, DonaldDonald Macintyre2nd Gurkha RiflesLooshai Expedition4 January 1872Lalgnoora, India
Gifford, EdricEdric Gifford24th Regiment of FootFirst Ashanti Expedition1873–1874Becquah, Ashanti
Sartorius, ReginaldReginald Sartorius6th Bengal CavalryFirst Ashanti Expedition17 January 1874Abogu, Ashanti
McGaw, SamuelSamuel McGaw42nd Regiment of FootFirst Ashanti Expedition21 January 1874Amoaful, Ashanti
Bell, MarkMark BellCorps of Royal EngineersFirst Ashanti Expedition4 February 1874Ordashu, Ashanti
Channer, GeorgeGeorge ChannerBengal Staff CorpsPerak War20 December 1875Malaya, Malaysia
Scott, AndrewAndrew ScottBengal Staff CorpsBaluchistan26 July 1877Quetta, India
Moore, HansHans Moore88th Regiment of Foot9th Cape Frontier War29 December 1877King William's Town, Cape Colony
23 Zulu War recipients Zulu War 1879
16 Second Afghan War recipients Second Afghan War 18781880
Brown, PeterPeter BrownCape Mounted RiflemenBasuto War8 April 1879Morosi's Mountain, South Africa
Scott, RobertRobert ScottCape Mounted RiflemenBasuto War8 April 1879Morosi's Mountain, South Africa
Hartley, EdmundEdmund HartleyCape Mounted RiflemenBasuto War5 June 1879Morosi's Mountain, South Africa
Fitzpatrick, FrancisFrancis FitzpatrickConnaught RangersBasuto War28 November 1879Sekukuni's Town, South Africa
Flawn, ThomasThomas FlawnConnaught RangersBasuto War28 November 1879Sekukuni's Town, South Africa
McCrea, JohnJohn McCrea1st Cape Mounted YeomanryBasuto War14 January 1881Tweefontein, South Africa
Ridgeway, RichardRichard RidgewayBengal Staff CorpsSecond Naga Hills Expedition22 November 1879Konama, India
Danaher, JohnJohn DanaherNourse's HorseFirst Boer War16 January 1881Elandsfontein, South Africa
Murray, JamesJames MurrayConnaught RangersFirst Boer War16 January 1881Elandsfontein, South Africa
Doogan, JohnJohn Doogan1st King's Dragoon GuardsFirst Boer War28 January 1881Laing's Nek, South Africa
Hill, AlanAlan HillNorthamptonshire RegimentFirst Boer War28 January 1881Laing's Nek, South Africa
Osborne, JamesJames OsborneNorthamptonshire RegimentFirst Boer War22 February 1881Wesselstroom, South Africa
Farmer, JosephJoseph FarmerRoyal Army Medical CorpsFirst Boer War27 February 1881Majubu Hill, South Africa
Harding, IsraelIsrael HardingHMS AlexandraOccupation of Egypt11 July 1882Alexandria, Egypt
Corbett, FrederickFrederick CorbettKing's Royal Rifle CorpsOccupation of Egypt5 August 1882Kafr Dowar, Egypt
Edwards, WilliamWilliam EdwardsHighland Light InfantryOccupation of Egypt13 September 1882Tel-el-Kebir, Egypt
Marshall, WilliamWilliam Marshall19th HussarsSudan Campaign29 February 1884El Teb, Sudan
Wilson, ArthurArthur WilsonHMS HeclaSudan Campaign29 February 1884El Teb, Sudan
Edwards, ThomasThomas EdwardsBlack WatchSudan Campaign13 March 1884Tamai, Sudan
Marling, PercivalPercival MarlingKing's Royal Rifle CorpsSudan Campaign13 March 1884Tamai, Sudan
Smith, AlfredAlfred SmithRoyal Regiment of ArtillerySudan Campaign17 January 1885Abu Klea, Sudan
Byrne, ThomasThomas Byrne21st LancersSudan Campaign2 September 1898Omdurman, Sudan
De Montmorency, RaymondRaymond De Montmorency21st LancersSudan Campaign2 September 1898Omdurman, Sudan
Kenna, PaulPaul Kenna21st LancersSudan Campaign2 September 1898Omdurman, Sudan
Smyth, NevillNevill Smyth2nd Dragoon GuardsSudan Campaign2 September 1898Omdurman, Sudan
Hore-Rithven, AlexanderAlexander Hore-RithvenHighland Light InfantrySudan Campaign22 September 1898Gedarif, Sudan
Crimmin, JohnJohn CrimminBombay Medical ServiceBritish rule in Burma1 January 1889Karenni, Burma
Le Quesne, FerdinandFerdinand Le QuesneRoyal Army Medical CorpsBritish rule in Burma4 May 1889Tartan, Burma
