List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups.

There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect, the term culture specifically including aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, etc. By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into ethnic subgroups, which may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Ethnic groups

The groups commonly identified as "ethnic groups" (as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar). Smaller groups are often indigenous peoples.

Name Native language (primary language) Primary homeland Population (estimate) Subgroups Majority (plurality) religion and sect
Acholi Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Luo → Acholi Uganda, South Sudan 1.2 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Akan Niger-Congo → Kwa → Potou-Tano → Akan Ghana, Ivory Coast 20 million Asante, Akuapem, Akyem, Wassa, Abron, Anyi, Baoulé, Sefwi, Nzema, Ahanta, Tchaman, Abbé Christianity, Akan religion, Sunni Islam
Albanians Indo-European → Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Preševo Valley (Serbia) 6.8 – 8 million Ghegs, Tosks, Arbëreshë Sunni Islam, Christianity
Afar Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Lowland East Cushitic → Afar Afar Region (Ethiopia), Djibouti, Eritrea 2.3 - 4.2 million Sunni Islam
Afrikaners Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Afrikaans South Africa 3.5 million Christianity
Amhara Afroasiatic → Semitic → Amharic Ethiopia 30 million Christianity → Ethiopian Orthodoxy
Islam
Arabs Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic Arab world 430 – 450 million[1] Bedouins Islam → Sunni Islam (93%)
Christianity (7%)
Armenians Indo-European → Armenian Armenia 8 million Hemshin peoples Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Assyrians Afroasiatic → Semitic → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey 2 – 3.3 million Christianity → Syriac Christianity
Azerbaijanis Turkic → Oghuz → Azerbaijani Iran, Azerbaijan 28 – 35 million Karapapaks, Afshar, Bayat, Baharlu, Shahsevan, Qaradaghis, Ayrums, Qizilbash Islam → Shia Islam
Balochis Indo-European → Iranian → Balochi Balochistan
(Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan)		 8.8 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Bamars Sino-Tibetan → Lolo-Burmese → Burmish → Burmese Myanmar (Burma) 30 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Bambara Niger-Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara Mali 2.7 million Islam
Bashkirs Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir Bashkortostan (Russia) 2 million Islam
Basques Basque Basque Country 2.4 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Belarusians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Belarusian Belarus 9.5 - 10 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Bemba Niger–Congo → Bantu → Sabi → Bemba Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique 0.74[2] - 3.3 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Bengali Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Eastern → Bengali Bengal
(Bangladesh, India)		 300 million[3] Islam → Sunni Islam,
Hinduism,
Buddhism,
Christianity
Berbers Afroasiatic → Berber North Africa 25 - 30 million[4] – 50 million[5][6][7][8] Maghrebis Islam → Sunni Islam
Beti-Pahuin Niger–Congo → Bantu → Beti Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea 8.3 million Fang, Ewondo, Eton, Bulu, Bebil, Bebele Christianity, Traditional African religion (including Bwiti)
Bihari Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Eastern → Bihari languages Bihar (India), Bangladesh 103 million Hinduism, Islam
Bosniaks Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 – 4.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Brahui Dravidian → Northern → Brahui Balochistan (Pakistan) 2.4 million[9] Hinduism, Islam
Bulgarians Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Bulgarian Bulgaria 7 – 8 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Catalans Indo-European → Romance → Catalan Catalan Countries 8-10 million[10] Valencians, Balearics Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Chuvash Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash Chuvashia 2 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Circassians Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Russia (see also; Circassia) 4 – 8 million Adyghe, Cherkess, Kabarday, Shapsugs Islam → Sunni Islam
Chewa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Nyasa → Chewa Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique 12 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Croats Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Croatian Croatia 7.5 – 8.5 million Italian Croats (Molise Croats) Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Czechs Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Czech Czech Republic 10 – 12 million (Christianity → Roman Catholicism)
Danes Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Danish Denmark 6.9 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Dinka Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Dinka South Sudan 5 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Dutch Netherlands 29 million[11] (Christianity → Calvinism)
English Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → English England 100 million[12] Christianity → Anglicanism
Estonians Uralic → Finnic → Estonian Estonia 1 million (Christianity → Lutheranism)
Faroese Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Faroese Faroe Islands 0.08 – 0.09 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Finns Uralic → Finnic → Finnish Finland 6.5 million Christianity → Lutheranism
French Indo-European → Romance → French France 100 million[13] Walloons Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Frisians Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Frisian Frisia (Netherlands, Germany) 1.5 million Christianity → Anglicanism
Fula Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Senegambian → Fula West Africa 20 million Islam
Ga-Adangbe Niger–Congo → Kwa → Ga-Dangme Greater Accra (Ghana) 2 million Ga, Adangbe Christianity, Traditional African religion (including Bwiti)
Gagauz Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz Gagauzia 0.2 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Galician Indo-European → Romance → Galician Galicia 3 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Ganda Niger-Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes Bantu → Ganda Buganda (Uganda) 6.2 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Germans Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → German Germany 150 million[14] Austrians, Bavarians, Franconians, Saxons, Swabians, Thuringii, Prussians, Hessians, Pomeranians Christianity → Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism
Greeks Indo-European → Greek Greece,

Cyprus

 14 – 17 million Griko people, Tsakonians, Pontic Greeks Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Georgians Kartvelian → Georgian Georgia 5 – 7 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Gujarati Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Western → Gujarati Gujarat (India) 50 – 60 million[15] Hinduism, Islam
Han Chinese Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese Greater China 1,300 million[16] Mandarin, Cantonese, Min, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Wu, Jin Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism
Hausa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa Niger, Nigeria 50 million Islam
Hindustani Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani India 329 million[17] Hinduism, Islam
Hui Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese China 10 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Hungarians Uralic → Ugric → Hungarian Hungary 13.1 – 14.7 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Icelanders Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Icelandic Iceland 0.45 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Igbo Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Volta-Niger → Yoruboid → Igbo Igboland (Nigeria) 34 million Christianity, Odinani
Ijaw Niger-Congo → Ijaw (Nigeria) 10 million Christianity
Irish Indo-European → Celtic → Irish
(Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Hiberno-English)[18]		 Ireland 70 – 80 million[19] Irish Travellers Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Italians Indo-European → Romance → Italian Italy[20] 140 million[21] Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Japanese Japonic → Japanese Japan 140 million[22] Buddhism, Shinto
Javanese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Javanese Java 105 million[23] Cirebonese, Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Samin, Banyumasan Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism
Jews Afroasiatic → Semitic → Northwest Semitic → Canaanite → Hebrew Israel 14 – 14.5 million Ashkenazim, Mizrahim, Sephardim, Teimanim, Kochinim, Etiopim, and more. Judaism
Kannada Dravidian → Southern → Kannada Karnataka (India) 37 – 55 million Hinduism
Kazakhs Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Kazakhstan 14 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Kikuyu Niger-Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Kikuyu Kenya 9.9 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Kongo Niger-Congo → Bantu → Kongo Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola, Gabon 10 million Christianity
Koreans Koreanic → Korean Korea 82.5 million[24] Buddhism, Christianity
Kurds Indo-European → Iranian → Kurdish Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (see also; Kurdistan) 30 – 38 million Kurmanjis
Sorans
Zazas
Gorans
Southern Kurds		 Sunni Islam, Shia Islam -> Alevism, Judaism, Christianity, Yazidism
Kyrgyz Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan 4.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Lebanese Afroasiatic → Semitic → Lebanese Arabic Lebanon 11 – 15 million Maronites, Druze, Sunni Islam and other Lebanese religions.
Lango Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Luo → Lango Uganda 1.8 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Latvians Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian Latvia 1.5 – 1.6 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Lithuanians Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian Lithuania 3.7 – 4.1 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Laz Kartvelian → Laz Turkey, Georgia 0.2 – 1 million Islam → Sunni Islam, Christianity