Grant, CharlesCharles GrantIndian Staff CorpsManipur Expedition21 March 1891 to
9 April 1891
Thobal, Burma
Aylmer, FentonFenton AylmerCorps of Royal EngineersHunza-Naga Campaign2 December 1891Nilt Fort, India
Boisragon, GuyGuy Boisragon5th Gurkha RiflesHunza-Naga Campaign2 December 1891Nilt Fort, India
Smith, JohnJohn Smith5th Gurkha RiflesHunza-Naga Campaign20 December 1891Nilt Fort, India
Gordon, WilliamWilliam GordonWest India RegimentThe Gambia13 March 1892Toniataba, Gambia
Lloyd, OwenOwen LloydRoyal Army Medical CorpsKachin Hills Expedition6 January 1893Fort Sima, Burma
Whitchurch, HarryHarry WhitchurchIndian Medical ServiceChitral Expedition3 March 1895Chitral Fort, India
Henderson, HerbertHerbert HendersonBulawayo Field ForceMatabeleland Rebellion30 March 1896Bulawayo, Rhodesia
Baxter, FrankFrank BaxterBulawayo Field ForceMatabeleland Rebellion22 April 1896*Umguza, Rhodesia
Nesbitt, RandolphRandolph NesbittMashonaland Mounted PoliceMashona Rebellion19 June 1896Salisbury, Rhodesia
Costello, EdmondEdmond Costello22nd Punjab InfantrySiege of Malakand26 July 1897Malakand, India
Colvin, JamesJames ColvinCorps of Royal EngineersMohmand Campaign16 September 1897Bilot, India
Smith, JamesJames SmithCorps of Royal EngineersMohmand Campaign16 September 1897Bilot, India
Watson, ThomasThomas WatsonCorps of Royal EngineersMohmand Campaign16 September 1897Bilot, India
Adams, RobertRobert AdamsCorps of GuidesTirah Campaign17 August 1897Swat, India
MacLean, HectorHector MacLeanCorps of GuidesTirah Campaign17 August 1897*Swat, India
Fincastle, AlexanderAlexander Fincastle16th LancersTirah Campaign17 August 1897Swat, India
Pennell, HenryHenry PennellSherwood ForestersTirah Campaign20 October 1897Dargai, India
Findlater, GeorgeGeorge FindlaterGordon HighlandersTirah Campaign20 October 1897Dargai, India
Lawson, EdwardEdward LawsonGordon HighlandersTirah Campaign20 October 1897Dargai, India
Vickery, SamuelSamuel VickeryDorset RegimentTirah Campaign20 October 1897Dargai, India
Maillard, WilliamWilliam MaillardHMS HazardOccupation of Crete6 September 1898Crete, Greece
Mackenzie, JohnJohn MackenzieSeaforth HighlandersThird Ashanti Expedition6 June 1900Dompoassi, Ashanti
Melliss, CharlesCharles MellissIndian Staff CorpsThird Ashanti Expedition30 September 1900Obassa, Ashanti
Halliday, LewisLewis HallidayRoyal Marine Light InfantryBoxer Rising24 June 1900Peking, China
Guy, BasilBasil GuyNaval BrigadeBoxer Rising13 July 1900China
78 Second Boer War recipients Second Boer War 18991902
Cobbe, AlexanderAlexander CobbeKing's African RiflesSecond Somaliland Expedition6 October 1902Erego, Somaliland
Walker, WilliamWilliam Walker4th Gurkha RiflesThird Somaliland Expedition22 April 1903Daratoleh, Somaliland
Gough, JohnJohn GoughRifle BrigadeThird Somaliland Expedition22 April 1903Daratoleh, Somaliland
Rolland, GeorgeGeorge Rolland1st Bombay GrenadiersThird Somaliland Expedition22 April 1903Daratoleh, Somaliland
Carter, HerbertHerbert CarterDuke of Cornwall's Light InfantryFourth Somaliland Expedition19 December 1903Jidballi, Somaliland
Smith, ClementClement SmithDuke of Cornwall's Light InfantryFourth Somaliland Expedition10 January 1904Jidballi, Somaliland
Wright, WallaceWallace Wright2nd Regiment of FootKano-Sokoto Expedition26 February 1903Northern Nigeria
Grant, JohnJohn Grant8th Gurkha RiflesArmed Mission to Tibet6 July 1904Gyantse Fortress
627 First World War recipients[B] First World War 19141918
Agar, AugustusAugustus AgarHM Coastal Motor Boat 4North Russia Relief Force17 June 1919Kronstadt, Russia
Sullivan, ArthurArthur SullivanRoyal FusiliersNorth Russia Relief Force10 August 1919Sheika River, Russia
Dobson, ClaudeClaude DobsonHM Coastal Motor Boat 31North Russia Relief Force18 August 1919Kronstadt, Russia
Steele, GordonGordon SteeleHM Coastal Motor Boat 88North Russia Relief Force18 August 1919Kronstadt, Russia
Pearse, SamuelSamuel PearseRoyal FusiliersNorth Russia Relief Force29 August 1919*Emtsa, Russia
Andrews, HenryHenry AndrewsIndian Medical ServiceWaziristan Campaign22 October 1919*Khajuri, Waziristan
Kenny, WilliamWilliam Kenny39th Garhwal RiflesWaziristan Campaign2 January 1920*Kot Kai, Waziristan
Singh, IsharIshar Singh28th Punjab RegimentWaziristan Campaign10 April 1921Haidari Kach, Waziristan
Henderson, GeorgeGeorge HendersonManchester RegimentArab Revolt24 July 1920*Hillah, Mesopotamia
Meynell, GodfreyGodfrey Meynell12th Frontier Force RegimentSecond Mohmand Campaign29 September 1935*Mamund Valley, India
181 Second World War recipients[C] Second World War 19391945
Muir, KennethKenneth MuirArgyll and Sutherland HighlandersKorean War23 September 1950*Songju, Korea
Carne, JamesJames CarneGloucestershire RegimentKorean War2223 April 1951Imjin River, Korea
Curtis, PhilipPhilip CurtisDuke of Cornwall's Light InfantryKorean War2223 April 1951*Imjin River, Korea
Speakman, BillBill SpeakmanBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)Korean War4 November 1951Hill 217, Korea
Limbu, RambahadurRambahadur Limbu10th Gurkha RiflesMalaysia-Indonesia Confrontation21 November 1965Sarawak, Borneo
Wheatley, KevinKevin WheatleyAustralian Army Training Team VietnamVietnam War13 November 1965*Tra Bong, Vietnam
Badcoe, PeterPeter BadcoeAustralian Army Training Team VietnamVietnam War23 February 1967
7 March 1967
7 April 1967*
Huong Tra, Vietnam
Simpson, RayRay SimpsonAustralian Army Training Team VietnamVietnam War611 May 1969Kon Tum province, Vietnam
Payne, KeithKeith PayneAustralian Army Training Team VietnamVietnam War24 May 1969Ben Het, Vietnam
Jones, HerbertHerbert JonesParachute RegimentFalklands War28 May 1982*Goose Green, Falkland Islands
McKay, IanIan McKayParachute RegimentFalklands War12 June 1982*Mount Longdon, Falkland Islands
Beharry, JohnsonJohnson BeharryPrincess of Wales's Royal RegimentIraq War1 May 2004
11 June 2004
Al-Amarah, Iraq
Budd, BryanBryan BuddParachute RegimentWar in Afghanistan27 July 2006
20 August 2006*
Sangin, Afghanistan
Ashworth, JamesJames AshworthGrenadier GuardsWar in Afghanistan13 June 2012*Nahiri Saraj District, Afghanistan
Leakey, JoshuaJoshua LeakeyParachute RegimentWar in Afghanistan22 August 2013Helmand Province, Afghanistan

Notes

References

General
Specific
  1. Ashcroft, Michael; preface; XIXIII
  2. The Gazette publishing the original Royal Warrant
    The London Gazette: no. 21846. pp. 410–411. 5 February 1856. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  3. Ashcroft, Michael; pp.710
  4. Ashcroft, Michael; Preface to Victoria Cross Heroes
  5. Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.68–90
  6. The London Gazette: no. 27986. p. 325. 15 January 1907. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  7. Crook, MJ, Chapter 8 pp.6890
  8. The London Gazette: no. 31946. p. 6702. 18 June 1920. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  9. Ashcroft, Michael, Introduction: A brief History of the VC (pp.1418)
  10. Arthur, Max; pp.185371
  11. http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.941
  12. Arthur, Max; p.XIV
  13. "Press kit related to July 2007 gallantry awards (NZ)" (PDF). NZ Government through news agency. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2007.
  14. "VC background". British War Graves Memorial. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2008.

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