Luba Niger-Congo → Bantu → Luban → Luba Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Luo Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Luo → Luo Kenya, Tanzania 7 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Macedonians Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Macedonian Macedonia, Greece (Greek Macedonia), Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad Province), Albania (Mala Prespa and Golloborda), Serbia (Prohor Pcinjski) and Kosovo (Gora region). 2.5 - 5 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Malays Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Malay Malay world 30 million Bruneians, Kedahans, Pattani, Kelantanese, Terengganuans, Pahang, Perakians, Berau Islam → Sunni Islam
Malayali Dravidian → Southern → Malayalam Kerala (India) 40 - 60 million Hinduism, Islam, Christianity
Maltese Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Siculo-Arabic → Maltese Malta 0.7 million Gozitans Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Manchu Altaic → Tungusic → Manchu (Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese) China 10.4 million Manchu shamanism → Buddhism
Mandinka Niger-Congo → Mande → Manding → Mandinka (Mandingo), Maninka, Kassonke, Kita Maninka Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, Ivory Coast 13 million Islam
Marathi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Southern → Marathi India 87 million[25] Hinduism, Buddhism
Moldovans Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Moldova, Ukraine, Russia [26] 2.7 million,[27][28] Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Mongo Niger-Congo → Bantu → Bangi-Ntomba → Mongo Democratic Republic of the Congo 12 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Mongols Altaic → Mongolian Inner Mongolia (China), Mongolia 10 million Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Nepali Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Northern → Nepali Nepal, India, Bhutan 30 million
[29][30][31][32]		 Hinduism, Buddhism
Norwegians Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Norwegian Norway 12 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Nuer Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Nuer South Sudan 5 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Pashtuns Indo-European → Iranian → Pashto Pakistan, Afghanistan 40 – 60 million[33] Islam → Sunni Islam
Oromo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo Ethiopia, Kenya 35 – 45 million[34] Waqafenna→ Traditional Oromo religion Islam → Sunni Islam Christian → Coptic Orthodox and Protestant
Persians Indo-European → Iranian → Persian Iran 53 million[35] Islam → Shia Islam
Poles Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Polish Poland 58 – 60 million[36][37] Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Portuguese Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese Portugal 42 million[38] Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Punjabi Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Northwestern → Punjabi Punjab region
(Pakistan, India)		 146 million[39] Doabis, Hindkowans, Majhis, Malwais, Pothoharis, Pwadhis, Saraikis Islam in Pakistan,
Sikhism and Hinduism in India
Pedi Niger–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Pedi South Africa 4.7 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Romania 24 million[40] Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Romani Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani India, Europe, The Middle East 12 million Dom people, Lom people Christianity, Islam[41]
Russians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Russian Russia 130 – 150 million[42] Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Sara Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara Chad, Central African Republic 3 – 4 million Christianity, Traditional African religion, Islam
Sardinians [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian Sardinia 1.7 million [49] Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Scottish Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Scots

Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Scottish English

 Scotland 28 – 40 million[50] Christianity → Church of Scotland
Serbs Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Serbian Serbia, Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 10 – 12 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Shona Niger-Congo → Bantu → Shona Zimbabwe, Mozambique 10.7 – 11.7 million Manyika, Ndau, Kalanga Christianity, Traditional African religion
Sicilians[51][52][53][54][55]
Indo-European → Romance → Sicilian
Indo-European → Romance → Gallo-Italic of Sicily
 Sicily 5.08 million Sicilian Americans,[56][57][58][59] Sicilian Canadians,[60] Sicilian Argentines, Sicilian Australians[61][62] Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Sindhis Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Northwestern → Sindhi Sindh (Pakistan),
India		 40 million Islam → Sunni Islam (66%)
Hinduism (32%)
Buddhism (1%)
Christianity (0.1%)
Sinhalese Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Southern → Sinhalese Sri Lanka 16 million[63] Buddhism → Theravada
Slovaks Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Slovak Slovakia 6 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Slovenes Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Slovene Slovenia 2.5 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Soga Niger-Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Great Lakes Bantu → Soga Busoga (Uganda) 2.1 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Somalis Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Lowland East Cushitic → Somali → Somali Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya) 16 - 20 million Islam
Songhai Nilo-Saharan → Songhai Mali, Niger 4.5 million Zarma Islam
Soninke Niger-Congo → Mande → Soninke Mali 1 million Islam
Sotho Niger-Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Sotho South Africa, Lesotho 5.3 – 6.4 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish Spain 47 [64] – 500 million Andalusians, Aragoneses, Asturians, Castillians, Leonese Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Sundanese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Sundanese Java 40 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Sukuma Niger-Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Sukuma Tanzania 5.5 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Swazi Niger-Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Nguni → Swazi South Africa, Swaziland 2.4 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Swedes Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Swedish Sweden 13.2 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Tajiks Dari/Tajik → Iranian → Persian Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 16.7 million[65] Islam
Tamils Dravidian → Southern → Tamil India, Sri Lanka 78 million[66] Sri Lankan Tamils, Sri Lankan Moors Hinduism, Christianity, Islam
Telugu Dravidian → South-Central → Telugu Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
(India)		 90 million[67] Hinduism
Tais Tai–Kadai → Thais Thailand 70 million Laotian, Siamese (Southern, Khorat), Lanna, Isans, Shans, Tai Lü Buddhism, Hinduism
Tibetans Sino–Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Bodish → Tibetan Tibet (China) 6.2 million Buddhism→ Tibetan Buddhism
Tswana Niger–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Tswana South Africa, Botswana 6 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Tuaregs Afroasiatic → Berber → Tuareg Sahara 1.2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Turkey 66 – 83 million Manavs, Yörüks Islam → Sunni Islam
Turkmens Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen Turkmenistan 8 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Ukrainians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Ukrainian Ukraine 38 – 40 million[68] Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Uyghur Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur Xinjiang (China) 10 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Uzbek Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 28 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Vietnamese Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese Vietnam 84 million[69] Buddhism → Mahayana
Vietnamese folk religion
Volga Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar Tatarstan (Russia) 6.8 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Welsh Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Welsh English

 Wales 6-16.3 million Christianity → Church in Wales, Presbyterian Church of Wales
Xhosa Niger–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa South Africa 8 million Christianity, Traditional African religion
Yakuts Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Yakut Yakutia (Russia) 0.5 million Christianity → Russian Orthodox Christianity
Yoruba Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Volta-Niger → Yoruboid → Edekiri → Yoruba Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin, Togo) 43 million Christianity, Islam, Yoruba religion
Zhuang Tai Kadai → Tai → Zhuang Guangxi (China) 16.9 million Moism
Zulu Niger–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Nguni → Zulu KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) 10-11 million Christianity, Traditional African religion

Lists of ethnic groups

by status

regional lists

See also

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1931930252, page xxiii, 14
    2. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Bemba.aspx
    3. ↑ roughly 170 million in Bangladesh and 130 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East, 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan, 5 million British Bangladeshi.
    4. ↑ "North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring". Fox News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
    5. ↑ Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie (2006). The Handbook of Bilingualism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. ISBN 0631227350. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
    6. ↑ "Berber people". Retrieved 2016-08-17.
    7. ↑ Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia, Ed. Steven, L. Danver, M.E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p.23
    8. ↑ https://www.temehu.com/imazighen/berbers.htm
    9. ↑ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/BRH
    10. ↑ Including all population with Catalan heritage, language, culture.
    11. ↑ 37.6 million in the UK, between 25 and 49 million reporting "English ancestry" in the United States, 6.6 million reporting English "ethnic origin" in Canada, and between 7 million in Australia.
    12. ↑ Estimates range from anywhere between 66 to 106 million. The French language has an estimated 75 million native speakers. The CIA Factbook does not report any French ethnicity (considering it a nationality), giving the ethnic composition of France as "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic".
    13. ↑ "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), p. 171; "Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, ..."
    14. ↑ CIA Factbook (2014) estimates 55 million in India. SIL Ethnologue cites 46 million native speakers of Gujarati. About 1 million in Pakistan and 1 million in the USA.
    15. ↑ 1.24 billion (92% of total population) in the PRC (CIA Factbook 2014 est.), about 22 million in Taiwan, and an estimated 50 million Overseas Chinese
    16. ↑ Standard Hindi L1: 260.1 million (2001), L2: 120.5 million (1999). Urdu L1: 68.6 million (2001-2014), L2: 94 million (1999): Ethnologue 19.
    17. ↑ The Irish were predominantly Gaelic-speaking until the 17th century, but significantly anglicized during the early modern period. Since the mid-19th century, the large majority of Irish have been native speakers of English.
    18. ↑ The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland
    19. ↑ Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country, James D. Fearon. Department of Political Science, Stanford University
    20. ↑ Figures cited range anywhere between some 55 and 135 million, the latter figure including citizens of Brazil and the United States who identify as of partial Italian ancestry. The Italian language has some 60 million native speakers.
    21. ↑ 127 million in Japan, about 2.5 million abroad.
    22. ↑ 102 million in Indonesia (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate); small numbers in Malaysia, Suriname and elsewhere.
    23. ↑ 50 million in South Korea, 25 million in North Korea, roughly 7 million in diaspora.
    24. ↑ 87 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), subject to rapid population growth.
    25. ↑ "Ethnicities of the World". Ethnicities of the World. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
    26. ↑ "Moldovan". Census. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
    27. ↑ "Распределение населения регионов Украины по родному языку". Распределение населения регионов Украины по родному языку. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
    28. ↑ Total population: 30 million. Population of Nepal: 26,494,504 (2011), number of Nepali speakers in India: 2,871,749 (2011), number of Nepalis speakers in Bhutan: 265,000.
    29. ↑ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf
    30. ↑ Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
    31. ↑ http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=nep
    32. ↑ About 30 million in Pakistan and 12 million in Afghanistan; Penzl and Sloan, Pashto Grammar (2009) estimated a total number of Pashto speakers between 40 and 60 million. SIL Ethnologue in 2011 estimated an ethnic population of 49 million.
    33. ↑ About 38 million in Ethiopia, ~2 million in Kenya, roughly half a million in diaspora. Afan Oromo language has an estimated 45 million native speakers.
    34. ↑ 50 million in Iran, roughly 3 million in diaspora.
    35. ↑ 37,5 - 38 million in Poland and 21 - 22 million ethnic Poles or people of ethnic Polish extraction elsewhere. "Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)"
    36. ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (pdf) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
    37. ↑ Portuguese ethnicity is more clear-cut than Spanish ethnicity, but here also, the case is complicated by the Portuguese ancestry of populations in the former colonial empire. Portugal has 11 million nationals. The 42 million figure is due to a study estimating a total of an additional 31 million descendants from Portuguese grandparents; these people would be eligible for Portuguese citizenship under Portuguese nationality law (which grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals). Emigração: A diáspora dos portugueses (2009)
    38. ↑ Lahnda/Western Punjabi 116,643,400 Pakistan (2014?). Eastern Punjabi: 28,200,000 India (2001), other countries: 1,058,970. Ethnologue 19.
    39. ↑ "Romanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
    40. ↑ Gall, Timothy L, ed. (1998), Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life, 4. Europe, Cleveland, OH: Eastword, pp. 316, 318, ‘Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)’; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort...
    41. ↑ Estimates range between 130 and 150 million. 111 million in the Russian Federation (2010 census), about 16 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states (8 M in Ukraine, 4.5 M in Kazakhstan, 1 M in Belarus, 0.6 M Latvia, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up to 10 million Russian diaspora elsewhere (mostly Americas and Western Europe).
    42. ↑ Sardinians – World Directory of Minorities
    43. ↑ Edelsward, Lisa-Marlene; Salzman, Philip (1996). Sardinians - Encyclopedia of World Cultures
    44. ↑ Cole, Jeffrey. Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, pp.321-325
    45. ↑ Minahan, James. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z, pp.1661-1665
    46. ↑ Danver, Steven L. Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, pp.370-371
    47. ↑ Lang, Peter; Petricioli, Marta. L’Europe Méditerranéenne, pp.201-254,
    48. ↑ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT
    49. ↑ The Scottish Diaspora
    50. ↑ STERGIOS, PARDALIS (2009). "TERRONI AND POLENTONI: WHERE DOES THE TRUTH LIE? AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND ETHNICITY IN PALERMO (SICILY), ITALY.". Doctoral thesis, Durham University. Sicilians ‘pass’ Narroll’s ‘test’ and can be considered to form a distinctive ethnic group within the Italian nation-state. Palermitans’ sense of simultaneity is expressed on both local and regional levels, but not on the national one. The imagined boundary between Sicily and the rest of Italy is strengthened as Sicilians distance themselves mentally or physically from their homeland, and by opposition to the inner ‘other’. This opposition is constructed (or at the very least manipulated) by Italian elites for specific political and economic purposes. However, the Palermitan response implies an antithesis that diffuses a possible national crisis; on the one hand, Palermitans admit their economic inferiority, on the other, they perceive their culture as more complex and rich, especially compared to the North. Despite this discursive superiority, 18
    51. ↑ User, Human, Flux. "Demopolis". www.fatti.it. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
    52. ↑ Baldassar, Loretta (2011-01-01). Intimacy and Italian Migration: Gender and Domestic Lives in a Mobile World. Fordham Univ Press. ISBN 9780823231843.
    53. ↑ Bain, Barbara J. (2014-11-11). Blood Cells: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118817292.
    54. ↑ Wasniewska, M.; Di Pasquale, G.; Rulli, I.; Salzano, G.; Caruso, M.; Indovina, S.; Di Pasquale, L.; Zirilli, G.; De Luca, F. (2007-03-01). "In Sicilian ethnic group non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia is frequently associated with a very mild genotype". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 30 (3): 181–185. doi:10.1007/BF03347422. ISSN 1720-8386.
    55. ↑ Rudolph, Laura C. "Sicilian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. Ed. Thomas Riggs. 3rd ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2014. 151-163. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Oct. 2016.
    56. ↑ "SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society". sk.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
    57. ↑ "2000 US Census".
    58. ↑ Naylor, Larry L. (1997-01-01). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780897894784.
    59. ↑ Migliore, S. (1988). RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY: A SICILIAN-CANADIAN EXAMPLE. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 20(1), 78-94.
    60. ↑ Hogg, Michael A.; Rigoli, Ninetta (1996-03-01). "Effects of Ethnolinguistic Vitality, Ethnic Identification, and Linguistic Contacts on Minority Language Use". Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 15 (1): 76–89. doi:10.1177/0261927X960151005. ISSN 0261-927X.
    61. ↑ "Language Dynamics of an Ethnic Minority Group: Some Methodological Concerns on Data Collection" (PDF). The Linguistics Journal. 1 (3).
    62. ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sin
    63. ↑ There is no clear definition of Spanish ethnicity. In Spain, ethnic identity is divided into regional groups, and internationally, Spanish ethnicity is not clearly delineated from "Spanish ancestry" in the territories of the former colonial empire. There are 41 million Spanish nationals in Spain, and some 2 million living abroad. The total worldwide rounds to more than 47 million.
    64. ↑ Roughly 9,450,000–11,550,000 in Afghanistan, 6,787,000 (2014) in Tajikistan, and 1,420,000 (2012, official) in Uzbekistan
    65. ↑ 73 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate, subject to rapid population growth), 2 million in Sri Lanka (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), roughly 3 million in diaspora.
    66. ↑ 89 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), subject to rapid population growth.
    67. ↑ Ukrainians at the Joshua Project
    68. ↑ 80 million in Vietnam (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), roughly 4 million in diaspora.
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